..."Malaria Causes" The cause of malaria is the infection of the Plasmodium parasites that is passed to the human body by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. After the bite of infection, the parasites that often to be called sporozoites, travel to the liver through the bloodstream where the parasites will be mature and reproduce the other form of the merozoites. These merozoites are released to the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells. Those parasites multiply inside the red blood cells and infecting more red blood cells. Usually the first symptoms happen 10 days to 4 weeks after the infection. However, there are some cases that the first symptoms occur earlier in the 8th day, or can be as long as a year after the infection. The symptoms will be occurred in cycles of 48 to 72 hours. Mosquito transmission cycle * Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria. * Transmission of parasite. If you're the next person this mosquito bites, it can transmit malaria parasites to you. * In the liver. The parasites then travel to your liver — where they can lie dormant for as long as a year. * Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver and infect your red blood cells. This is when people typically develop malaria symptoms. * On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you at this point in the cycle, it will become infected with your malaria parasites and can spread them to the...
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...Issue Report: Malaria The abstract: This report will be exploring the cause of malaria, the symptoms that occur in infected people and the many treatments being tested and used to treat the disease of malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism called protozoa. There are four different types of species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each has a slightly different effect on the body. These organisms are carried from person to person by the main mosquito called Anopheles. When it bites an infected person, the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which may then be passed on to someone else when a mosquito bites them. ‘It is estimated that 300 to 500 million malaria infections occur annually and 90% of these are in the sub-Saharan Africa’. [8] The problem: Malaria is a biological problem because it affects the body, this could be through having various symptoms such as shivering and vomiting or it could result in problems with people’s red blood cells and cause them to be fragile and not functioning properly. The problem of contracting malaria is finding a cure for it or finding the right treatment to treat the infected person. At the moment biologists are trying to find a cure that will effectively work within the body and invent a new vaccine that helps boosts people’s immune systems so that they respond effectively to the treatment...
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...1. Malaria is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions because rainfall, warm temperatures, and stagnant waters provide habitats ideal for mosquito larvae. Approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria. Most malaria cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. However, Asia, Latin America, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and parts of Europe are also affected. In 2013, 97 countries and territories had on going malaria transmission. Specific population risk groups include: * young children in stable transmission areas who have not yet developed protective immunity against the most severe forms of the disease; * non-immune pregnant women as malaria causes high rates of miscarriage and can lead to maternal death; * Semi-immune pregnant women in areas of high transmission. Malaria can result in miscarriage and low birth weight, especially during first and second pregnancies; * Semi-immune HIV-infected pregnant women in stable transmission areas, during all pregnancies. Women with malaria infection of the placenta also have a higher risk of passing HIV infection to their new-borns; * people with HIV/AIDS; * international travellers from non-endemic areas because they lack immunity; * Immigrants from endemic areas and their children living in non-endemic areas and returning to their home countries to visit friends and relatives are similarly at risk because of waning or absent immunity. 2. According to the latest...
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...Rapid Detection Tests TRIPS Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights WTO World Trade Organisation Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 2 Factors effecting the control of malaria 3 What is the role of the pharmaceutical companies? 5 Recommendations 6 Reference List 8 Introduction This report aims to address the issues regarding the availability of drugs in the developing world in addition to what measures the developed world could use to ease the burden, including the evaluation of the options available and the potential cumulative effects that would accompany these processes. For the purpose of this paper, the author will concentrate on the infection rates in humans of Malaria in Sierra Leone. Although malaria is deemed as a preventable disease many factors inhibit the eradication of infection rates. In the recent World Malaria Report (2013) Sierra Leone is ranked as the country with the fifth highest prevalence rate per capita in addition to fifty percent of the population living in poverty (IMF, 2013). Highlighting the disparity between infection and access to treatment. The fact that Malaria is a reoccurring disease endorses the requirement of robust preventative measures in order for the developing world to gain control of infection rates. Drug resilience is also a major concern for the world as a whole as is counterfeit drugs. The combination of...
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...Overview of Malaria as a Microbial Disease Students Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction Quinn et.al. (2011) defines microbial diseases as sickness or ailments that affect animals and humans as a result of the introduction of one or four different types of microbes. For instance, Sorvari and Pirttila (2008) define microbes as tiny invisible disease-causing organisms only seen by the use of a powerful. Notably, there are four different types of pathogens that cause sickness. These are viral diseases that are the most common type of microbe causing diseases to human beings. Examples of viral diseases include AIDS, chicken pox, influenza and measles (World Health Organization, 2004). Bacterial diseases such as anthrax, cholera, chlamydia and peptic ulcer diseases give an account of the second class of microbial diseases. Fungal diseases such as athlete’s foot and Dutch elm disease form the third class whereas protozoan diseases occupy the fourth place in the division and consist of diseases such as malaria, giardiasis, and cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organization (2004) an epidemic refers to a rapid spread of infectious diseases to affect large numbers of people in a given location. For example, the spread of meningococcal infection. Endemic diseases are infections with the ability to remain constant in a given region without the need for external inputs such as malaria and chicken pox. In addition, pandemics are diseases that spread throughout...
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...Malaria Malaria is a potentially fatal illness of tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is caused by a parasite which is transmitted to human beings bitten by infected mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in Africa, and over one million people die of malaria every year on the continent. Symptoms of malaria may include a generalized body ache, tiredness, headache, sore throat, diarrhea, and fever. It is worth mentioning that these symptoms may not be dramatic, and can easily be mistaken for an attack of influenza or similar non-life threatening illness. A decline can then be sudden and dramatic, with a rapid increase in the number of parasites in the victim's blood stream. A high wavering fever may develop, with shivering and dramatic perspiration. Complications of a serious nature, such as involvement of the kidneys or brain may then follow. Cerebral malaria is extremely serious, with the victim becoming delirious and entering a coma. Cerebral malaria is frequently fatal, and it is extremely important that all suspected cases of malaria should receive medical attention as soon as is possible. All persons possibly exposed to malaria that develop any influenza like illness or fever within seven days of entering, or three months of departing a malarious area should seek medical attention, and have blood tests taken to check for possible malaria infection. It is preferable for such blood tests to be taken during a bout of fever. It may be sensible to have a second...
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...Communication and Advocacy Megan Alcedo National University COH 435 Professor Yvette Huerta March 6, 2016 The Centers of Disease and Control (CDC) is one of the leading national public health institutes in the United States and is located in DeKalb County, Georgia. The CDC works to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and within the United States. The main goal of the CDC is to “protect the public health and safety through prevention control, prevention of disease, injury, and disability” (Wikipedia, 2016). History of CDC On July 1, 1946, the Communicable Diseases Center was founded, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities. The Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation were both global influences in malaria control. The Rockefeller Foundation sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency. The new branch agency was a branch of the U.S Public Health Service, with Atlanta being chosen as headquarters, because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. Working on a budget, the objective of personnel was to control and eradicate malaria in the United States. Amongst the employees, the main jobs at the CDC were entomology and engineering. In CDC’s initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. Under Joseph Mountin, the CDC...
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...Of the malaria prevention mechanisms, vector control has the capacity to decrease malaria transmission to almost negligible. Of the various vector control methods, Insecticide Treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying are the most widespread. Insecticide Treated Nets * It is the leading strategy in high transmission regions. The insecticide in the nets repel or kill mosquitos that come in contact * However, these must be retreated every 6 months, which is a financial and logistical burden. * Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets are a solution as they directly infuse the insecticide into netting fabric to increase the life-span to 5 years. Indoor Residual Spraying * In IRS, insecticides are sprayed onto residential walls in high transmission regions, with the insecticide performing a similar function as in ITNs. * DDT was successful in reducing mosquito populations after WW2. However, its environmental problems lead to its replacement by pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates Insecticide Resistance * Insecticide Resistance in mosquitos is the major problem with these two methods * Need for new alternatives and resistance management as outlined in WHO’s Global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors (GPIRM) Chemoprophylaxis * Refers to antimalarial drugs that suppress the blood stage of malaria to prevent it. * It is mainly for low immune non-residents exposed for short durations and not for high transmission countries...
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...THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA IN PREGNANCY Malaria remains a major Health challenge, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where it is a great contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The burden is great and has necessitated the need for evolution in management strategies to combat the disease and its effects in pregnancy. The current management is directed at mitigating the impact of the determinants & confounders of reduced effectiveness such as maternal (compliance with ANC, HIV infection, Age and gravidity) or in the health system (Quality / Access to care, DOT, SP quality, and high concomitant dosage of FA), in addition to consideration of other factors such as malaria transmission intensity (The higher, the more effective), No of timing of SP doses Vs. Gestational age, SP resistance, ITNs use, and the pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy. Currently, WHO has recommended changes in the areas of IPTp with SP, the Case Management of malaria in pregnancy and in the use of antimalarial vaccines. Previously, the management of malaria in pregnancy involved the use of ITNs, 2 doses of IPTp with SP and the use of chloroquine in the effective case management. Currently, IPTp with SP still remains effective & is still administered. Presently, the recommendation for all pregnant women AT EACH SCHEDULED ANC in Areas of stable transmission (moderate - high) is that SP should be 1st administered as early as possible in the 2nd trimester, 3 doses may be given...
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...your doctor will tell you which ones you should have, it's best to be aware of them ahead of time. Before visiting Nigeria, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for vaccine-preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note: Your doctor or health-care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned activities.) To have the most benefit, see a health-care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed vaccines, anti-malaria drugs and other medications and information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC recommends that you see a health-care provider who specializes in Travel Medicine. Find a travel medicine clinic near you. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with any doctors you are currently seeing for other medical reasons. If your travel plans will take you to more than one country during a single trip, be sure to let your health-care provider know so that you can receive the...
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...JOURNAL FOR LOCAL OR INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL DISEASE MALARIA Editor's Choice Main Category: Tropical Diseases Also Included In: Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses Article Date: 20 May 2009 - 2:00 PDT The word malaria comes from 18th century Italian mala meaning "bad" and ariameaning "air". Most likely, the term was first used by Dr. Francisco Torti, Italy, when people thought the disease was caused by foul air in marshy areas. It was not until 1880 that scientists discovered that malaria was a parasitic disease which is transmitted by the anopheles mosquito. The mosquito infects the host with a one-cell parasite called plasmodium. Not long after they found out that Malaria is transmitted from human-to-human through the bite of the female mosquito, which needs blood for her eggs. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Malaria is "A disease caused by the presence of the sporozoan Plasmodium in human or other vertebrate erythrocytes, usually transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles that previously sucked blood from a person with malaria…" (Click here to see the complete definition in the dictionary). Malaria is also known as Jungle fever, Marsh fever, Paludal fever Approximately 40% of the total global population is at risk of Malaria infection. During the 20th century the disease was effectively eliminated in the majority of non-tropical countries. Today Malaria causes over 350 million human acute illnesses, as...
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...problem of malaria, especially the child mortality rates in underdeveloped areas, such as Nigeria and Cameroon, by using a mobile diagnostic solution. From a finger prick and blood smear, Lifelens can digitally illustrate anemia, visualize blood cell rupture and parasites, and detect malaria. This can also reduce the costs of diagnosing malaria and increase the availability of treatment. What is Malaria? Malaria is a disease of warm, humid climates where pools of water constitute perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. The parasite was identified in human blood in 1880, but it wasn’t until 1889 that it was discovered malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasites develop in the gut of the mosquito and are transferred to a human through saliva when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal or bites a human. These mosquitoes, also called Malaria vectors (malaria carrier, transporter, host), bite mainly between dusk and dawn. Once the parasites enter the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. There are four types of human malaria caused by mosquitoes: * Plasmodium falciparum – the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria * Plasmodium vivax – less serious * Plasmodium malariae – less serious * Plasmodium ovale – less serious Transmission of Malaria Malaria...
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...In an interview with the Environmental Health Officer at the Old Road Health Center one of the challenges faced daily is that of the mosquito infestation in and around the community and districts which spreads from Half Way Tree up to Boydes . History Mosquitoes are any of various small winged insects of the family culicidae in which the female of the most species has a long proboscis for sucking blood (houghton, 2007). The most important genera are Aedes, Anopheles and culex which are responsible for the transmission of yellow fever,malaria ,dengue,chikungunya and other diseases( Miller-Keane, 2003). In this report the main focus would be based on chikungunya the word chikungunya is derived from the Makonde word meaning “that which bends up”. Chikungunya is a mosquito borne virus which spreads to humans through mosquito bites. The aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are the principle vectors of dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya and many other diseases (WHO, 2014) Chikungunya is an illness which was detected in 1952 in Africa following an outbreak on the Makonde plateau ( a border between Mozambique and Tanzania). Lately there has been an outbreak of chikungunya in Africa ,Asia , Europe...
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...States. Deforestation has a big payoff in the beginning; as trees are cleared, the lumber is sold and the bustle surrounding deforestation entices migrant laborers who profit from the freshly accessible acreage, lumber, and natural resources (Walsh, 2009). While deforestation is beneficial in the beginning, the ecological effects of the deforestation take a toll on our environment. Many studies have been done to analyze the effects of deforestation in and around local villages, as well as mountainous regions. Each study has a purpose for looking into the effects of deforestation. One study looks at the effect of deforestation and the connection within malaria-endemic areas, specifically in the village of Cacao in French Guiana. In this study the authors are looking at the run off issue associated with the endemic of malaria. They used a group of 839 people living permanently within the village between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 (Basurko et al, 2013). The information about the number of people for each domiciliary, the total of confirmed cases of Plasmodium vivax and house GPS coordinates were obtained to search for spatial or temporal clusters using Kurlldorf’s statistical method (Basurko et al, 2013). There are some limitations to this study as they only focused on one village and a limited number of people that were permanent residents. They didn’t seem to focus on other villages that had issues with deforestation. The results...
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...mosquito. The mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. Unlike the mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day. Signs and symptoms Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with: * High fever. * Rash. * Severe headache. * Pain behind the eyes. * Muscle and joint pain; the severity pf the joint pain has given dengue the name "break bone fever" * Nausea, vomiting. * Loss of appetite is common. * A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. Who is at risk for dengue? Anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person's age and immune status, as well as the type on infecting virus. Persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are thought to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again. Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue. Persons with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. Some patients need transfusions to control bleeding. How dengue can be prevented? There is no vaccine to prevent dengue. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue occurs. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites...
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