...Bolivia Standing as only one of the two landlocked countries in South America, Bolivia contains some of the worlds most resourceful vegetation as well as remnants of ancient cultures. Although rich with natural resources, like most developing nations, poverty is a reality for a large majority of Bolivia. Along with having the challenge of being a developing region, Bolivia is landlocked. This, without a doubt, only adds to the difficult task the Bolivian economy faces. However, positive change is taking form in most third world regions of the earth. With everyday, more volunteer groups, private investments, and modern medicine aid countries like Bolivia with their domestic, economic, and political complications. Bolivia is divided into three major geographical groupings defined by the Andes. The first being the collection of mountains found in the West along with the Altiplano. The second major geographical region is located in the valleys formed from the eastern mountain slopes. These valleys provide a semi tropical environment allowing for appropriate agricultural activities. However, the third geographical area contain plains that stretch across 63% of the country. These eastern lowlands(plains) are also referred to as Oriente. The rest is virtually the Andes mountains that literally split the landlocked country in half. The smaller half of the country (majority Amerindian) consists of mountain and rock leaving little to no agriculture to be had. In contrast, the larger...
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...Profile of Bolivia Kellie West Global Marketing MKTG450-H1WW (WI15) Professor Bruce Trumm 11 April 2015 BRIEF 2 2 Profile of Bolivia In order to better understand opportunities for U.S. made chemical pumps in Bolivia, it is important to become familiar with the geography, culture, people, and economy of the nation. With numerous indigenous tribes counted among the population and challenging geographic regions, Bolivia could make a challenging trade partner. Yet the economic outlook and wealth of natural resources make it a country worth considering when exporting and investing. Geography According to the CIA World Factbook, the South American country of Bolivia is a landlocked country bordered by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru (n.d.). It has mountainous regions with a high plateau as well as areas of hills and plains and there are plenty of waterways and fresh water resources located within Bolivia’s borders (Central Intelligence Agency). There is potential for volcanic activity in the Andes, but no immediate threat exists at this time (Witze, 2014). Due to its proximity to other South American countries, Bolivia is not only a prime candidate for U.S. exports, but could also be considered for investment in local onsite facilities to service surrounding countries. Companies should also consider population centers and where industries served by chemical pumps are likely to exist. Demographics Though it neighbors five other South American countries, Bolivia still has...
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... The IMP Board of Directors thinks it is necessary to open offices in the locations where they are targeting the software. The next office location will be in La Paz, Bolivia, South America. Introduction to Bolivia, South America According to InfoPlease, Bolivia, South America was under Spanish rule from the 16th Century until they won their independence on August, 6, 1825. Since then, Bolivia has had more than 190 revolutions and coups. The most recent coup was in 1982. In 2006, President Morales carried out two of his three major initiatives –nationalizing Bolivia’s energy industry and rewriting the constitution. The new constitution was adopted in January 2009, granting indigenous people more rights and allowing the president to run for a second five-year term. Morales’ third initiative is legalizing the growing of coca. Morales’ controversial coca policy, his plans to limit foreign investment, and his close ties with leftist governments of Venezuela and Cuba are a worry to the United States. Morales has referred to himself as the “United States’ biggest nightmare”. On September 10, 2008, President Morales ordered Philip Goldberg, the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia, to leave the country. Morales accused Goldberg of “conspiring against democracy” and encouraging rebel groups who were protesting in eastern Bolivia. November 2008 saw a further deterioration of relations...
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...Coca: a gift from Mother Earth or poison for the body and madness for the mind. For the people of the Andean region of Bolivia and Peru, the growing and chewing of the coca leaf is a part of everyday life. It is not unusual for these people to chew coca leaves or drink coca tea in much the same way that people in the western world might drink a cup of tea or coffee. The problem comes in separating the traditional everyday use of a mild stimulant with its much stronger and highly addictive alter ego, cocaine. Indeed, it could be argued that cocaine is truly “poison for the body and madness for the mind”, but should this misuse of a valuable commodity justify the complete eradication of the coca plant? Or is the coca plant a gift from Mother earth, to be cherished and appreciated? The following pages shall compare and contrast the pros and cons of the coca plants controversial existence in an attempt to gain a greater understanding of this dilemma. The opposing sides of the argument and their standpoints shall be identified. The difficulty in differentiating coca from cocaine will be examined. A comparison of the health benefits of coca verses the negative impacts of cocaine shall be made. The economic importance of the coca plant in the Andean region scrutinised. Firstly, we must identify the two sides of this argument. The Andean people believe that coca is a gift from mother earth and an integral part of their culture and way of life. The United Nations Narcotics...
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...Farmers did not receive a lot of food that they produced. It went to the city to support industrial workers and it was also exported. Farmers began to move to the city to receive higher pay and respect. This was a problem for the USSR because their supply did not reach their growing demand. This threatened the exportation of grain as well as the industrialization program. Yegor Gaidar said that Stalin’s obsession with the industrial world drove farmers to move to the city. The industrial workers had better pay and were more respected than farmers. Although, the industrial world increased, agriculture decreased causing less food to be grown.The development of anomia in 1909 was very significant because it opened so many doors for new opportunities....
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...REVIEW MATERIALS: Conceptual considerations: Discuss paradoxes and four orientations with which John Chasteen characterizes the changing foci of U.S. thinking on Latin America from the early 20th century to the present. •Racial/Cultural and Environmental Determinism: An image by Americans which suggested that Latin Americans are “Hot-Blooded Latins” with too much “non-white” blood, and do not have the self discipline needed in order to make a more democratic, stable society. There were Catholics, lacking a protestant work ethic. Americans also pictured Latin Americans to be lazy individuals. •Modernization Theory: Once the previous idea was settled, it came to the reality that the Latin American countries had to go through modernization, such as the United States, and their feeble network on which their society rested upon was that being criticized. •Dependency Theory: Students were sure that these two previous explanations were merely methods to blame the victims of abuse. They believed that Latin American economies stood in a dependent position relative to the world’s industrial powers. Therefore other nations took their overpowering stand, and forestalled Latin America’s industrialization. “Economic dependency” is why the nation did not follow the path it was supposed to follow. •Social Constructionism: The way race, gender, class, and national identities are “constructed” in people’s minds. Discuss Michel Rolph Trouillot’s theory of historical narratives ...
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...Introduction The world is full of inequality, inequality exists in many areas, for example, a girl who is born in Norway is more likely live on to old age, while I that same girl was born in Sierra Leone, she would have a one in four chance of dying on her birthday, (Green, 2012) this is just a minute example of inequality in this world. It exists on the basis of, race, caste, gender, economy, health, education and lots more. It is up to the people in various countries to put an end to inequality and therefore alleviate poverty. it is believed by some economists that redistribution is the only way to make the world equal again , these economists also believe that redistribution is the role of the government (Browning, 1989) while others believe it is the role of the citizens and the government . Inequality is a major global problem which leads to loss of GDP, health, lives and others. Inequality is a cancerous growth that needs to be cut down (Gostin, 2007) in this research report will elaborate on the inequalities of the world and how it ties to poverty, using the theme of discrimination, based on race, caste and gender. It will show how discrimination leads to inequality and poverty, with the help of various case studies and examples, it will also give recommendations on how the inequality can be reduced. The global inequality shows that 80% of global health is in the hands of 15% of the "privileged." (Milanovic, 2011) What is poverty? Poverty is described as the thing...
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...Microfinance aims to bring out the skills of the poor and allow them to propel themselves out of poverty through providing financial services with which they can protect assets and grow microenterprises. MFIs have developed many innovative financial products to offer their clients beyond credit, such as microsavings, money transfer vehicles, and microinsurance. Microfinance is a growing industry throughout the developing world and comprises commercial banks, regulated banks, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and nonprofit organizations (NPOs). With approximately 17 million impoverished, there is a large market for the microfinance industry to capture; yet, in Colombia, it is not nearly as well established as in neighboring countries. Peru and Bolivia, for example, are among the world’s most competitive and innovative microfinance markets (The World Factbook). A NOTE ABOUT COLOMBIA Capital and largest city | Bogotá, D.C 4°35′N 74°4′W | Official languages | Spanish | Recognised regional languages | 68 ethnic languages and dialects. English also official in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. | Legislature | Congress | • | Upper house | Senate | • | Lower house | Chamber of Representatives | Independence from Spain | • | Declared | 20 July 1810 | • | Recognized | 7 August 1819 | • | Current constitution | 4 July 1991 | Area | • |...
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...Natural Resources and Energy Paper Domico Curry, Sandy Khanthavong, Jasmin Odion, Gladys Ekwuruibe, Matthew Pew September 3, 2014 SCI256 Peter Miedzinski Natural Resources and Energy Paper The Amazon rain forest is located in Southern America. The bordering countries that surround the Amazon rain forest are Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It is believed that the Amazon rainforest is one of the largest formulated forests and measures at seven million square kilometers (www.brazil.org.za, 2014). Anacondas, Jaguars, spider monkeys, and sloths live in the Amazon forest. Its rainy or dry seasons can make home for many animals. And can either be extreme wet season or hot. There are many ecosystems in the Amazon rain forest, for example one of the major ecosystems in the Amazon Rain forest is the Amazon River. It runs four thousand miles down the Amazon, and is one hundred and twenty miles wide. The Amazon River is home to anacondas and many other life forms species. However the Amazon River is only the second largest river in the world. The Amazon is home to many indigenous tribes and animals. The climate change in the weather is of concern to people, who take a closer look into the fact that, the Amazon River and the forest itself needs to be preserved. It’s of concern to others, because the weather is unpredictable, which does not give its people enough time or resources to prepare for upcoming floods or extreme droughts. That ruins the plants and land...
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...Poverty is the biggest menace of the world and has more formidable dimensions in India. And poverty has numerous definitions given by different people/organizations. However, lack of minimum civic basics like food, shelter, clothing, sanitation, safe water and schooling etc. are the common factors. Lack of education deprives people from voicing their feelings, needs and demands to the state authorities and they continue to suffer. They suffer from malnutrition and under nutrition so easily fall prey to serious health issues due to reduced immunity power. Poverty is also defined by another parameter which is per-capita/per-day income, which as per World Bank parameter is an income of less than 1.25$. In India this figure stands at Rs. 28/- and...
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...Unfortunate Circumstances to Turn Around: In the Latin American Andes, indigenous women have been subject to sexism, lack of rights, and underprivileged circumstances. Not only have men always been put before women, but men have been a constant in the subordination of women and a cause of lack of progression made. With all of the hard work women endure and go through to support their husband and family, they receive no recognition, just the degrading treatment to remind them that their husband rules over them, that they have no say, and no right to do anything without permission from their spouse. Luckily over time, Indigenous Andean women’s rights, roles, and health have developed greatly since the 1940’s due to the development of education, knowledge, empowerment, and opportunity growth for women in Latin America. In this paper I have brought to attention the rough and unfair circumstances that Latin American indigenous women of the Andes have had to endure since the 1940’s to present day. The first subject brought to attention is the topic of marriage and what it entails for a woman of the time. Also included is the role of them woman and how they are treated and disrespected by their husbands in the early decades of this century. The I continue to dicuss how in future years circumstances change, and how women become more independent and even the role’s of the household out more, if not totally turn them around. Finally, I discuss the matter of health care to indigenous...
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...Discuss, with supporting evidence, the different ‘proximate’ and ‘fundamental’ determinants of poverty The World Bank states: “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being ill and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having the ability to go to school and not being able to read. Poverty is being in unemployment. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom.” (World Bank, as cited in Lang 2007, p.31). More than three billion people live on less than $2.50 a day which is approximately half the world’s population. In 2005, the developing world had about 72 million children of primary school age not enrolled in school; of this 72 million, 57 percent of them were girls. Each year, 2.2 million children die because they lack immunisation (Globalissues.org, 2013). This essay will discuss the fundamental determinants of poverty with the two main contenders being geography and institution. It would also discuss the proximate determinants of poverty in Kenya. What causes poverty is an important question when trying to explain poverty, but it is not one which can easily be answered. These causes can be grouped into ‘proximate’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘fundamental’ causes of poverty. The proximate cause is the ‘nearest cause’ in the chain of causation, ABCDE. The fundamental cause is what sets the chain of causation in motion. The fundamental cause of E is A, and B, C and D are intermediate...
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...United Nations and World Health Organization in 2006 released a training document that teaches people about the diseases contracted by drinking unclean water. It also recommends boiling water after collection if it is not clean to limit water related disease(pg.32). This training goes on to explain that boiling water for one minute inactivates all microbes and biological toxins. After boiling the water for exactly one minute, the World Health Organization recommends that water be stored in sterilized 10-30 liter containers made out of a durable, unbreakable material that has a lid. Bolivia’s government began similar educational practices, showing citizens how to disinfect water collected and then store it in necked jugs with a tight lid. Bolivia isn’t the only government striving to provide cleaner water for their citizens, India has begun to provide chlorinated wells to increase water availability in areas with little to no clean water(Kristoff...
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...Anne Sebert Kuhlmann, PhD, MPH TA: Melissa Raguet-Schofield Lana = IPH basement Mon 9-11 * Course: topical modules * Textbook: brief case studies * Posting is on ARES * On case studies: 15 of those 20 days you must come with a written paragraph thinking about the case ahead of time * * * NOTES: Wednesday, January 18, 2012 * * What is Health? Mental/physical well-being WHO (1948): “..a state of completely well-being, physical, social, and mental and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Most commonly used definition, but still can have criticisms… Exs: “not just a STATE/fixed nature…it can also be dynamic and change within a person” Well-being is very broad and can vary in def. among cultures and ppl “completely healthy”: In many ways, we’ve set ourself up to failure..but we’re never going to reach this broad term..hard to measure/quantify a fundamental human right regardless of age/class/gender a resource for everyday life, not just the object of living health is not the mean of itself, it’s a mean for a greater ends it takes time/energy/resources when youre sick that can otherwise be spent in education/artistic creation/ ec. And social endeavors so we want healthy ppl so we can have ppl pursue these avenues and be productive ppl that can contribute to society * A formal Definition of Public health …what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy (IOM 1999) ...
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...Nestlé The Nestlé concept of corporate social responsibility as implemented in Latin America The Nestlé concept of corporate social responsibility as implemented in Latin America Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd 1 9.2.2006 12:04:25 Nestec_latin_cover_GB.indd Sec1:2 9.2.2006 12:04:26 Contents An introductory discussion 2 A framework for Creating Shared Value 5 Nestlé’s philosophy: a long-term perspective 7 Latin America: challenges and opportunities 9 Overview: Nestlé in Latin America 1 1 Agriculture and sourcing 12 Sourcing practices for quality, safety and sustainability Research and development for better yields Knowledge transfer and farm assistance Partnerships for sustainable agriculture 16 17 20 23 Manufacturing and distribution 26 Food safety through improved standards of operations Risk management for food safety — Early Warning System Developing people Labour policies for mutual benefit Creation of development and employment opportunities in the community Improved environmental standards Managing water sustainably 30 31 33 34 Research for consumer benefit Consumer nutrition, health and wellness Knowledge and education for healthy nutrition and lifestyles 52 54 58 Nestlé’s future in Latin America 62 Products and consumers 48 Front, inside and back covers: Farmer Rufino Chindicué (front cover) and son Luis (inside back cover) supply milk to Nestlé. Three decades ...
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