...Health Inquiry, Global Health Inequities Introduction: The Millennium Development Goals (or MDG) are a set of 8 goals set by the world’s nations in hope of reducing poverty by 2015. These 8 goals address poverty, education, equality, disease and the environment. Each goal has a targets and indicators we are aiming to achieve by 2015. The purpose of this report is to report on the history, objectives and constitution of the MDG’s and the success and effectiveness of the MDGs. History of MDGs: In the 1990’s the United Nation (UN) member states went through a historically extraordinary UN press conference process. This conference was aimed at building consensus on development priorities for the 21st century. However, at the end of the 1990’s the governments of the conference experienced conference fatigue and feared the process launched by the conferences was losing steam. In September 2000 in New York there was a large gathering of world leaders called the Millennium Summit. This was the largest gathering of world leaders in history including 189 UN member-states. At the Millennium Summit the United Nation Millennium Declaration was adopted as a result of a series of global conferences held during the 1990’s. The UN saw the Millennium Summit as an opportunity to bring back the development of priorities for the 21st century. It was at this Millennium Summit that the Millennium Declaration set in motion a global partnership and was signed by 147 heads of states....
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...hungry children could eat lunch every day for 5 years • Throughout the 1990's more than 100 million children will die from illness and starvation. Those 100 million deaths could be prevented for the price of ten Stealth bombers, or what the world spends on its military in two days! • The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed one-third is starving- Since you've entered this site at least 200 people have died of starvation. Over 4 million will die this year. • One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished, including 160 million children under the age of 5. United Nations Food and Agriculture • The Indian subcontinent has nearly half the world's hungry people. Africa and the rest of Asia together have approximately 40%, and the remaining hungry people are found in Latin America and other parts of the world. Hunger in Global Economy • Nearly one in four people, 1.3 billion - a majority of humanity - live on less than $1 per day, while the world's 358 billionaires have assets exceeding the combined annual incomes of countries with 45 percent of the world's people. UNICEF • 3 billion people in the world today struggle to survive on US$2/day. • In 1994 the Urban Institute in Washington DC estimated that one out of 6 elderly people in the U.S. has an inadequate diet. • In the U.S. hunger and race are related. In 1991 46% of African-American children were chronically hungry, and 40% of...
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...they have, and not everyone will live as long as they will live. As Richard Skolnik, the author of Global Health 101, puts it, “Life expectancy has improved in all regions of the world since 1990, but at a slower pace in Sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere (44).” If this does not touch your heart then I do not know what will. Just knowing that any region of the world’s life expectancy has declined over time is enough to make me wonder what can be done to turn it around. But in order to propose...
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...the root cause of these global issues is the relationship between poverty and the lack of education. The big question is whether increased education will reduce poverty or, is a lack of education a result of poverty? Increased education can lead to the reduction of poverty by providing people with learning skills to get a job and provide a source of income. Education has the most crucial role in eliminating poverty as with education there are many more opportunities. For the eradication of poverty, primary education is essential because with the increase in education, people will not lack cognitive skills- being able to progress better. (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2001; Brown, J., Pollitt, E. Malnutrition, 1996). A counter argument is that poverty is the main contributor towards that lack of education. Education differs on levels of income which results in families in developing countries not having access to education because it is not affordable. The lack of health care can raise the number of absents of a student causing them to miss the necessary lessons to pass. Also, students require an adequate meal before and during...
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...•the want or scarcity of food in a country •a strong desire or craving World hunger refers to the second definition, aggregated to the world level. The related technical term (in this case operationalized in medicine) is either malnutrition, or, if malnutrition is taken to refer to both undernutrition and overnutrition, undernutrition. Both malnutrition and undernutrition refer to not having enough food. Malnutrition (or undernutrition) is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health (Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia). There are two basic types of malnutrition. The first and most important is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). It is basically a lack of calories and protein. Food is converted into energy by humans, and the energy contained in food is measured by calories. Protein is necessary for key body functions including provision of essential amino acids and development and maintenance of muscles. This is the most lethal form of malnutrition/hunger and is the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed. The second type of malnutrition, also very important, is micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency. This is not the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed, though it is certainly very important. Take a two-question hunger quiz on this section Number of hungry people in the world The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization...
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...regions within Sub-Saharan Africa Sistla Sumanth Introduction: Airborne communication of mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the evolution of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa are in greater risk due to the prevalence of malnutrition and social dispossession...
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...Especially chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are common. Additionally, many asylum seekers, especially from poor countries, suffer from infectious and parasitic diseases. A study carried out in Spain reveals that 21% of asylum seeker from sub-Saharan Africa are chronic carriers of Hepatitis B and suffer from Hepatitis A and Meningitis. An intervention in Blackburn, UK, where 1085 asylum seekers were scanned for TB, a prevalence of 11 cases of open TB were discovered right at the point of arrival and further 40 cases subsequently. Australian researcher found out that 25% of asylum seekers in Australia suffer from symptoms which imply gastro-intestinal diseases. Also helicobacter pylori seem to be very common for people from countries with low socio-economic status. Furthermore health consequences from malnutrition, poor hygiene and sanitation as well as substance abuse could be determined (Burnett & Peel,...
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...World Hunger and Malnutrition According to the United Nations World Food Programme, there are 925 million chronically hungry people in the world. That means one in seven people in the world do not get enough food to maintain a healthy body and lead active lifestyles, making hunger and malnutrition the number one risk to health world wide. Natural disasters, conflict, poverty, poor agricultural infrastructure and over-exploitation of the environment remain the key causes of hunger, and the recent economic slowdown in many countries have pushed more people into hunger (WFP). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that more than 90% of the 925 million chronically hungry people in the world are in developing countries, there are 642 million in Asia and the Pacific, 265 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 53 million in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 42 million in the Near East and North Africa. People who are chronically malnourished lack the nutrients needed for proper health and development. There are several forms of malnutrition; protein-energy malnutrition is a potentially fatal body depletion disorder where a person’s consumption of protein and energy is insufficient to maintain the body’s nutritional needs. Marasmus is caused by an energy deficiency that stunts growth, waste muscle, fat and tissues making the body appear extremely thin. Kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency making the arms, legs and stomach swell. Other forms of malnutrition are less visible...
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...Women in development women now play as important a role as any man in the development of any nation,more so the Bengali nation. We should rephrase and ask for names of sectors where women have not contributed. Even then one may not be able to name one because these days women have made their presence felt in every field.And they are second to none.When a lady has captured the presidency of Bangladesh.Even a super power nation like USA is likely to have a woman president next.Never ever underestimate or question women power. Women play a very important role not only in running the household but also the nation. They provide the anchorage and support that working men seek for their success. They are not only good home-makers but also the caretakers of the culture and tradition. History has shown several brave women who have laid down their lives for the nation and have been freedom fighters. Today there is not a single field where women do not play a role. Due to natural reasons they bear and rear children which is very vital and time consuming. This puts them at a slight disadvantage when it comes to paving a career for themselves vis-a-vis men. It is upto the men to understand and respect the role of a women inspite of several adversity and reciprocate them with the support they need. Great men are actually created by women who teach them moral values including equality and respect for one and all. First of all women r mother. It is the teaching of mother which makes his...
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...by: Shoaib Saiful women now play as important a role as any man in the development of any nation,more so the Bengali nation. We should rephrase and ask for names of sectors where women have not contributed. Even then one may not be able to name one because these days women have made their presence felt in every field.And they are second to none.When a lady has captured the presidency of Bangladesh.Even a super power nation like USA is likely to have a woman president next.Never ever underestimate or question women power. Women play a very important role not only in running the household but also the nation. They provide the anchorage and support that working men seek for their success. They are not only good home-makers but also the caretakers of the culture and tradition. History has shown several brave women who have laid down their lives for the nation and have been freedom fighters. Today there is not a single field where women do not play a role. Due to natural reasons they bear and rear children which is very vital and time consuming. This puts them at a slight disadvantage when it comes to paving a career for themselves vis-a-vis men. It is upto the men to understand and respect the role of a women inspite of several adversity and reciprocate them with the support they need. Great men are actually created by women who teach them moral values including equality and respect for one and all. First of all women r mother. It is the teaching of mother which makes his child...
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...A TERM PAPER ON UNDERSTANDING DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA BY MADUEJEGBU ESTHER NNEKA MATRIC NUMBER 129086035 COURSE CODE –SOC 807 TITLE- SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT LECTURER: PROF. ADEDOKUN Understanding Demographic Trends Demographic trends reveal developments and changes in human population. More specifically, demographic trends relate to changes in a population’s age, gender, geographical location, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, household income, race, religion, and health. Africa is the second-largest and second most populous continent on earth with an estimated population in 2013 of 1.033 billion people. Africa is home to 54 recognized sovereign states and countries, 9 territories and 2 de facto independent states with very little recognition. Africa's population is not too large in relation to land area, but to reproducible capital, research and educational facilities, the entrepreneurial class, leadership and the available channels of economic diffusion. The UN PopulationFund stated in 2009 that thepopulationof Africa had hit the one billion mark and hadthereforedoubled in size over the course of 27 years. It's now estimated that Africa has a population of 1.033 billion people in 2013. The Population Fund’s Director Thoraya Obeid spoke to the BBC at the time and underlined the reasons behind the growing population. "Africa countries are all growing fast... because there is large number of women who have no access to planning...
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...Millennium Health Goals INTRODUCTION Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) placed health at the center of development. This represents the dedication by governments globally to cut hunger, reduce poverty, solve poor health, and deal with the lack of education among others. Of the eight millennium development goals, three of these goals are directly related to health. Without significant commitments and dedication from rich and developing nations, these goals will never be met. This paper will capture issues related to MDGs realization especially the realization of reduced child mortality rate in my community in Massachusetts. Achieved MDGs According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) several MDG targets have been achieved while others are close to reach. For instance, the fraction of individuals who live in abject poverty has been halved (World Bank 2014). The World Bank notes that the percentage of individuals who subsist on resource below $ 1.25 each day dropped from 47% in the year 1990 to 22% in the year 2010 (Gwatkin,2002 ). In addition two billion people gained access to clean drinking water. Health wise, remarkable gains have been achieved in the fight against tuberculosis and malaria. This is good news to the health sector. Between the year 2000 and 2010 the mortality rates from malaria fell considerably by more than 25%. 1.1 million deaths related to malaria were averted. Between the year 1995 and 2011 a total number of 51 million patients suffering from...
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...Abstract Climate Change is a global problem that is creating regional impacts to food security. Climate studies require the analysis of vast pools of data that are more easily processed by filtering down to the micro-climates or sub-climates of particular regions. Many studies have been completed utilizing global climate observations in an attempt to model changes to regional food production zones. Private organizations or government grant making groups with an interest in how climate change will directly impact their particular food security have funded most of the research available on this topic. Much of the literature available indicates that economically secure countries are more equipped to handle the food security impacts of climate change and have dedicated fewer resources to studying this issue. Three regions that have completed significant climate studies in relation to food security are Eurasia, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Australia (to include the Pacific island nations). All three regions discuss the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) to address their food security concerns. The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security Climate change presents a multitude of potentially dangerous issues for world communities to solve. Perhaps the largest of these issues is the impact of climate change on food security. T. Thamizhvanan and K. Balaguru (2012) indicate that food security has four dimensions: “availability, accessibility, food utilization,...
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...One little known or discussed topic regarding Africa because of more popular topics such as slavery is the contributions from other nations that aided the continents development. Who would have known that places and people that were once irrelevant to the continent of Africa would have such an amazing impact on it? The British and Portuguese have had a tremendous impact on many things and the development of Africa. The things the Portuguese brought to Africa, mainly West Africa, consisted of the negative and positive things including culture, religion, cultivation, and slavery. British also had a significant role in many parts of the developing Africa. It seems as if the Portuguese had more of an effect on Africa than Britain did. The reason that the Portuguese had such an impact on Africa in the aspect of culture because of language, instruments, music, and dances. They are the reason why a lot of the African colonies speak Portuguese as their official language. Africans adopted the flute, clarinet, guitar, violin, cello, accordion, tambourine, and piano from the Portuguese. When the Portuguese arrived in Africa, they also brought the tradition of familiar rhythms, including the polka, the waltz, and the march, creating an entirely new kind of music in West Africa (Nosotro 1). I believe the most important tradition passed onto the Africans by the Portuguese was the religion of Christianity. Before the Portuguese most Africans didn’t practice a religion and they were killing...
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...INTRODUCTION Poverty in India is widespread, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of the total Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day.[1] According to 2010 data from the United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians live below the country's national poverty line.[2] A 2010 report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) states that 8 Indian states have more poor people than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[3][4] A 2013 UN report stated that a third of the worlds poorest people live in India.[5] According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[6] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.[6] However, this decline in poverty is debatable given the fact that there are question marks on methodology of evaluating poverty. Indian journalist Ravi S Jha writes in the Guardian[7] on the need of measuring poverty by segregating India's poor in different groups...
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