...A TERM PAPER ON UNDERSTANDING DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA BY MADUEJEGBU ESTHER NNEKA MATRIC NUMBER 129086035 COURSE CODE –SOC 807 TITLE- SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT LECTURER: PROF. ADEDOKUN Understanding Demographic Trends Demographic trends reveal developments and changes in human population. More specifically, demographic trends relate to changes in a population’s age, gender, geographical location, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, household income, race, religion, and health. Africa is the second-largest and second most populous continent on earth with an estimated population in 2013 of 1.033 billion people. Africa is home to 54 recognized sovereign states and countries, 9 territories and 2 de facto independent states with very little recognition. Africa's population is not too large in relation to land area, but to reproducible capital, research and educational facilities, the entrepreneurial class, leadership and the available channels of economic diffusion. The UN PopulationFund stated in 2009 that thepopulationof Africa had hit the one billion mark and hadthereforedoubled in size over the course of 27 years. It's now estimated that Africa has a population of 1.033 billion people in 2013. The Population Fund’s Director Thoraya Obeid spoke to the BBC at the time and underlined the reasons behind the growing population. "Africa countries are all growing fast... because there is large number of women who have no access to planning...
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...The impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population.1 AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. During 2008 alone, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS.3 Although access to antiretroviral treatment is starting to lessen the toll of AIDS, fewer than half of Africans who need treatment are receiving it.4 The impact of AIDS will remain severe for many years to come. The impact on the health sector In all heavily affected countries the AIDS epidemic is adding additional pressure on the health sector. As the epidemic matures, the demand for care for those living with HIV rises, as does the toll of AIDS on health workers. In sub-Saharan Africa, the direct medical costs of AIDS (excluding antiretroviral therapy) have been estimated at about US$30 per year for every person infected, at a time when overall public health spending is less than US$10 per year for most African countries.5 The effect on hospitals [pic] Nurses working on the HIV ward at Kisiizi Hospital in Uganda ...
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...Sub saharan Africa consists of a collection of African countries who’s supply of natural resources made many hopeful. Despite its potential, there has been many obstacles in the way of economic growth. Africa, as a whole, has shown no real growth in per capita GDP over the period of 1968- 1990. (Easterly & Levine) This was a period that was plagued with issues due to the oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s which came with a large package of economic hardships. These issues include a rise in interest rates, trade deficits, current account deficits, falling growth rates, a rise in inflation, and a poor performing agriculture and industrial sector. (Muhula & Ndegwa 275) These issues created an environment host to many social issues, like poverty...
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...11 Independent Africa, 1950-1980 Finally, the people of African felt like it was the dawn of a new era. An era of better health care, an era where people were happy, an era when babies where gladly made babies. A lot of things are characterized with this era. There was rapid population growth, growing economy, and independence. The gain of freedom also had its bad side. Debts were incurred, civil wars were fought, and political oppression was dominant. Rapid Population Growth Africa, being part of the baby boom had a drastic population increase around 1950. By the 1970’s the growth rate in sub Saharan Africa had increased from approximately 1 to 2.8 percent. One of the main reasons for the growth of the population was a continuous fall in death rate. The death rate fell from 22 per thousand to 16 per thousand between 1965and 1988. In sub-Saharan Africa, the life expectancy rose drastically from 39 to 51 between 1951 and 1988. Africa did not also experience as much crisis and hence the rate of crisis mortality also declined. The decline in infant mortality in Africa definitely played a big role in lowering the death rate. In the 1950’s 30-40 percent of children in most African countries died before the age of five. However in the mid 1970’s the infant mortality rate dropped to approximately 22-27 percent. The Western part of Africa however had higher mortality than most of the other countries. Another reason for the increase of population in Africa is high birth...
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...Gabon By Nicole Nam Gabon is a small country located in central Africa that has a brief history, a republic government, and a fine culture, Gabon has a positive future because Gabon has a lot of natural resources, lots of food are grown, major deposits of minerals, and fair living conditions. First, let’s talk about the history. Little is known about Gabon before 1472 because the people in this region had no way of writing down their history. In 1492, Europeans arrived in area of modern Gabon under the command of Portuguese captains named Lopes Gonsalvo and Fernan Vaz. The French established a permanent naval and trading post here in 1839. In the 1880s, the Fang and other tribes migrated to Gabon. Later, the French gained control over coast...
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...[pic] HIV/AIDS INFECTION: A THREATHENING VIRAL DISEASE By Raymond G. Cervantes John Rey Hesita March, 2010 Mr. Armando Torrente Professor OUTLINE I. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 A. Background of the Research-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 B. Statement of the Problem------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------3 C. Importance of the Paper------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 D. Definition of Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 II. Body----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 A.Modes of Transmission of HIV/Aids (Direct Factors) ----------------------------------------5 1.Sexual Transmission-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2,Mother to Child Transmission------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3.Transmission via Fomites-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Needles--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 5. Blood Traces--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 6. Routine Medical...
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...Why study international business: 1. Most large org’s have international operations 2. Foreign firms continue to enter Canada and before your competition 3. Keep abreast of future competitors 4. To obtain cultural literacy 5. In your career, you may find yourself working for a company headquartered in a foreign country Interesting world facts People 1975 2012 Infant mortlity/1000 births 107 35 Life expectancy 55 67.2 However: 1.3b people earn less than 1 dollar per day but 60% live in South and South East… Secondary school enrollment has declined, in sub-Saharan Africa, to 24% Life expectancy less than 50: Cuinea-Bissau, South Africa.. Life expectancy more than 80: Canada is 81.67 Development indicators: GDP/capita, Income distribution, % GDP from services, life expectancy, population density Class 2 The country with more services is more developed, and less developed with higher 农业 Canada in world: 10th in the world in the value of both exports and imports 16th in the world for ‘Doing Business In’ as reported by the World Bank (2015) We are the US’s biggest supplier and customer and, Japan is our second largest trading partner. Exports are far more important to Canada than they are to the USA: 29% of our GDP vs 11% for the US is exported We export US$13549 per Canadian vs US$626 per American Our Exports are $528.8billion 2014. We export 77%to the...
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...Sean Collin Geography 101 Essay # 2 There are over 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and the wealth of natural resources and the prevalence of wealth in the northern segments of Africa have led many to speculate about the equity and economic development in the sub-Sahara. Unfortunately, the progression of economic, political and social factors in this region have done little to improve the overall conditions, and have instead demonstrated a consistent bias towards the government and the social elites that has impacted the chances of successful development in the region. Since the end of World War II, changes in the infrastructure, the political forces, and in the capacity for collective action in many of these countries has underscored what some have described as the “Africa crisis” (Stryker, 1986). One of the major issues that still remain in this region is the history of development in the sub-Sahara, generally traced back to the history of British rule, and the relinquishing of colonial control which led to greater regionalization. But there was little in place in terms of expansion planning or economic development in the period following the end of the Second World War, and it can be argued that the struggle for economic development is linked to existing and maintained inequities, based both on social conditioning and political control, that has weakened the agrarian force and impacted the development of industrialization. “During the 1980s, when many countries...
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...graphics displayed the correlation between fertility rate and life expectancy in different countries, from 1962-2003. In 1962, many developing countries had low life expectancies and high fertility rates, whereas developed countries had higher life expectancies and lower fertility rates. These two different types of countries are one of the perceptions that are blocking minds from reality. The graph showed that in 2003 most countries had high life expectancy and low fertility rate. His next representation portrayed the amount of dollars per day based on each economic class. The middle 60% of the population accounts for 24% of the world’s money, whereas the richest group, which makes up 20% of the world’s population, accounts for 74% of the world’s economy. This was then divided up to show what parts of the world make up this graph. Africa and Asia are mostly in the lower and middle class, but have quite a bit of overlap with regions in the top 20%. Another interesting graphic showed the correlation between child survival and GDP per capita. The graphic showed that for the most part wealthier regions have higher survival rates than poorer regions. He then broke up the regions into their individual countries, revealing a surprisingly large discrepancy between them. Sub-saharan Africa showed one of the largest discrepancies with Yemen and Mauritius at opposite ends at the chart. It was surprising to see that a sub-saharan country, which is typically associated with poverty and high...
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...and Tuberculosis in Urbanized regions within Sub-Saharan Africa Sistla Sumanth Introduction: Airborne communication of mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the evolution of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa are in greater risk due to the prevalence of...
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...ESSAY 3 HEALTH IN THE TROPICS STATE OF THE TROPICS causes of mortality. Improvements in quality of life through improved health are harder to quantify accurately at scale. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is covered in detail elsewhere in the State of the Tropics, and reports that between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still ...
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...Demographic transition is a global phenomenon. Demographers recognize four phases of demographic transition. In the first phase improved health care technologies and improved access to health care result in reduction in mortality rates but, birth rate continues to be high and therefore population growth occurs. In the second there is reduction in birth rate but the reduction in death rate is higher than reduction in birth rate, as a result population increases. In the third phase, birth rates and death rates are both low; however population growth continues because of a large number of individuals in the reproductive age group. In the fourth phase the Table 2.1: Some demographic parameters: India and its neighbors Country Life expectancy at birth (years) 2000-05 Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 1990 2004 Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 1990 2004 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 2004 China 71 49 31 38 26 51 India 63 123 85 80...
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...syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world. HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nevertheless, complacency about HIV may play a key role in HIV risk.[3][4] From its discovery in 1981 to 2006, AIDS killed more than 25 million people.[5] HIV infects about 0.6% of the world's population.[5] In 2009, AIDS claimed an estimated 1.8 million lives, down from a global peak of 2.1 million in 2004.[6] Approximately 260,000 children died of AIDS in 2009.[6] A disproportionate number of AIDS deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and exacerbating the burden of poverty.[7] An estimated 22.5 million people (68% of the global total) live with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, which is also home to 90% of the world's 16.6 million children orphaned by HIV.[6] Treatment with...
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...Health Inquiry, Global Health Inequities Introduction: The Millennium Development Goals (or MDG) are a set of 8 goals set by the world’s nations in hope of reducing poverty by 2015. These 8 goals address poverty, education, equality, disease and the environment. Each goal has a targets and indicators we are aiming to achieve by 2015. The purpose of this report is to report on the history, objectives and constitution of the MDG’s and the success and effectiveness of the MDGs. History of MDGs: In the 1990’s the United Nation (UN) member states went through a historically extraordinary UN press conference process. This conference was aimed at building consensus on development priorities for the 21st century. However, at the end of the 1990’s the governments of the conference experienced conference fatigue and feared the process launched by the conferences was losing steam. In September 2000 in New York there was a large gathering of world leaders called the Millennium Summit. This was the largest gathering of world leaders in history including 189 UN member-states. At the Millennium Summit the United Nation Millennium Declaration was adopted as a result of a series of global conferences held during the 1990’s. The UN saw the Millennium Summit as an opportunity to bring back the development of priorities for the 21st century. It was at this Millennium Summit that the Millennium Declaration set in motion a global partnership and was signed by 147 heads of states....
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...Engl-101-93 30 March 2008 An Epidemic in South Africa He’s sitting down on a log with his hands on his face; feeling empty and full of pain. He’s in a small village in South Africa and all he can hear around him is weeping and crying; he and his sister will most likely not attend school anymore. The lifeless corpse being buried is his aunt; he and his younger sister had lived with her, unfortunately she died from HIV. His Mother also died of HIV two weeks before his aunt had passed, and his father abandoned him and his sister. He and his sister are now left with no relatives; fortunately, they will be living with a friend and his mother. This tragic story is just an example of the pain and despair some children have to go through in Africa. This chaos occurs throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Millions of children in Africa everyday are being born with HIV and as a result, many children lose their parents or relatives. Each child knows that their life is limited and eventually they will die sooner or later. Although the HIV epidemic is spreading, some programs like UNAIDS were established to assist the worldwide fight against Aids. Many people have to take medication and live with this burden for the rest of their life. The spread of Aids in Africa has become an epidemic due to its progression and continuous spread despite the help, HIV has affected South Africa society and economy severely, and the epidemic continues to spread in South Africa due to the Governments lack of attention and...
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