... Section: ___________________ Electric Fields In step 9 you are asked to draw the conductors’ locations on the graph paper and label them with the voltage readings of your voltmeter. In step 10 you are asked “How far does this path go? Sketch this pattern on your graph paper and label the line with the voltage you chose” In step 12 you are asked to predict the path it would take by drawing a line with your colored pen or pencil. Questions: A. What generalizations can you make from this exploration? B. Where would a positive test charge have the least potential energy? A positive test charge would have the least potential energy next to the conductor at 0 volts. C. How much energy must you add to the system to move 1 electron 1 m in a direction along one of the equal potential lines? No work is needed to move 1 electron 1m in a direction along one of the equal potential lines D. If lightning strikes a tree 20 m away would it be better to stand facing the tree, your back to the tree, or your side to the tree? Assume your feet are a comfortable shoulder width apart. Explain your answer. If the person stood with the side facing the tree, the feet would be at different potentials and a dangerous shock could occur. If the field around the tree is uniform, facng back against the tree would place both feet I equal potential and no shock would occur. Facing away from the tree may be the best option...
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...body to store an electrical charge. Drift Velocity- the flow velocity that a particle, such as an electron, attains in a material due to an electric field. Electric circuit- A path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow Electric current- a flow of electric charge Electric potential- he amount of electric potential energy that a unitary point electric charge would have if located at any point in space. Energy- property of objects which can be transferred to other objects and converted into different forms. Parallel circuit- has two or more paths for current to flow through. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit Potential difference- the difference of electric potential between two points. Resistance- the degree to which a substance or device opposes the passage of an electric current, causing energy dissipation. Ohm's law resistance (measured in ohms) is equal to the voltage divided by the current. Schematic diagram- A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension Series circuit- In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component. In a parallel circuit...
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...EM Fields and Waves Assignment 1 Energy and Potential In Electric Field it solution Contents Introduction: 3 Electric Field Intensity: 3 Electric Field Strength (First Formula): 3 Electric Field Strength (Second Formula): 4 Energy: 5 Potential Difference and Potential: 5 Electric Potential at a point due to Point charge: 6 Potential Gradient: 8 Conclusion: 10 Table of Figures: Figure 1: Field is radial 8 Introduction: As we know that every electrically charged particle exerts an equal and opposite force on other charged particle/object. These electrically charged particles are surrounded by a field known as electric field. Electric field helps in depicting the force which these particles exert on each other. It is a vector field and its SI unit is NC-1. We use coulombs’ law to find electric field of different charged particles. But as it is quite complicated because of its vector analysis and integration for each component, we try to find a much simple way to find it, in which single integration can give us the required scalar quantity, which can be used to find electric field. This scalar quantity is known as potential or potential field. Electric Field Intensity: The electric field of a charged particle explains the strength of a charged particle depending on its distance from that specific point. The charge also tends to change that field accordingly when any other particle tries to enter...
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...Partners: Joseph Dea Adrian Capinpin Plotting Electric Potential Lab Purpose: To understand and experiment with electric potentials and examine electric fields, from their directions to their strengths and their behavior. Also, to map electric equipotential lines and electric field lines for two-dimensional configurations. Procedure: Starting the first of two parts of our lab (part A), we began by setting up our equipment. We first set up our conducting paper and pushed two aluminum push pins into each of the two conducting metallic holes on the paper. We then followed by connecting the negative terminal of the power supply to the push pin on the left and the positive terminal to the opposite push pin on the right (see figure below). After everything was set up we turned the dial of the voltmeter to 20 Volts (V), and proceeded by pushing the tip of our probe in the middle of the conducting paper and adjusted the DC power supply until the voltmeter read 5.00 V. Once we got an accurate reading, we gently used the probe to find points on the conducting paper that also read 5.00 V, generally about 2 cm above the starting position. We proceeded with this technique until we reached the apex of the y coordinate, which was capped at 20.0 cm. Following completion of the superior part of the x-axis, we took our probe and repeated the same procedure for the inferior portion of the x-axis, which extended down to 0 cm. We continued this process for the y-axis as well...
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...× 10–19 C)[(– 50 V) – (+ 100 V)] = W = q(Vb – Va) – 150 eV. = (+ 1 e)[(– 50 V) – (+ 100 V)] = 3. Because the total energy of the electron is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0, or ®KE = – q(VB – VA) = – (– 1.60 × 10–19 C)(21,000 V) = 3.4 × 10–15 J; 21 keV. ®KE = – (– 1 e)(21,000 V) = 4. Because the total energy of the electron is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0; ®KE + q(VB – VA) = 0; 3.45 × 10–15 J + (– 1.60 × 10–19 C)(VB – VA); which gives VB – VA = Plate B is at the higher potential. 2.16 × 103 V. 5. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have 4.2 × 104 V/m. E = ®V/d = (220 V)/(5.2 × 10–3 m) = 6. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have E = ®V/d; 640 V/m = ®V/(11.0 × 10–3 m), which gives ®V = 7.04 V. 7. Because the total energy of the helium nucleus is conserved, we have ®KE + ®PE = 0; ®KE + q(VB – VA) = 0; 65.0 keV + (+ 2e)(VB – VA); which gives VB – VA = – 32.5 kV. 8. For the uniform electric field between two large, parallel plates, we have E = ®V/d; 3 × 106 V/m = (100 V)/d, which gives d = 3 × 10–5 m. 9. We use the work-energy principle: W = ®KE + ®PE = ®KE + q(Vb – Va); 25.0 × 10–4 J = 4.82 × 10–4 J + (– 7.50 × 10–6 C)(Vb – Va), which gives Vb – Va = – 269V, or Va – Vb = 269 V. Page 17 – 1 Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli Chapter 17 10. The data given are the kinetic energies, so we find...
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...supply "pushes" electrical charges around the circuit similar to the way a pump pushes water in a fountain. The resulting flow of charges is called the CURRENT (I ≡ Δq/Δt). The power supply supplies potential energy to each of the charges that flow through it. We can measure this energy per charge with a voltmeter where we define VOLTAGE as the electrical potential energy per charge (V ≡ PE/q). Note in particular that the power supply (sometimes called the voltage supply) does NOT supply the current, it only supplies the energy to move the current, just as the water pump does not supply the flowing water, only the pressure to make the water flow. Just as in the water in a water fountain, the current must be allowed to leave the power supply and then eventually return to the power supply. Hence an electrical circuit starts at the (positive terminal of the) power supply and must eventually end at the (negative terminal of the) power supply - hence the name circuit. The individual circuit elements are connected in such a way that the current flows through them, usually giving up energy in the process. As the charges give up energy, the potential energy of the charges (and hence the voltage) will decrease as they traverse the circuit. OHM'S LAW states that for most common conductors the potential difference (ΔV) across the conductor is proportional to the current (I) that flows through the conductor: V = IR The RESISTANCE is then simply the constant of proportionality and is a measure...
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...Bubble-Free Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) by Pulse-Potential Application Bubble-Free Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) by PulsePotential Application Laxmidhar Besra, Tetsuo Uchikoshi, Tohru S. Suzuki,Yoshio Sakk Nano Ceramics Center, Fine Particle Processing Group (WPI Center Initiative for Materials Nanoarchitechtronics), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan ABSTRACT It is an innovative method based on the application of a square-wave pulse potential of 50% duty cycle has shown to obtain dense bubble-free deposits of alumina by constant voltage electrophoretic deposition (EPD) in an aqueous suspension. Use of continuous dc voltage perpetually caused the integration of bubbles in the deposits. Bubbles in the deposit decreased gradually with decrease in the size of pulse width during the pulse potential EPD. A unique and narrow band of pulse width exists for each voltage within which a bubble-free deposit is obtained. The major benefits and appeal of EPD is its simple apparatus, little development time, little constraint in the shape of substrate, aptness for mass production, and no requirement for binder burnout as the green coating contains few or no organics. In comparison with other advanced ceramic processing techniques, the EPD process is very flexible because it can be altered easily for specific applications. In particular, despite being a wet process, EPD offers easy control of the thickness and morphology...
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...PHYSICS 205L – S.Y. 2014-2015 * TOPIC 6 * Ohms Law * Kirchhoff's Law * Direct Current Circuit * Current * A current (I) of electricity exists in region when a net electric charge is transported from one point to another in that region. * If a charge is transported through a given cross section of the wire in a time, then the current through the wire is I = q/t. * Where: q is in COULOMBS, t is in SECONDS and I is in AMPERES (1A = 1C/s). * BATTERY * A battery is a source of electrical energy. * If no internal energy losses occurs in the battery then the potential difference between its terminals is called the ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) of the battery. * The unit for emf is the same as the unit for potential difference, the VOLT. * RESISTANCE * The resistance of wire or other object is a measure of the potential difference that must be impressed across the object to cause a current of one ampere to flow through it. * R = V/I * The unit of resistance is OHMS (Ω), 1Ω = 1V/A. * OHM’s LAW * Ohm’s Law originally contained two parts. * The defining equation for resistance, V = IR, also stated the R is a constant independent of V and I. * The relation V = IR can be applied to any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistor, I is the current through the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor under those conditions. * GEORG SIMON OHM * 1787-1854 ...
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...Chapter 17 Electric Potential Units of Chapter 17 • Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference •Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field •Equipotential Lines and surfaces •The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy •Electric Potential Due to Point Charges •Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment •Capacitance, Dielectrics and Storage of Electric Energy Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential Difference The electrostatic force is conservative – potential energy can be defined as ΔPE= -W Change in electric potential energy is negative of work done by electric force: W =Fd=qEd Electric potential is defined as potential energy per unit charge: Unit of electric potential: the volt (V). 1 V = I J/C. Only changes in potential can be measured, Electrostatic Potential Energy and relation between Electric potential and Electric field Analogy between gravitational and electrical potential energy: Work is charge multiplied by potential: Work is also force multiplied by distance: If the field is not uniform, it can be calculated at multiple points: Solving problems Example 17-2: suppose an electron in a picture tube of television set is acclerated from rest through a potential difference of Vb-Va = Vba = + 50000V. (a) What is the change in electric potential energy of the electron? (b) What is the speed of the electron as a result of this acceleration? Equipotential Lines Electric potential can be represented with diagram...
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...Solvation Models There are some methods which are established in order to observe the effect of solvation in a system. These models are distinguised as Polarizable Continuum Model or Implicit model, Explicit model and Hybrid Explicit Model. These three models subdivide and they will be discussed further. While using these models, the one which fits to the system should be chosen carefully since reducing the cost and time is very significant. When the time gets longer, more payment is done and also in a limited time performing a couple of models is much more better than performing just one system. Indeed, the efficiency and accuracy of the system is another aspect which shouldn’t be neglected too. Thus, while choosing the best model for the specified system the parameters which are refferd above should be evaluated in detailed and carefully. Before explaining the models in detail, some of the terms should be known by heart. What is Solvation? To understand the process of solvation, the terms solute and solvent should be known. Solute can be described as a substance which dissolves in a solvent and solvent is the substance which dissolves a solute. When a solute starts to dissolves in a solvent a polarization is observed in the solute in response to the solvent polarization as mentioned in the figure. In addition, a reorientation is observed in the solvent molecule due to the charges in the solute as indicated in the figure. Hence, an interaction happens between the...
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... Electric Fields Questions: A. What generalizations can you make from this exploration? a. There should be an equal amount of positive and negative charge within the water. If the space was equal on both sides, then the potential lines should equal, but because there was more space between the upper charge and the wall of the container, the charges were more compact than the lower charge. The positive charge should have a higher amount of energy. B. Where would a positive test charge have the least potential energy? b. A positive test charge would have the least potential energy when it gets closer to the negative test charge because as it gets closer, the potential energy of the positive charge decreases. C. How much energy must you add to the system to move 1 electron 1 m in a direction along one of the equal potential lines? c. In order to move one electron one meter in a direction along one of the equal potential lines, you have to double the amount of energy in the electron just to get it to barely move. D. If lightning strikes a tree 20 m away would it be better to stand facing the tree, your back to the tree, or your side to the tree? Assume your feet are a comfortable shoulder width apart. Explain your answer. d. In order to decrease the electric potential difference, it is best to stand with both feet at equal distances away from the lightning tree so standing sideways would increase the electric potential...
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... ELECTRIC FIELDS Laboratory No. 6 Written By: Ali Al-Qubbej Lab Section: 04 Lab Partner: Braden Jople Date Performed 09/03/14 Instructor: Dr. Huh ABSTRACT The main objective of this experiment was to map lines like those of the electric filed around charged objects, each having a different shape ranging from 1 V, 1.5V, 2V, 2.5V, 3V, 3.5V, and 4V. Positive charge means that the electric field is going away, while the negative charge means that the electric field is going in to the other side of the map. The apparatus provided during the experiment was, field mapping apparatus, special coated paper, “Energy One” variable power supply (model XP-4), digital multimeter (DMM), probes and graph paper. The theory behind this experiment is described in the form of: Es = - ΔV / Δs, where Es is the electric field related to the potential V, ΔV is the difference in potential between two adjacent lines of equipotential, and Δs is the distance between the same two equipotential lines. DATA ANALYSIS This experiment was to record the values and record them on the special coated paper to determine the electric field direction and the strength of the charge. Figure 1 shows the first section of the laboratory experiment, there were two circles both on the negative and positive coordinate; those circles have a charge of 0V and 5V respectively. The maximum and minimum electric field in figure 1 was...
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...During storms or other natural disasters, customers and 9-1-1 public safety agencies call PG&E for a variety of reasons; for example; power outage, wires down, arcing wires, broken poles, or tree limbs on wires etc. Hundreds of calls per hour may be received and outage tags are generated awaiting assessment teams to respond. Our goal is to make our electric distribution system safe for the public and our workers, communicate effectively to our customers and restore service as quickly as possible. Performing 911 Standby safely are valuable elements in the overall communications and restoration process, especially in the initial stages of the emergency. To do an effective job at these activities in an emergency, we need help from other work...
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...Course code: 15MA101 | Engineering Mathematics | L | T | P | C | | | 3 | 1 | - | 4 | Course Objectives | To train the students in basic mathematics essential for modeling and solving engineering problems. | Course Outcomes | 1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering. 2. An ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems | Differential Calculus: Review: Functions and graphs, Limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Maxima and minima of a function, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem. Indeterminate forms and L'Hopital's rule, Infinite sequences and series, Power series, Taylor's and Maclaurin's series, Convergence of Taylor's series, Error Estimates, Polar coordinates and Polar equations. Functions of two or more real variables, Partial derivatives of second and higher order, Euler’s theorem on homogenous function, Total derivatives, Differentiation of composite and implicit functions, Change of variable, Jacobians, Maxima and minima of functions of two or more variable, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. Integral Calculus: Estimating with finite sums and limits of finite sums, Definite integral, The fundamental theorem of calculus, Trigonometric substitutions, Integration by reduction formula for powers of some trigonometric functions, Improper integrals, Beta and Gamma integrals. Double integrals, Triple...
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...development has been a major R&D focus within PGS since 2004, complemented by the acquisition of MTEM Ltd. in 2007. Successful field trials with prototype systems were completed over the Peon and Troll fields (North Sea) during 2009 and 2010. A further validation trial was conducted in 2011.The principle objective of this new approach to Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM) is to provide: Resistivity Surveys to enhance subsurface understanding, discoveries are becoming less obvious and fewer large fields are being found. Adding electromagnetic data to seismic can highlight prospective areas that may have been overlooked. Information – Intelligence having an additional attribute to use in the delineation and characterization of potential reservoirs can reduce risk and improve drilling success. How it operates The new Electromagnetic Streamer can be deployed from a seismic vessel and can acquire data at similar speeds to seismic operations. Already proven to be effective in water depths between 50m and 400m, the future development program will aim for deeper water and deeper targets. The possibility of simultaneous acquisition of resistivity data with seismic data is also being developed for future release. 2. THE EM 31 system...
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