...Marie Sklodowska Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7, 1867, the youngest of five children of Wladislaw and Bronislava Boguska Sklodowska. Her mother, Bronislawa Boguska, was a pianist, singer, and teacher (Moore, 2005). Her father, Wladyslaw Sklodowski, was a professor of mathematics and physics. When she was little, her family nickname was “Little Manya” (Moore, 2005). After her father lost his job, the family struggled and was forced to take borders (renters) into their small apartment. Religious as a child, Curie rejected her faith after her sister died of typhus (a severe fever) in 1876 (Moore, 2005). Two years later, she lost her mother to tuberculosis, a terrible disease that attacks the lungs and bones. Education From childhood,...
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...Marie Curie was the discoverer of multiple elements, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize (twice), and so on. Just because her track record looks good, though, doesn’t mean the path behind her was smooth. Her road to greatness was paved in fire and tragedy. Marie’s life was not full of riches and wonder. After Marie’s father was laid off and lost money due to a bad investment, they began lodging boys in their house to supplement for the income. Because of this, food and water tended to be short. Things got worse after the death of her mother a short while later. Because Marie was only ten years old when her mother died of tuberculosis, her father became the one who would be responsible for her upbringing. Not much else is known about her family’s financial matters after this time....
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...Marie Curie was a two-time Nobel Prize winner whose work led to the discovery of radioactivityin 1897. Her spouse Pierre Curie both examined many different substances and found that the mineral 'pitchblende' was more active that 'uranium'. Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, her parents were educators and was the youngest out of five other children. Usually was known as "Maria Salomea Sklodowski", but when she and her elder sister, "Bronia" had registered at the Sorbonne, in Paris, she changed her name to 'Marie' to sound more French. Marie Curie was a French chemist and physicist. Marie tested all of the many different chemicals to see if any would emit Becquerel rays. Her husband, Pierre, had known...
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...Marie Curie [The beginning] At birth, Marie Curie was named Maria Skłodowska. She was born on November 7th, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Before she turned eleven, her mom died of TB, and her oldest sister, Zófia Skłodowska, died of typhus. Marie graduated out of high school at the age of fifteen. She died on July fourth, 1934 of aplastic anemia. [Her study of radioactivity] In 1896, Marie started her study of radioactivity. She found out that the more uranium atom, that higher the radiation rays the uranium has. Her and her husband, Pierre Curie, discovered two new radioactive elements. These elements were polonium and radium. Even though they were two different elements, they both had the same amount of strong radiation. [The proof]...
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...Marie Salomea Sklodowska-Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Of all the notable scientists in history, she is perhaps the strongest representation of a woman succeeding against all odds to change the field of physics and chemistry forever. Her discoveries led her from a childhood of obscurity to being one of the most well-known scientists of all time. Curie’s father taught Mathematics and Physics as a secondary teacher, and shared his passions and knowledge with his children. These were unusual subjects for girls to study at the time and Curie went on to achieve degrees in both because of her father's influence. Unfortunately, Curie’s family became lost everything when the principal of the school her father worked at, turned him in for being loyal to Poland, which was illegal under the Russian rule. Marie spent the rest of her youth struggling to fund her education. Marie Curie was an extremely intelligent woman who devoted her life to the pursuit of knowledge. She learned to read by the time she was four, “without even trying, it seemed” and soon she could read better than her older. At this young age she dreamed of becoming a scientist, even though such a dream would be difficult in her male dominated society. She received a general education in local schools and scientific training from her father. In 1891, Curie was finally able to continue her studies in the Sorbonne University, in Paris, where she studied and earned the equivalent of a master’s degree...
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...name was Jean, who was also a physicist. The son was the four generation of scientists in the family. (Henri Becquerel – Biographical). He came from a family of scholars and scientists. His father’s name was Alexander Edmond Becquerel and he was a Professor of Applied Physics and he has also done research phosphorescence and solar radiation. His grandfather’s name was Antoine César and he was a Fellow of the Royal Society and also the inventor of an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. (Henri Becquerel – Facts)....
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...Arturo Alcaraz (Philippines) - Instrumental in a team of scientists, who in 1967 were able to harness steam from a volcano resulting in the production of electricity. Diosdado Banatao (Philippines) - Improved computer performance throughthe development of accelerator chips, helping to make the Internet a reality. Marie Curie (Poland) - Winner of two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physicsfor her studies into Radioactivity and her discoveries of Radium and Polonium. Paul Dirac (England) - An important contributor in the fields of QuantumMechanics and Electro Dynamics, Dirac was co-winner of the Nobel Prize inPhysics (1933). Albert Einstein (Germany) - Arguably needing no introduction, the most famous scientist that lived and a name that has become synonymous in popular culture with the highest intelligence. Enrico Fermi (Italy) - Heavily involved in the development of the world's first nuclear reactor and his work in induced radioactivity saw him awarded with the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia) - One of three recipients of the 2003 Nobel inPhysics for their pioneering work in the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands) - Most well known for his wave theory of light, Huygens is credited with discovering the first of Saturn's moons. Werner Israel (Canada) - In 1990 Israel co-pioneered a study on black hole interiors. Ali Javan (Iran) - Born in Tehran, Ali Javan is listed as one of the top 100 living...
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...He became very curious about the cathode ray and started experimenting with Crookes tube at high voltages in a dark room. This is where he unintentionally observed a piece of paper sitting on a bench a few feet away from the Crookes tube begin to glow. This would continually occur after current passed through the tube in a short amount of time. Roentgen realized "that the fluorescence was some kind of ray, rather than light or electricity, escaping the Crookes tube" (Gurley and Callaway, 58). On Decemeber 28, 1985 he "...submitted a report entitled, "on a new kind of rays" to the Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society" (Gurley and Callaway, 58). Roentgen realized that this could revolutionize science. He started experimenting on his own hand to see what would happen. Roentgen found that "placing his hand between the tube and a piece of cardboard coated with barium platinocyanide, he could actually visualize the bones of his...
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...Assignment, you are going to turn the tables and delve into how the media portrays science. How does a pop culture portrayal of science and scientists impact the average person’s view of what science is and how research is conducted? Can what is presented by the media affect how the general populace views a particular research field? What might the long-term impacts of such a depiction be? These are just a few questions that you...
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...Enhancing end-of-life care (EoLC) is a core component of international governments’ health policies. Across the globe, nurses make significant contributions to EoLC and, at this delicate time, have the power to positively influence the health and wellbeing of those facing death. Indeed, health promotion is a core component of the nurse’s role. Originating in the UK, EoLC pathways have been adopted around the world.Their broad aim is to optimise the quality of the dying process, enabling people to ‘die well’ across care settings. This paper examines EoLC pathways in terms of promoting health and wellbeing in this discrete stage of the dying trajectory. Concepts of health and health promotion are described briefly and the idea of health-promoting palliative care and its association with a good death examined. The ensuing discussion relates to two EoLC documents. While acknowledging that much has been achieved it is argued that, despite the potential for promoting health and wellbeing, a professionally led, biomedical approach predominates, and in terms of promoting health and wellbeing at the end of life there is a pressing need for proactive advance care planning at an earlier point in the illness trajectory. Key words: End-of-life care l Care pathways l Terminal care l Health promotion Michael Allen is Staff Nurse, Chemotherapy Day Unit, Singleton Hospital, Abertawe Bro- Morgannwg University Hospital Board, Swansea, Wales; Tessa Watts is Senior Lecturer, Swansea University,...
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...Date: EVENT 1867: Parents Hermann and Pauline marry. 1879 Born 14th March, Ulm, Germany. 1880 Move to Munich. Hermann and brother Jakob establish an electrical engineering firm. 1881 Sister Maria (Maja) born. 1884 Sense of wonder at a compass given to him by his father. Private tuition. 1885 Starts catholic school and violin lessons (until 14.) Jewish religious instruction at home. 1888 Passes entrance exam for Luitpold Gymnasium, Munich. 1889 Meets 21 year old student Max Talmud, introduces Einstein to key science and philosophy texts including Kant’s "Critique of pure reason" 1891: 2nd major sense of wonder with Euclidean geometry. Wrote later: “If Euclid fails to kindle your youthful enthusiasm, you were not born to be a scientific thinker.”Begins to excel in maths and science, despite hating regimentation of school and rote learning. 1892 Einstein is not bar mitzvahed so not technically a member of the Jewish community. 1894 June – Parent’s engineering company go into liquidation, the family move to Milan while Einstein remains in Munich with distance relatives to finish his schooling. 29th December - Einstein leaves school early with a medical certificate, joins family in Milan. He had no school leaving certificate but a letter from his maths teacher confirming his excellent maths abilities. 1895 Essay “On the investigation of the state of the Ether in a magnetic field” in summer sent to his uncle Caesar Kock in Belgium. Einstein’s family...
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...integrally masculine venture. The notion that mathematics and science were unsuitable or ‘hard’ for women, and even ‘at odds’ with real femininity, can be trailed back to the beginning of modern science and the commencement of the Royal Society in the seventeenth century. Then ‘femininity’ became the exact opposite of the new, masculine, experimental science of Newton and his colleagues who needed to break from the passive, reflective analytical style of outdated ‘natural philosophy’, the former word for science. (Schiebinger, 1996). This divide that detached women from the new experimental science, was made a lot wider by the Nature’s tradition being embodied in female form only. The masculine scientists made ‘mother nature’ their goal of research, and branded her as a female muse who could trick them, but if trained would also permit them to ‘enter her secrets’. This entire trap cast femininity as the inactive, topic of investigation and the male as the virile, enthusiastic investigator; a dualism that just increased the difference between science and femininity (Jordanova, 1991). Regardless of this, there existed women scientists— botanists, mathematicians, astronomers chemists and more—who took part in science in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Actually, Ann Whitfield, who wrote on the outcomes of a thunderstorm in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, in 1760 was the first female to have published an article to the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions. In the end of the...
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...construction Harriet Strong 1887 Direct and return mailing envelope Beulah Henry 1962 Dishwasher Josephine Cochran 1872 Drinking fountain device Laurene O'Donnell 1985 Electric hot water heater Ida Forbes 1917 Elevated railway Mary Walton 1881 Engine muffler El Dorado Jones 1917 Feedback control for data processing Erna Hoover 1971 Fire escape Anna Connelly 1887 Globes Ellen Fitz 1875 Grain storage bin Lizzie Dickelman 1920 Improved locomotive wheels Mary Jane Montgomery 1864 Improvement in dredging machines Emily Tassey 1876 Improvement in stone pavements Emily Gross 1877 Kevlar, a steel-like fiber used in radial tires, crash helmets, and bulletproof vests Stephanie Kwolek 1966 Life raft Maria Beaseley 1882 Liquid Paper correction fluid Bette Nesmith Graham 1956 Locomotive chimney Mary Walton 1879 Medical syringe Letitia Geer 1899 Mop-wringer pail Eliza Wood 1889 Oil burner Amanda Jones 1880 Permanent wave for the hair Marjorie Joyner 1928 Portable screen summer house Nettie Rood 1882 Refrigerator Florence Parpart 1914 Rolling pin Catherine Deiner 1891 Rotary engine Margaret Knight 1902 Safety device for elevators Harriet Tracy 1892 Street cleaning machine Florence Parpart 1900 Submarine lamp and telescope Sara Mather 1845 Suspenders Laura Cooney 1896 Washing machine Margaret Colvin 1871 Windshield wiper Mary Anderson 1903 Zigzag sewing machine Helen Blanchard 1873 Harriet Russell Strong of Oakland (1844-1929). An entrepreneur...
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...A Fuzzy Expert System for Task Distribution in Teams under Unbalanced Workload Conditions José A. Benito Calleja and Jimmy Troost Thales Nederland, Hengelo, The Netherlands jose.benito@nl.thalesgroup.com, jimmy.troost@nl.thalesgroup.com Abstract Inappropriate workload levels on the team members of a naval force have been detected as a problem that can threaten the performance and safety of future naval operations. A suitable distribution of tasks among the members of a team is a crucial issue in order to prevent high and low workload levels. In this paper, we propose a rule-based expert system, the Task Distribution Expert System (TDES), which assists team leaders to manage mental workload in a team by suggesting appropriate task assignments. The TDES emulates the behavior of a team leader deciding which member of the team should perform a task and how. The system handles mental workload as an uncertain fuzzy concept comprising three fuzzy variables that represent the way mental workload affects performance. Automation issues and different recommendations for effective workload management in teams are analyzed and incorporated. A prototype demonstrates the system. 1. Introduction Naval Command and Control (C2) systems support organizations formed by a number of people cooperating on a multitude of tasks simultaneously to achieve overall goals. Future naval C2 systems are characterized by less people, more information available, shorter decision...
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...Nuclear phase out On March 11th the most fatal earthquake in Japan’s history hit the country followed by a devastating Tsunami. Besides the immediate destruction caused by those natural disasters they triggered a fatal chain reaction leading to a partial meltdown (a complete meltdown was not confirmed so far but is not unlikely) in three reactors of the nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi. In Germany those events have caused a new uprising of the anti-nuclear-movement. Most people in Germany are in favour of a quick nuclear phase-out and the big political parties have very quickly adapted this opinion. The big question remaining is how to handle a project of such a huge size without causing financial, climate related or other threats. In the following work the current situation will be analysed and viewed as a change process containing the following steps: • • • • • • • • Step 1: Create a sense of urgency Step 2: Form a powerful coalition Step 3: Create a vision for change Step 4: Communicate the vision Step 5: Remove obstacles Step 6: Create short-term wins Step 7: Extending the success Step 8: Anchor new approaches Step 1: Create a Sense of Urgency First of all the awareness of a need for change should be created, increased and communicated. “With this shift, urgency will move from being an important issue every few years to being a powerful asset all the time.”1 In the history and the development of nuclear power and the nuclear power plants there have been many different...
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