...03 November 2013 Communication Theories In the article “Using Communication Theory for Health: Practical Guidance on Message Design and Strategy”, Dr. Timothy Edgar and Dr. Julie Volkman discuss three communication theories and how they have been used to effect change in public awareness of health issues. While the article discusses the use of communication theory in changing public health behaviors, these three theories can be directly applied in marketing strategies of for-profit companies. The first theory presented was Activation Model. This model states that audiences will seek to satisfy their need for stimulation and information when attending to a message, before they seek to fulfill their need for information alone. The article states that this method is best suited for targeting audiences that are high sensation seekers, usually a younger high school and college age demographic. From a managerial perspective this means that in order to deliver a message effectively to this target audience, the advertisement must contain some form of high impact stimulus. This stimulus could be in the form of loud music, action adventure video, or pulsating text or light. An example of this sort of ad campaign is the Slim Jim jerky ad with former wrestler Randy “Macho Man” Savage violently interrupting an apparently boring rehearsal of a high school play and shouting “Are you bored!” The ad starts off slow and doesn’t’ grab the intended audience’s attention until Macho Man explodes...
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...Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank to accompany A First Look at Communication Theory Sixth Edition Em Griffin Wheaton College prepared by Glen McClish San Diego State University and Emily J. Langan Wheaton College Published by McGrawHill, an imprint of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright Ó 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with A First Look At Communication Theory provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. PREFACE Rationale We agreed to produce the instructor’s manual for the sixth edition of A First Look at Communication Theory because it’s a first-rate book and because we enjoy talking and writing about pedagogy. Yet when we recall the discussions we’ve had with colleagues about instructor’s manuals over the years, two unnerving comments stick with us: “I don’t find them much help”; and (even worse) “I never look at them.” And, if the truth be told, we were often the people making such points! With these statements in mind, we have done some serious soul-searching about the texts that so many teachers—ourselves...
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...Communication Theory Sherri L. Jackson HCS/320 Health Care Communication Strategies June 25, 2012 Tracey Collins Communication Theory Team Communication is a mixture of verbal and non-verbal communication that plays an important role in any group or organization. It provides purpose, direction, creates team culture, and it makes things happen. Team communication is necessary and unavoidable for a team to be effective. The ability of team members to understand and communicate information enables them to work together collaboratively. As with all things, team communication has its “pros and cons.” Effective team communication empowers the team with determination and energy to work together. The use of positive messages helps to motivate the team to put forth the extra effort. Clear direction in team communication, whether verbal or non-verbal gives the team vision and purpose and creates a sense of identity and motivation to accomplish a common goal. When a team can communicate effectively, it lessens misinterpretations. Speaking up and asking questions helps if at any time something is not understood. If there are misunderstandings, clear them up in a calm manner. Effective team communication is a combination of good manners, good attention, and open mindedness. Active team communication can withstand changes. Some downsides to team communication are that it is not personal. Every individual has various needs that should be addressed, which are impossible...
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...Communication Theory Paper Can you imagine a world where communication did not exist? People have needs and ideas and desires, but without being able to communicate, how would people express all of this? Communication is the key to success in every aspect. Read further to learn how important communication truly is; especially in organization settings. Before we get into why or how communication is important in an organization; let me explain exactly what communication theory. In the year 1980 a person by the name of S. F. Scudder proposed "that all living beings existing on the planet communicate just with different ways."( Management Study Guide, 2008-2012) Communication is so important, because without it the world would be dull and probably come to a standstill. All species communicate in one way or another; whether it be plants, animals, or humans. Plants need to be taken care of and watered; they communicate by visible changes in the color of leaves, and the wilting. When people see these changes they will realize that their plants need water and more or less. When animals communicate, they make sounds so their owner knows they need to be fed, use the bathroom, or need to see a vet. Babies are where communication is so important. They look to their parents or caregivers for help and guidance. Babies cry when they are sick, need food, or need a diaper change. Crying or making some type of noise is the only way babies can communicate until they are old enough to speak...
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...Communication Theory Jo Marino HCS/320 April 11, 2012 Gloria Wilson Communication Theory Communication is an everyday occurrence. Without it the world would have no boundaries. People become trapped within themselves and would become ignorant to things around them. Communication can be a barrier breaker among people. Understanding how it works and how to be effective in communication is important. Logical, ethical, and emotional appeals plays an important role in how people interact and understand each other. Logical appeal is the logic and thinking when information is given and taken by you. It is whether someone knows about what is being communicated and not just trying to keep up with everyone. Ethical appeal expresses character, trustworthiness, responsibility, intelligence, and likableness. These characteristics of ethical appeal will help people decide if someone could be trusted in what they say and do. Then there is emotional appeal, which is the basis of how genuine someone is and if they feel the connection to the audience through communication. In my experience of management I had to follow these processes of communication to insure that my staff was indeed understanding of me and I of them. My Communication Process Logical Appeal My career as a manager communication was the biggest part of my day. Logical, ethical, and emotional appeals played important roles throughout my working experience. As a manager my logic had to be that...
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...Communication Interview and Contrast Paper I chose to interview my boyfriend, Andre for the contrast assignment to highlight the differences in how we communicate. Due to social and work constraints, I don’t really communicate with any other single person on a regular basis, other than my children. I also feel that he knows me better than most people and therefore can provide an accurate picture of how differences in communication impact our relationship with one another. It must be true that opposites attract, because it certainly is the case with us. While we enjoy many of the same things in life as individuals and as a couple, we also are different. Aside from our communication styles, we are physically different in numerous ways and our personalities differ in regards to our basic beliefs and how we react to different situations. Andre is tattooed and I am not. He loves rock music and I like country music and several other genres. I love outdoor activities like camping, hiking, canoeing, and zip lining. He prefers to stick with activities he knows rather than trying new things. How we discipline and relate to our children differs greatly. I am mostly vegetarian while he enjoys finding ways to incorporate bacon into every meal. He likes the beach and I at times prefer the cool, quiet serenity of the mountains. So prior to the interview, I knew our differences were obvious. However, I did not realize that his lack of effective communication is the root of many misunderstandings...
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...Communication Theories XXXXXXXXX COM/310 February 17, 14 XXXXXXX Communication Theories Anthony Robbins said, “The way we communicate with others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives” (Robbins (2013)). By analyzing different communication theories of our past, we will be able to understand how the theories can be applied to the future communication process of our social and professional lives. Each theory can give us an insight to not only how we are portrayed, but also as how we might communicate to others without preconceived notions. There have been many theories discussed and introduced over the years, but only three will be discussed in this paper. Each theory, Violations Theory (EVT), Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT), and Organizational Culture Theory will be described, and how the theory applied to some facet of my life. Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) The communication process includes spoken, written, and non-verbal actions. “The Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) suggests that people hold expectations about the nonverbal behavior of others” (West & Turner, 2010, p. 130). The theory suggests that proxemic zones and personal space are part of the nonverbal behaviors involved. The personal space is often based on each person own expectations. Some people consider their personal space much larger than those of others. When I met the wife of my good friend, I did not know of her anxieties about personal space...
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...When taking a look at the Expectancy Violations Theory, it is defined as an individual’s reaction to the behavior of their peers that was viewed as unexpected, and can be used to violate the expectations of another. People all have spatial differences, which are called proxemics. I believe that proxemics helps us understand that there is a difference of appropriate and inappropriate touching. Space is the core connection of the Expectancy Violation Theory. Space has relevance to Expectation Violation Theory not only because the theory is rooted in proxemics, but also because it has direct application to the distances previously discussed (West & Turner, 2010). Let’s explore how individual “personal space” within conversations varies with cultures, friends, and strangers as it is predicted and or explained by the expectancy violations theory. The texts states according to Burgoon, can be defined as an invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual which defines that individual’s preferred distance from others”.(p130) With that said anthropologist Edward Hall proposed that an individual’s surrounding space is divided into four different ranges of special distances called Proxemics Zones. These zones are as follows: Intimate distance, Personal distance, Social distance, and Public distance. Approriate behavior is associated within each of the proxemics zones. Let’s focus and elaborate on one specific proxemics, the intimate distance. Why? My opinion...
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...What is communication theory it comes in all different type of cultural as well as gender, and each person cultural is important to them, and should be treated as such. It does not make any difference if you are a male or a female it is all the same feelings are feelings no matter what the sex of the person is. People thing just because a person is a male that they can say mean and cruel words about the cultural and they might think that it is ok but it is not the have feeling just the same as a female has and have the same care for their cultural as any. One of the many communication theory that I read from the University of Phoenix Library is the communication theory in Europe and Latin America. After reading this I can truly say that there were a lot of things that I did not know of their cultural I can say that I have learned quit a lot from reading this. “Communication theories are one of the main pillars of many higher education studies that, placing communication as its core topic have raised public presence.” ( Ascencio, Carlos Lozano; Mariño, Miguel Vicente. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, dec2010, Vol. 13 Issue 65, p1-11, 11p, 8) How does gender and cultural affect communication among fellow co-workers, your manger, patients, families, and care givers. When it comes down to our fellow co-workers we need to know just what cultural that they are so that we want say are do the wrong thing. People do not understand that harmful words hurt, and this is something that...
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...SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF COMMUNICATION Understanding of the phenomena of our lives begins with a hypothesis that can be tested and a theory that can be examined. In explaining the usefulness of theories, McGuire ( 1981) called them maps. "Knowledge is not a perfect map of the thing known but without it one has to move through the environment with no map at all" (p. 42 ). Each of us has maps, theories about communication. -3- The trick is in making proper use of the theory, which involves recognizing the brilliant partial insight into reality that is provided by any theory's special perspective, seeing its applicability to a specific problem whose puzzling aspects it can illuminate, while at the same time recognizing its limitations and being open to alternative theoretical insights from which guidance can be obtained as one's initial theory begins to prove unsatisfactory. (p. 42 ) Theory is needed because no matter how long and hard people examine any object of inquiry--communication in this case--it will not reveal itself. Only by developing and testing hypotheses and weighing the lines of arguments advanced by different theories can the secrets of human communication be unlocked. This book offers many maps. Each should increase your understanding of communication even if you do not agree with the points it makes. The theories may give you insights into how to communicate more effectively. Many theories in the chapters that follow probably will confirm...
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...1) To what extent were the members of that team or group clear about the goals of the team or group, what they were expected to achieve and how their performance would be evaluated? How were these things communicated to members? 2) The make up of the team or group- how were people chosen or selected to be members; what different skills/knowledge/experiences did they bring with them into the team or group: and how this was coordinated or managed to get the most out of each individual but also achieve what sometimes is referred to as synergy where the sum of the whole is more than the individual contributions? For an idea of this look at the short case study on page211/12 on football teams where a key lesson is that it is not just about having the “best” individuals in a team but how these individual come together and compliment each other even to the extent that a team of arguably lesser gifted individuals can win against so called superior teams. And that does not just apply to football! 3) What made your team or group work effectively or not? Negative youth images have increased in this century with many negative stories both nationally and globally involving teenagers. It is often forgotten but youths can make huge impacts and differences to society. Teenagers are more likely to do voluntary work than people from any other generation. In fact, they are 10 times more likely to be volunteering in our communities than regularly being antisocial in them (Mark Easton...
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...Communication Theory Amanda White HCS 320 April 18, 2011 Cheryl Workman Communication Theory Communication is defined by Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged (2011) as the act or action of impairing or transmitting facts or information between persons or places through a common system of symbols. With this knowledge it can be said that communication is a two way process during which information is shared between senders and recipients. There are three important factors to communication with this definition. One, communication involves two or more senders and intended recipients. Two, those senders and recipients are normally human. Three, it is a process that is active, continuous, reciprocal, and dynamic. Any of these three factors could lead to a failure to communicate. Gender plays a major role in how effective communication is. It is an inexperienced person who would assume that men and women communicate the same. Many times the communication dilemma comes from a lack of understanding. Women tend to add unnecessary details to a conversation that can confuse her male counterpart or even at times other females. An example of adding unnecessary details when communicating in the home is as follows. A wife was asked earlier in the day to have her husband help a neighbor with a project. When her husband returns home the wife begins to tell him that the neighbor needs help but she adds details about why she was outside, what the conversation with the neighbor...
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...Individualism Index | Masculinity Index | Long-Term Orientation Index | China | 80 | 30 | 20 | 66 | 118 | France | 68 | 86 | 71 | 43 | 39a | Source: HOFSTEDE: Cultures And Organizations - Software of the Mind Characteristics of high and low face-saving cultures: Issue | High face-saving | Low face-saving | Context | High | Low | Favoured business communication approach | Politeness strategy; indirect plan | Confrontation strategy; direct plan | View of directness | Uncivil; inconsiderate; offensive | Honest; inoffensive | View of indirectness | Civil; considerate; honest | Dishonest; offensive | Amount of verbal self-disclosure | Low | High | Vagueness | Tolerated | Untreated | Source: Adapted from Romana Paszkowska, Intercultural Communication Module. Cracow School of Business Cracow University of Economics, 2014; p.12 Other Face Concern High Low High Self Face Concern Low INDIVDUALISTIC LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE COLLECTIVISTIC HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE Obliging Compromising Avoiding Integrating Dominating Third-party help Passive agressive Emmotional expression CHINESE FRENCH Conflict Communication Styles: Dominating: One person's position or goal above the other. Avoiding: Eluding the conflict topic, the conflict party, or the conflict situation altogether. Obliging: High concern for the other person's conflict interest above a person's own interest. ...
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...There are two supporting theories we have used in this study to explain information and communication technology. The first theory is the Communication Accommodations Theory, which was first introduced by Howard Giles, explains that people customize their speech and behaviors to in reference to (Hordila & Pana 280). For example, in our study we would relate this to a figure of authority. The second theory that should be discussed is Expectancy Violations Theory. It suggests that a normal conversation between two people might be interpreted differently based on their nonverbal behaviors. This theory was created by Judee K. Burgoon in 1976. My interview with Kim Kowalachuck proved that age may be a barrier between younger and older individuals. She is the Assistant General Manager at Red Lobster for GMRI, Inc.. “I think that being younger and being in the younger generation it is easier to communicate through technology (Kowalachuck, 2013). This reaffirms our original thesis that a age can be a barrier when communication occurs, especially in the workplace. “Easier to communicate with the younger generation to conduct a broader message.” This directly correlates with the thesis that has been supported. You have to communicate more face-to-face with the older generation.” “Face-to-face interaction for our older range is 33-55” Now that we have defined that even though age might be a possible barrier how society can overcome it. First, one person communicating with another...
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