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Mcs: Case 7-6: Industrial Products Corporation

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MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM

Case 7-6: Industrial Products Corporation

1. Sejauh mana Mr. Brandt dapat mempengaruhi tingkat investasi pada setiap kategori aset?
Jawab:
a) Cash
Rekening kas miliki Divisi Baker dikelola di bank lokal dan digunakan juga untuk menerima dana yang ditransfer dari kantor pusat. Rekening ini digunakan untuk gaji pabrik, pembayaran tagihan. Divisi Baker memiliki rekening kas pada bank lokal, dimana dana ditransfer dari kantor pusat. Rekening lokal ini biasanya digunakan untuk gaji pabrik dan Rekening kas divisi pada kantor pusat ditunjukkan pada laporan neraca divisi sebagai kas dan surat berharga (marketable securities). Jumlah kas juga dipengaruhi tiga hal lain, yaitu : (a) pajak pendapatan (40%), (b) pembayaran dividen dari divisi ke kantor pusat, (c) kondisi saldo kas dibawah batas minimum atau pengeluaran modal besar yang disetujui. Mr. Brandt dapat mengontrol tingkat investasi dengan memutuskan berapa yang harus dibayarkan dalam bentuk dividen.

b) Receivable
Mr. Brandt memiliki hak untuk mengatur peraturan penjualan bagi divisinya, namun pada kenyataannya untuk mengubah peraturan dalam suatu organisasi tidak mudah. DIvisi Baker melayani konsumen penting dari divisi lain maka akan terjadi gangguan dalam proses bisnisnya jika dilakukan perubahan pada “the net 30 terms”. Walaupun tidak dapat merubah ketentuan yang berada di dalam divisi (changes in internal policies and practices), Mr. Brandt dapat meningkatkan rata-rata penjualan per hari di dalam divisinya dari nilai 30 di bulan sebelumya, menjadi 45 dan akun ini berkontribui sebesar 21% dari total aset. Selain itu, tingkat keterlambatan pembayaran berada pada tingkat yang normal karena adanya proses pengumpulan dan penagihan piutang. Mr. Brandt dapat memberikan ketentuan pembayaran yang harus dilakukan oleh konsumennya seperti jangka waktu pembayaran, denda keterlambatan dan lain-lain.

c) Inventory
Divisi Baker melakukan aktivitas produksi jika ada pemesanan produknya sehingga inventorynya terdiri dari bahan-bahan mentah dan bahan setengah jadi (work in process). Dalam melakukan pembelian bahan mentah seperti tembaga (copper), kantor pusat, sebagai pelaksana pembelian, tidak melakukan perhitungan EOQ (economic ordering quantity) mengenai jumlah copper dan steel yang dibutuhkan untuk produksi perusahaan. Faktor yang menjadi acuan dalam pembelian dilihat dari ekspektasi konsumsi dan harga serta waktu pengiriman. Mr. Brandt dapat melakukan penyesuaian bahkan pengurangan investasi yang berlebih di bagian inventori dengan meenggunakan sistem yang dapat mengelola inventori secara akurat dan lebih efisien. Sebelum dilakukan pembelian, sebaiknya divisi membuat perencanaan strategi dalam mengalokasikan budget perusahaan yang digunakan untuk pembelian bahan-bahan produksi. Perencanaan strategi ini juga diikuti dengan adanya forecasting kebutuhan produksi perusahaan yang dapat dikaitkan dengan perubahan-perubahan pada faktor eksternal perusahaan. Sehingga perusahaan dapat mengalokasikan budget untuk investasi secara tepat.

d) Land, Building and Machinery
Mr. Brandt memiliki kewenangan untuk memasukkan unsure-unsur yang ia inginkan ketika melakukan permintaan capital budgeting dan selama tiga tahun menjabat di dalam divisi tersebut, permintaannya selalu dikabulkan. Walau begitu, tidak ada proyek ekspansi dalam capital budgeting yang diminta oleh Mr. Brandt selama tiga tahun. Pada anggaran tahun 1997, sebagian besar pengeluaran modal hanya untuk proyek pengurangan biaya dan sisanya untuk proyek yang diperlukan. Brandt mendapatkan wewenang untuk pengeluaran sampai $250.000 per proyek untuk tujuan yang telah disetujui oleh direksi, dan ada fleksibilitas dalam pilihan proyeknya setelah anggaran disetujui oleh manajemen yang lebih tinggi. Tidak hanya ia dapat membuat urutan pengeluaran, melainkan dalam situasi tertentu ia juga dapat menggantikannya dengan proyek lain yang sejenis.

2. Berikan komentar anda secara umum mengenai manfaat ROI sebagai ukuran kinerja divisi. Apakah hal ini dapat menjadi perangkat atau alat yang efektif?
Jawab:
Return of Investment (ROI) merupakan keuntungan yang didapat oleh investor yang dihasilkan dari sumber-sumber investasi. Semakin tinggi nilai ROI berarti hasil investasinya cukup baik dibandingan dengan biaya investasinya. ROI menunjukkan hubungan laba dengan investasi. Dengan digunakannya sebagai ukuran kinerja, maka manajer divisi harus berusaha keras untuk mendapatkan keuntungan-keuntungan dari sumber daya yang digunakan oleh divisi. Perusahaan-perusahaan menggunakan ROI sebagai ukuran kinerjanya karena ROI merupakan pengukuran yang komprehensif yang terefleksi secara keseluruhan dari laporan keuangan, mudah untuk dikalkulasikan, mudah dimengerti dan bermakna. Dengan menggunakan ROI sebagai ukuran kinerja, berarti perusahaan hanya melihat dari segi finansial saja. Sebaiknya jika ukuran kinerja perusahaan juga diimbangi dengan melihat penilaian dari segi non-finansial. Alat yang dapat digunakan dengan pendekatan ini adalah balance scorecard.

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