...diseases are not caused by pathogens, they are inherited. It can only be passed from generation to generation as the disease may be running in the family or it can be genetically inherited. Down syndrome is an example of a non-infectious disease as it is not caused by pathogens. Down syndrome is caused when people have extra chromosome 21 in their cells. People with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This report will discuss the relevant information and history of Down syndrome also the cause, symptoms, occurrence, treatments and how severe it is. History Down syndrome was discovered in 1862 by an...
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...person is exactly alike. People around the world look differently, act differently, sound differently, and think differently. However, it is important to realize that one person is not limited of their worth due to a difference of his that appears strange to the rest of the world. Mental disabilities are more common now more than ever; although these disabilities are a dysfunction of the brain, they might also appear through the outward appearance. Many mental disabilities stand discovered, but most of my experience is with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is the most common of the chromosomal conditions since over 6,000 babies bear with the disability in the...
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...epidemiology is optimal health for the entire community. It is important to remember that health does not merely mean medical treatment for specific diseases, but also assurance of available services and development and implementation of policies and programs to meet the needs of the population as a whole. Descriptive epidemiology is the study of the “association of health events to person, place, and time” (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009, p. 262). Analytical epidemiology studies the causes and risk factors of health events. In order to evaluate the health events in a population, both descriptive and analytical epidemiology are important (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009). Three categories of data sources commonly used in epidemiologic studies including surveillance data, census data, and vital records, data collected for other purposes, and epidemiologic data (Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams 2012). The epidemiological triangle is composed of three elements of disease, and includes host, agent, and environment. Changes in one element can increase or decrease a person’s risk of the disease (Hilfinger Messuas, McKeown, &Adams, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to describe the epidemiology of children with Down syndrome utilizing the principles of epidemiology, specifically, descriptive epidemiology. Down syndrome description Down syndrome, also known as...
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...Down syndrome occurs when someone has has a full or partial copy of chromosome 21 the cause of down syndrome is called nondisjunction, nondisjunction is what happens when chromosomes fail to separate properly thus having an extra strand of dna on trisome 21, down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21. Down syndrome affects every 1 in 691 babies in america which make it the most common chromosomal disorder in the world. yet despite it being the most common in the world there is still no cure for down syndrome, doctors have found that some treatments can help. down syndrome causes intellectual impairment and and physical abnormalities, physical abnormalities include short stature, broad facial profile. intellectual impairment included lack ability...
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...Asperger syndrome is a developmental disorder in which an individual “maintains adequate cognitive and language development but becomes severely impaired in social interaction”. Individuals with Asperger syndrome also develop “restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities” (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2010, p. 347). The most common misconception that many people seem to have about Asperger Syndrome is that all individuals with Asperger syndrome are exceptionally talented. One reason might be that Asperger Syndrome is not yet widely recognized by the people. Meanwhile, popular media, such as TV, movies, and magazines often portray characters that are diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome as wacky geniuses. Also, there have been a lot of speculations about many historical figures having Asperger syndrome; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Albert Einstein, and Vincent Van Gogh are some of the most well-known historical figures who may have had Asperger Syndrome. Despite all these, it is important for people to understand that not all people with Asperger Syndrome are gifted and not all people who are extremely talented have Asperger syndrome. Asperger syndrome is categorized into a disorder called Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Other diagnostic categories include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 2010, p. 86). Individuals with...
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...Cat eye syndrome is a genetic condition , a way to describe it is to say that it is an abnormality in chromosome 22. It can lead to a coloboma of the iris witch is how it got its name . The eyes look cat-like but work the same as a normal human . Cat eye syndrome or “Schmid Fraccaro syndrome” is a rare condition caused by the short arm and a small section of the long arm of human chromosome 22 being present three (trisomic) or four times (tetrasomic) instead of the usual two times. The name “cat eye syndrome” is derived from a distinctive eye (ocular) abnormality that is present in a little over half affected individuals. Most cases of eye cat syndrome are not hereditary , the condition generally occurs even during the formation of...
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...Developmental Disorders Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Diagnosis The first diagnosed case of ASD was in 1938 by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The ages of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years however the mean age of diagnosis is 13 months. On average each case of ASD is tested at 3 different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. In the brain The cause of ASD is still uncertain. ASD is a disorder of the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. An ASD child’s brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10. Symptoms Signs include impairments in social interactions, communication and repetitive or restricted patterns of interest or behaviors. There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack of social smile, doesn’t like being touched or held, unusual sensory behavior,...
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...Hardly anyone in the world has lived with locked-in syndrome, but author Jean Dominique Bauby is able to put us in the mindset of someone who has. In his memoir called “The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,” Bauby suddenly experiences a life-threatening stroke that had no oncoming. Bauby was diagnosed with locked-in syndrome which restricts him to the use of one eye to communicate with the world. The whole book was written by Bauby using a single eye to explain his deepest thoughts and to explain how it feels to have locked-in syndrome. Bauby effectively portrays the duality of the mental and physical existence through the use of tone and, language portrayed in the vignettes he writes. In the vignette “The photo,” we open with Bauby taking...
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...has low motor skills was once known as “Happy Puppet Syndrome”. The name was seen as pejorative and got renamed after the man that discovered the disorder, as Angelman Syndrome (AS) after Dr. Harry Angelman. This disorder can be distinguished by: severe learning difficulties, ataxia, jerky movements, epilepsy, speech impairments, hypopigmentation in the hair and skin with blue eyes, subtle dysmorphic facial features, and happy and excitable disposition which happens to be the most prominent of all these attributes. Numerous people throughout the years have grown the public knowledge of Angelman Syndrome in order to help cope and live with the disorder. Angelman diagnosed three children with AS, but did not quite understand how they got the disorder; however, in 1987 Magenis discovered the absence of chromosome 15q11-13 in two patients with AS. Subsequent studies...
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...ST. PAUL’S UNIVERSITY DEPT: COURSE: UNIT CODE: UNIT NAME: REG. NO: FULL NAMES: LECTURER: SUBMISSION DATE: Introduction It is right to say that autism is a disability and wrong to say that it is a mental disorder. However much people may think that autism appears to be a mental disorder, it is not. Autism occurs when there is a problem in the central nervous system. Autism is only a mental deficiency. Some autism victims clearly communicate and interact with the rest of the community while others need a lifetime of specialist support. It is a spectrum condition which means that while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affect them in different ways. Autism victims experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colors. People with autism are more likely than the general population to have accompanying problems such as dyslexia (difficulty with reading, spelling and/or writing), dyspraxia (severe difficulty with tasks requiring fine motor skills such as drawing or writing) and digestive problems. They are also vulnerable to developing mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Causes of Autism Autism can be caused by a variety of physical factors all of which affect brain development. The abnormal blood vessels functioning in the body causes ineffectual oxidation throughout the nervous system and this causes autism. Genetics is another cause for autism. Evidence suggests that genetic factors generate...
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...women will be diagnosed and about a third of that will die (Statistics about Cervical Cancer, 2015). Specifically, the HPV genotypes 16 and 18 are associated with 64% of these cancers (Petrosky et al., 2015). The HPV vaccines, Cervarix and Gardasil, protect against these oncogenic genotypes (Godi, Bissett, Miller, & Beddows, 2015). Even though there are risks with taking this vaccine, the HPV vaccine is safe and saves thousands of women from getting cervical cancer and other types of cancers because there have been studies done to examine the safety of the vaccine around the world and there is a less chance of being diagnosed with some autoimmune diseases the influenza vaccine. The vaccines themselves are noninfectious and actually have proteins that “self-assemble to form virus like particles that induce a protective immunity” (Pandhi & Sonthalia, 2011). The vaccine is used all across the world and the trials were done in at least twelve different countries. Every one of these countries assessed the trials by an enzyme-like immunosorbent assay to prevent differences in the results (Rivera et al., 2010). For the results, both of the vaccine had nearly 100% seropositivity rate (antibody rate) (Godi et al.,...
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...to the earth for [her] sister on her graduation (Pinskoski 98)”. She tries to prompt her sister through this piece, who is suffering from the Down’s syndrome. This poem is definitely inspirational for her sister all the individuals suffering from Down’s syndrome but also to all readers who are unfortunate in any way. This poem is enriched with creative metaphor, powerful word choice other various elements. Nonetheless, this poem is basically comparing the one extra chromosome that causes Down’s syndrome and one extra leaf of four leaf clover. Mary Pinkoski’s poem is a great poem, compares the four leaf clover and Down’s syndrome. Firstly, the name of the poem “Four Leaf Clover”...
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...Abstract When a community of followers listens to the heartbeat of God, wondrous things can happen, and it did for The Rock Church & World Outreach Center (ROWOC). God has taught this once exceptionally small group of people to be a Christian church. God told the Pastors to come to a city that was full of sin, pain, in need of the Almighty Savior and filled with poverty. “Pastors Jim and Deborah Cobra had just started the church with a small group of people, and the Lord was already bringing in the broken-hearted, the sick and the maimed” (The Rock Church, 2013). With the promise from Isaiah 12:3, “With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation”, The Rock Church begins a life-long difference in a broken city. Then after many years, a mother and her son with Down syndrome named “Brian” came to service. The church was developing and expanding its structures at the time. The Pastor was preaching about how the members could help by donations to pay off the upgraded church. Pledges were being made, and Brian was only a young child at the time. He wanted to pledge. He wanted to get involved. His mother was astounded by Brian’s need to be involved. At first, the mother did not think of Brian being able to determine his involvement in the pledge; however she did not want to confuse the love of the Lord that Brian was clearly showing. She did not think it was possible for him to get, but she quickly learned she was wrong. This is when RCWOC decided to make a fully...
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...MedlinePlus: Diagnosis of parkinsonian syndrome often changesSkip navigation Search Terms Diagnosis of parkinsonian syndrome often changes Reuters Health Friday, November 14, 2008 By Michelle Rizzo NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The cause of a parkinsonian syndrome is not always clear when the symptoms first appear, and the diagnosis often changes over time, according to a paper in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. Use of rigid criteria does not necessarily help make the diagnosis. Parkinsonian syndrome refers to conditions that have the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stooped posture, slowness, and shuffling gait. The term is simply used to describe a patient's symptoms; Parkinson's disease may or may not be the actual cause. For instance multiple small strokes can cause a parkinsonian syndrome. "Accurate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is important both in clinical practice, where it will influence management, and in research, where the validity of findings may be compromised if studies include (different) conditions," Dr. Carl Counsell, of the University of Aberdeen, UK, and colleagues write. The report describes 66 patients who were followed for at least one year after an initial diagnosis of "possible or definite parkinsonian syndrome." After follow-up of around 29 months, the clinical diagnosis had changed in 22 patients (33 percent). Most of the changes (82 percent)...
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...Patricia Scheler Biology 1030 Sue Knoll Journal Article Summary Cotard Syndrome Cortard Syndrome, also known as, Walking Corpse Syndrome was discovered and diagnosed by Dr. Jules Cotard in 1880. This syndrome is a neuropsychiatry condition typically associated with depressive symptoms. Cotards falls under the DSM-5 category on the Manual of Mental Disorders. Individuals with Cortard’s characteristically demonstrates behavior believing they have no internal organs, blood, or body parts. Their brain allows them to believe that they are dead, even though they are physically alive and breathing. Cortard Syndrome is frequently associated with schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, central nervous system infections, cerebrovascular disease,...
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