...Define psychology: Psychology involves the study of human and behavior, experiences and the mind. Psychology can be implemented using slews of techniques and is analyzed from different positions. Psychology has had a dynamic history; it has evolved over decades and has grown into a dependable science. More former understandings of the philosophies and ideas played a prominent role by outlining contemporary concepts. “Psychology has a long past, but only a short history.”(Ebbinhuas, 1973) Wilhem Wundt’s’ work was the blueprint of modern psychology in 1879; he instituted the laboratory dedicated to psychology in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt had a particular interest about human behavior, emotions. His techniques had special emphasis on experimental evidence that endorsed explanatory theory. Today psychology is thought of as the scientific study of human behavior and mental process. However, this was not always the case. The soul of man was the leading interest of philosophers’, followed by the mind and conscious experience, and finally observable behavior. Problems arouse with the affiliation of body and soul. It remained unsolved by philosophers because it was founded on delusive dualism and involved a separate study of physical and spiritual development. Afterwards, the spiritual panorama was supplanted by a broader word “mind”. Modern psychology is disinterested in the study of mind, rather, the mental processes have deputized mind. The “mind approach” in psychology was rejected...
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...GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY (SOC SCI 101) 5 JOURNALS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY | > the science seeking to describe, understand, and predict the behavior and mental processes of organisms. > the goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY * Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. * Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context. * There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant (statistically, morally or in some other sense), and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken. * The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". * There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regards to the mind body problem. * There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. * Abnormal includes three different categories, they are: * subnormal * supernormal * paranormal * The science...
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...SUMMARY * Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. * The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". * There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regards to the mind body problem. * There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. * Abnormal includes three different categories, they are: * subnormal * supernormal * paranormal * The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: * Adaptive behavior * Maladaptive behavior * Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice. * The theoretical field known as 'abnormal psychology' may form a backdrop to such work, but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term 'abnormal' in reference to their practice. * Psychopathology is a similar term to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying pathology, and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty...
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...PSY/450 – Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Paper Aspectsof Culture in PsychologyCultural context is a major element in understanding human behavior and psychology. Berger (2011) explains, “Culture affects every action—indeed, every thought” (p. 13). The culture that an individual lives in along with the similarities and differences between cultures provide vital information in understanding psychological processes. Cultural Psychology Cultural context is not separable from the person; it is a vital part of individual psychopathology. Shiraev and Levy (2010) explain that cultural psychology studies the individual within a specific culture. The cultural psychologist seeks out meaningful links between a specific culture and the individual in that culture. The cultural psychologist examines the individual in a cultural norm. Cultural Influences on the Individual According to Shiraev and Levy (2010), “Before reaching adulthood, most of us do not choose a place to live or a language to speak” (p. 2). These cultural elements influence many aspects of human developmental processes. From the moment of birth, cultural elements play an important role in human development, development of personality, and individual psychological aspects. It is impossible to separate human behavior from cultural experiences because cultural exposure forms individual value systems,belief systems, and knowledge bases for each individual within any specific culture. The goal of cultural...
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...policies 2 Background of psychology; basic terms give out textbooks 3 Psychology: from Hippocrates to Wundt p. 1-8 workbook (wb) p. 2-4 4 Perspectives and the Big Issues p. 9-14 wb 4-6 5 Skepticism, Common Sense, and Hindsight p. 14-24 vocab quiz; wb 6-9 6 Research Basics: Observations and Surveys p. 24-30 7 Research Basics: Correlation and Causation p. 30-34 vocab drill 8 Research Basics: The Experimental Method p. 37-40 vocab quiz; wb 19-21 9 Ethical standards and practices in Psychology p. 49-53 experiment analysis project 10 Film: Discovering Psychology Part 2 film; worksheets on experiments 11 Test on background and scientific methods Test Unit Objectives: · Define psychology and trace its historical development. · Compare and contrast the psychological perspectives(behavior, cognitive, humanistic, neuroscience, psychoanalytic, behavior genetics). · Identify basic and applied research subfields of psychology. · Identify basic elements of an experiment (variables, groups, sampling, population, etc.). · Compare and contrast research methods (case, survey, naturalistic observation). · Explain correlational studies. · Describe the three measures of central tendency and measures of variation. · Discuss the...
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...satisfaction: (1) the causes of employee attitudes, (2) the results of positive or negative job satisfaction, and (3) how to measure and influence employee attitudes. Suggestions for practitioners are provided on how to close the gaps in knowledge and for evaluating implemented practices. Future research will likely focus on greater understanding of personal characteristics, such as emotion, in defining job satisfaction and how employee attitudes influence organizational performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. “Happy employees are productive employees.” “Happy employees are not productive employees.” We hear these conflicting statements made by HR professionals and managers in organizations. There is confusion and debate among practitioners on the topic of employee attitudes and job satisfaction— even at a time when employees are increasingly important for organizational success and competitiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide greater understanding of the research on this topic and give recommendations related to the major practitioner knowledge gaps. As indicated indirectly in a study of HR professionals (Rynes, Colbert, & Brown, 2002), as well as based on our experience, the major practitioner knowledge gaps in this area are: (1) the causes of employee attitudes, (2) the results of positive or negative job satisfaction, and (3) how to measure and influence employee attitudes. Within each gap area, we provide a review of the scientific research and recommendations...
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...on Cronbach’s ‘The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology’ In this paper Lee Cronbach delivers his visionary presidential address to the American Psychological Association (APA), calling for the unification of experimental and correlational psychology in which he argued that psychology continues to this day to be limited by the dedication of its investigators to one or the other method of inquiry rather than to scientific psychology as a whole. He discusses the two streams on branches of psychology that have run through the last century. One stream being the experimental and the other correlational psychology. He describes the essential features of each approach to asking questions about human nature and he strongly hints at the benefits to be gained by unification. Put simply, Cronbach sees this as a puppet show where the experimentalist manipulates the puppets to arrive at a successful outcome while the correlationist watches the interaction of the puppets as he would people, to see how environment, social elements and the like affects them. Cronbach is proposing a coming together of these two strands of psychology to compliment each other and arrive at a more complete solution. The experimenter is more concerned with situations that he can closely control i.e. experiments with laboratory animals in a closely confined situation where he can introduce variables and see how his subjects react to stimuli and measure the responses. The correlationist is more interested...
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...Written Assignment 1 Psychology is the study, by scientific method, of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. Psychologists gather data in an objective manner to attempt to understand the behaviors of individuals based on different environments. By systematically collecting behavioral data on an individual, you can then explain why an individual is behaving a certain way. By studying what conditions elicit certain behaviors, you can then make a hypothesis on what may happen if an individual is introduced into a certain environment. This is used to be able to control what happens. By introducing the correct environment to an individual, you would be able to control the behavior. This can be used to benefit a person in many ways, such as trying to lose weight or get rid of a bad habit. Psychology is something that has been pondered by many great minds throughout history, however modern psychology is a relatively recent science. This is excellently described by Hermann Ebbinghaus, “Psychology has a long past, but only a short history” (p 5). The fundamental questions posed in psychology can be traced as far back as Plato and Aristotle when they asked questions on how the human mind worked. The first formal laboratory devoted for psychology was established by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt took a very systematic and experimental approach to the study of psychology. Wundt’s approach was brought to America by Edward Titchener. Titchener’s...
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...Week One: Introduction to Organizational Psychology Organizational Psychology Instructor: SALLY SINGLETON-WILLIAMS PSY/428 Organizational Psychology Eric Muswaswa October 10, 2011 University of Phoenix It is a well-demonstrated assumption that when an organization thrives, so too will its employees and staff. Therefore, to understand the inner interworking of individuals, organizations, and businesses, a lesser-known form of psychology, organizational psychology, helps these different entities operate in the best way possible. Organizational psychology utilizes scientifically-based psychological principles and research methods to study a variety of topics important to understanding human behavior in many different types of organizations (Jex & Britt, 2008). As such, organizational psychology is an applied field that studies virtually all the intricacies of a group setting. After we define organizational psychology, we will explain the role of research and statistics in organizational psychology. Then we will show how organizational psychology can be used in organizations. Organizational Psychology Defined In their classic work, “The Social Psychology of Organizations”, the essence of an organization is stated as a patterned human behavior (Katz and Kahn, 1978). A patterned behavior in this case implies a certain degree of compulsory behavior on individuals. In a formal business organization, employees abide...
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...P335 study guide for Exam 1 (NOT ALL INCLUSIVE!!!!) 1. Who were the great men that influenced Cognitive Psychology? What did they do that was similar to current Cognitive Psychology? What did they do that was different from current Cognitive Psychology? 2. What is introspection? How did it influence current Cognitive Psychology? What were problems with it? 3. What fields influenced Cognitive Psychology? How did they influence Cognitive Psychology? 4. What are the assumptions of Cognitive Psychology? What does each of them mean? 5. Why do we use time and accuracy measures? What can time and accuracy measures show us? 6. What do eye movement and ERP measures show us? Are there any hypotheses or rationales for using these methods? 7. What is fMRI? What should we be cautious about? 8. What is sensation and perception? 9. What is iconic and echoic memory? 10. What did Sperling do? Why is this important? Be able to describe each experiment—what do the manipulations show us? 11. What is the evidence for echoic memory? 12. Why do we have sensory stores? 13. What are the models/theories of pattern recognition? What is evidence for each model/theory—evidence against each model/theory? Be able to describe research experiments that support or show evidence against each model. 14. What are bottom-up/ top-down processing? What role do these mechanisms play in pattern recognition? 15...
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...Ethics Awareness Inventory Ethics Awareness Inventory The Ethics Awareness Inventory and its results were fascinating. The Ethics Awareness Inventory seems a bit manipulating. I am interested to know whether the measures have been experimentally validated. Of course this is my ethical perspective and ethical approach. I do not see how one could measure ethical conduct, perhaps through measurable results. I believe if the outcome cannot be measured, there is no way one could be confident that the fundamental ethical construct exists or causes consequences to others. The Inventory Itself The Ethics Awareness Inventory starts with a small introduction about the process, applicability, and purpose of the measure (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2013). The inventory makes it known that ethical decision-making consists of three different tasks, such as awareness, articulation, and application. I must disagree that any exclusion of the last task would disprove any discussion of the first two. The goal of the inventory is to identify the significant belief structures that guide our ethical decisions. It also assumes that this is just the beginning that concludes in the application of ethical decision-making. Questions in the measure were made up of partial statements followed by four complete statements. Participants were asked to finish each statement with a most liked statement and a least liked statement. Ethical justifying principles change focus as of late from personal...
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...COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY – PYC4811 PYC 4811 UNIQUE NO: 657794 Assignment 01 Critically compare and contrast the community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. Introduction to Community Psychology and Public health approach Community psychology is essentially concerned with the relationship between social systems and individual well-being in the community context. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Thus public health and community psychology are both concerned with a population at large and not an individual alone. (http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en/). Both approaches have a shared belief that effective treatment should focus on preventative measures that address the causes and effects of diseases as opposed to curative measures which merely treat the incidences and symptoms. (Guernina, 1995). Characteristics of both approaches Community psychology places emphasis on principles and strategies that can prevent social, emotional and behavioral problems and wellness and health promotion at the individual and community levels, borrowed from public health and preventive medicine, rather than a passive, and treatment-based medical model. Early identification and intervention...
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...com/bam/humres The use of personality measures in personnel selection: What does current research support?☆ Mitchell G. Rothstein a,⁎, Richard D. Goffin b a Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7 b Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada Abstract With an eye toward research and practice, this article reviews and evaluates main trends that have contributed to the increasing use of personality assessment in personnel selection. Research on the ability of personality to predict job performance is covered, including the Five Factor Model of personality versus narrow personality measures, meta-analyses of personality–criterion relationships, moderator effects, mediator effects, and incremental validity of personality over other selection testing methods. Personality and team performance is also covered. Main trends in contemporary research on the extent to which applicant “faking” of personality tests poses a serious threat are explicated, as are promising approaches for contending with applicant faking such as the “faking warning” and the forced-choice method of personality assessment. Finally, internet-based assessment of personality and computer adaptive personality testing are synopsized. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Personality assessment; Personnel selection; Five factor model; Personality and job performance prediction Personality measures are increasingly being used by...
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...Statistics In Psychology Statistical Reasoning in Psychology Research and Statistics in Psychology Research and Statistics play an important role in psychology. Researchers in the field of psychology study what people will do or how they will react in any situation. Since not everyone reacts the same to a certain situation, statistics is used to see if a certain action happens often enough to come to an idea about cause and effect. It used to be believed that statistics could prove anything (Helberg). This is not true. It would only be found true if the researcher used statistics improperly and tried to bend the rules to validate their view on the subject matter (Helberg). Research and Statistics have many different areas that prove important for psychology. Statistics Statistics refers to techniques and procedures for analyzing and interpreting data, displaying data and decisions made based on the data collected. In Statistics there are different areas to be able to find and explain certain types of things being researched. There is inferential statistics, descriptive statistics, variables, parameters, summation notation and measurement scales. Statistics which is often considered confusing can be cleared up with explanation and examples of each area. Descriptive Statistics is a summary of the collected data. It helps to organize it in a way that makes it understandable. An example would be: A personality test on 1000 college students that measures how out going...
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...June 13 Performance Management by Prof Lise Saari 08 Fall Halo Errors in Performance Management Systems - Anita Rajendran Performance Appraisals are the backbone of Human Resources and a crucial aspect of the entire Performance Management System (PMS) but also the most difficult to implement. The effectiveness of a Performance Appraisal can be seriously impacted by the common errors that raters make. Halo is one such error and can be defined as "the influence of a global evaluation on individual attributes of a person" (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977, p. 250) or "the influence of a rater's general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities" (Lance, LaPointe, & Stewart, 1994, p. 339). The article tries to understand the background and research done into halo error and whether there is clear evidence to suggest that there is a positive or negative link to rating accuracy due to Halo error. It attempts to see if there are ways in which an organization can effectively utilize these research findings to counter halo error or whether any experiments done are effective only in a laboratory setting. Finally review on whether this aspect of the performance appraisal can be incorporated into an actual performance appraisal system. Individual Research Paper – Halo Error in Performance Management Systems Introduction and Background 3 What is Halo Error – The underlying research and theory 3 Deep Dive 5 How to counter the halo error or reduce error? 5 Effective use...
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