...PhD Thesis 1998 Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic...
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...PhD Thesis 1998 Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic...
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...Cognitive Processes Paper Cristala Walker August 8, 2012 INTRODUCTION This paper will examine the cognitive processes of attention, language, and problem solving. This paper will explain the purpose of each cognitive processes. This paper will also summarize and evaluate the studies of these cognitive processes and also the research methodology that they focus on. Cognitive processes are very important for human behavior. It is about the knowledge and the way people use his or her knowledge. Cognitive processes affect individuals in everyday life, often occurring within fractions of a second. EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF EACH COGNITIVE PROCESS Language is used to communicate feelings, thoughts, and ideas effectively. The use of language begins at a very young age, some would agree before birth. Language is spoken in a mixture of techniques from oral, to sign language to body language. In language there is a collection of terms, which is related to a particular topic, and the collection of terms is identified as a lexicon. Language and lexicon mutually combined because of the recollection of vocabulary or verbal communication, which transmits to cognitive psychology because the occurrence of lexical judgments in processing vocabulary in the cognitive mind. The main aspects of verbal communication are communicative, uninformed, controlled, generative, and self-motivated. The communicative part of language is the speech between two individuals. The uniformed part is the...
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...the things they say or from their overt behaviour (Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2011). Theory of mind was originally defined by Premack & Woodruff (1978) as having the inclination to make attributions about behaviour based on our acquired knowledge of mental states, such as desires, beliefs and intentions. An equally important facet of theory of mind is the individual’s ability to comprehend the subjectivity of mental states and the comprehension that other individuals also have desires, beliefs and intentions that notably differ from that of our own. This understanding is highly significant to human functioning according to Baren-Cohen (1995). Premack & Woodruff (1978) stated that theory of mind is particularly important for social cognition and that being able to comprehend the world through another’s eyes and to appreciate their emotions and points of view will make it possible to predict what their behaviour and actions may be in certain situations. It has also been researched how deficits and impairments in the development of theory of mind can relate to autistic spectrum conditions. Research into cognitive development mainly begins with Piaget (1962) who claimed that children usually begin development by being cognitively egocentric. However despite Piaget’s (1962) early understanding of the mind, which looked at young children’s play and cognitive development most theorists agree that children in fact acquire many of the abilities at an earlier age than Piaget (1962)...
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...Discuss the relationship between persuasion and attitude change? Persuasion is the use of appeals to reasons, values, beliefs, and emotions to convince a listener or reader to think or act in a particular way. We face persuasive advertisements particularly on a daily basis; from the television to magazines. To explain the psychology of persuasion there are various models; the Hovland-Yale model and the elaboration likelihood model. The Hovland-Yale model states that there several factors that will affect how likely a change of attitude through persuasion is, after all behavioural change cannot occur without attitude change also having taken place. The three most prominent factors are the source, the message and the audience. Hovland et al found that source characteristics played an important role in determining the persuasive nature of any communication. The theory states that people more likely to be persuaded when a source presents itself as credible. For example, people were more likely to be persuaded when hearing the information from an expert. This was supported by Bochner and Insko study, where they found that people were more likely to trust a sleep expert than a non-sleep expert, on matters surrounding sleep. The creditable sources were more influencing towards the audience, where with the non-expert source the audience tried to find ways of discrediting the communicator. The Hovland-Yale model says the content of the message is an important factor. When trying...
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...Media Topic 1: Explanations of Media Influences on Antisocial Behaviour Observational Learning Where individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others. Many argue that watching television can teach viewers violent behaviour/draw their attention to behaviours they wouldn’t have previously considered. Bandura (1983) used his Social Learning Theory to explain this. Watching violent role models may increase violent behaviour in those who are already motivated to behave aggressively. TV may also teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial...
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...from violent video games. 24 March. Accessed July 12, 2014. http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2014/03/24/violentgamesbehavior. Bushman, Brad J, and Craig A Anderson. 2001. “EFFECTS OF VIOLENT VIDEO GAME SON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AGGRESSIVE COGNITION, AGGRESSIVE AFFECT, PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL, AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A Meta - Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.” American Physiological Society (Iowa State University) 12 (5): 353-359. Irvine, Martha. 2008. Survey: 97 Percent Of Children Play Video Games. 16 Septemver. Accessed July 12, 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/16/survey-97-percent-of-chil_n_126948.html. Norcia, Andrea. 2014. Violent Video Games & Aggressive Behaviors. June. Accessed July 13, 2014. http://www.pamf.org/parenting-teens/general/media-web/violentgames.html. Thesis: This thesis is based on the impact of violent usage of video games by individuals which is in relation to one’s aggressive behaviour. Summary (including in-text reference): Researchers have conducted examinations on people based on their behaviour whilst making use of violent and non-violent games and their notion sways on both ways. They have come to an idea that it relates to three types of reactions which are cognition, affect and arousal. Cognitive relating to one’s thinking and reasoning is tied to violent game being played. Frustration can be analysed in individuals even while playing non-violent games like flappy bird for example, a simple game but with...
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...CBT Interventions Concepts. There are three levels of cognition that is essential in understand CBT. Beck outlines these three levels as core beliefs, dysfunctional assumptions and negative automatic thought (Fenn, Byrne, 2013). These levels of cognition are learned throughout the individual’s life and become core beliefs about not only their self but others, the world and general experiences, as well as, influencing an individual’s future assumptions. This understanding of the cognitive process that is developed through experiences is known as “formulation.” (Fenn, Bryne, 2013). Principles. A collaborative working relationship between the therapist and client is a core principle for successful CBT (Fenn, 2013). CBT is meant to be a short-term intervention that focuses on the future to create hopeful changes that are constructed by the individual’s goals. Behavioral changes reflect the goals of the individual through problem focused sessions that work to help clients identify, understand and then react to dysfunctional thoughts and core beliefs that are negatively influencing behaviors and moods...
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...Car accidents can happen for several different reasons, but one common reason is that people just did not see, or were not aware of what was in their visual field. They could have been so focused on something else that they failed to notice other salient objects in their visual field. This is called inattentional blindness. This takes a significant amount of cognitive ability, and there are things that can make it even harder. Alcohol can impair cognitive functioning immensely, so when alcohol and driving are combined, it can be quite dangerous. Clifasefi, Takarangi and Bergman (2006) wanted to know if people under the influence of alcohol, or people who believe they are under the influence of alcohol, are more or less likely to notice these unexpected objects. The researchers expected that they would find that participants that actually received alcohol, not considering if they were told they had alcohol or a placebo, would find it hard to focus their attention outside of the requested task. They also expected the participants that received the placebo to notice the unexpected object an equal number of times, regardless of if they were told they had alcohol or the placebo. To test their hypotheses the researchers used a 2x2 balanced placebo design. They randomly assigned 47 adult participants, aged 21 to 35, to one of four conditions: told alcohol/ got alcohol, told alcohol/ got placebo, told placebo/ got alcohol, or told placebo/ got placebo. All of the participants were...
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...and formulate judgements about them. Social cognition is the study of how people process social information about other people it includes how we perceive other people and the impressions we form of them. Also how we interpret the causes of their behaviour and the attitudes we have about them. Central Traits are personality characteristics that have a greater impact on the formation of impressions about other people because they correlate highly with other traits allowing more inferences to be drawn about a person Impression formation An active process (or set of processes) through which we seek to know and understand others (Baron &Byrne, 1997, p38) First impression refers to the influence of information that came early rather than late in a social encounter. This is also known as the primacy effect (Asch, S. E (1946) Forming impressions of personality, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290). Asch found that initial information carries greater weight than subsequent information. An example of such; a person we have just met makes an initial intelligent comment but subsequently says several things that sound not so intelligent. The early intelligent comment would carry a disproportion influence on the impression we have of this person. Physical attractiveness heavily influences first impressions. People immediately assume that handsome and beautiful people are intelligent, healthy and have great social skills (cited in Feingold, A. (1988) Matching...
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...Goldberg’s Unipolar Big-Five Markers to map out personality attributes (Thompson 2008) and Baron-Cohen’s Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste and Plumb, 2001). The basic traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness also known as the Five Factor model are closely linked to an individual’s disposition (Hartmann, Heidesgades, 2006) and through a study on 832 Spanish adolescents using both the Spanish versions of Bryant’s Empathy Index for Children and Adolescents and the Big Five Questionnaire, del Barrio et all (2004) reported that there was a strong correlation between positive traits such as agreeableness and empathy for both boys and girls. Based on previous meta-analytic research that suggest female have a higher aptitude in decoding non-verbal information (Hall, Hutton and Morgan, 2010), Hall states that women indeed have a higher accuracy on facial expression recognition than men. These findings which suggests there is difference in the ability to empathise between men and women. A research was conducted on a sample of psychology students at UoW to determine whether the ability to empathise was associated with personality traits. There personality in accordance with the Five Factor model was assessed using the Mini Markers scale, a shortened...
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...Introduction In this assignment, I will be explaining the people character affect the person's behavior. I used The Experiment as a case study to investigate idea about personality. First of all, I used the personality traits to describe the personalities of Travis Hay (He is as a prisoner, NO.77), Michael Barris (He is as a guard.) and Mr. Nix (He is as a prisoner, NO.17). Such as, the Big Five, etc. Secondly, I will be explaining the unique situation influenced the behaviour of the Travis Hay, Michael Barris and Mr. Nix. Personality are influenced by many factors, this is I will speak content Body The early work in the structure of personality revolved around attempts to identify and label enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. Popular characteristics include shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal and timid. Those characteristics, when they are exhibited in a large number of situations, are called personality traits.[1] In recent year, an impressive body of research supports the theory that five basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most of the significant variation in human personality.[2] Extraversion is that a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive. In the beginning of the film, Travis actively met girl. After that, he made friend with Michael Barris and always say “Flying man” Tinker Bell. He and his boss was talking in the office. His boss said:”you’ve been talking about...
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...reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2004 WORK MOTIVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Gary P. Latham Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; email: latham@rotman.utoronto.ca Craig C. Pinder Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2; email: cpinder@uvic.ca Key Words needs, values, goals, affect, behavior ■ Abstract In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Our Strength Is In Our Diversity: Fact Or Fancy? Effective management of diversity is based on recognition of commonalities and awareness of differences. Role modeling behaviors of those who readily accept the differences could help alter the organizational culture, and thereby improve perfonnance outcomes. Globalization and diversity have increased the need for investigation into workplace attitudes towards diverse others. In a study of topical relevance, Strauss and Connerley (2003) explored the relationships between race, gender, agreeableness, openness to experience, contact and cognitions, feelings & behaviors. The Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO) construct was employed as a measure of attitudes towards diversity. This metric has three components: realistic appreciation (cognition), comfort with difference (feeling) and diversity of contact (behavior). Based on a survey of 252 undergraduate business students from two different institutions in the US, the study found partial support for the hypothesis that women and non-Whites have more positive UDO attitudes. Gender plays a role only as a first step. Persons who rate high on openness to experience would have more positive UDO attitudes. Surprisingly, the findings did not support the view that people living in more heterogeneous environments would have more positive UDO attitudes. Contact, gender and race would interact with openness and agreeableness to predict UDO attitudes. Women had more favorable...
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...motivation, and self-actualization with learning systems Winslow Burlesonà MIT Media Lab, 20 Ames St. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Available online 10 May 2005 Abstract Developing learning experiences that facilitate self-actualization and creativity is among the most important goals of our society in preparation for the future. To facilitate deep understanding of a new concept, to facilitate learning, learners must have the opportunity to develop multiple and flexible perspectives. The process of becoming an expert involves failure, as well as the ability to understand failure and the motivation to move onward. Meta-cognitive awareness and personal strategies can play a role in developing an individual’s ability to persevere through failure, and combat other diluting influences. Awareness and reflective technologies can be instrumental in developing a meta-cognitive ability to make conscious and unconscious decisions about engagement that will ultimately enhance learning, expertise, creativity, and self-actualization. This paper will review diverse perspectives from psychology, engineering, education, and computer science to present opportunities to enhance creativity, motivation, and self-actualization in learning systems. r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Creativity; Learning systems; Psychology; Failure; Motivation Education has the dual power to cultivate and to stifle creativity. Recognition of its complex tasks in this domain is one of the most...
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