...THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY: COMPARING COMMUNICATION METHODS OF MODERN SOCIAL NETWORKS TO RURAL INDIGENOUS GROUPS [DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS] 1 ABSTRACT “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity” (Einstein 1875-1955). This quote by Albert Einstein shows the vast technology changes experienced by humanity. The early indigenous tribes and groups had developed systems of communication and networks to conduct their daily activities (ie. trade, etc) with the use of technological resources which were far inferior compared to modern day. They created social networks to communicate and share common interests during their interactions. A social network defined is a social structure that encompasses individuals and organizations who become connected through sharing of common interests, for example in friendship, beliefs, knowledge, etc. In the modern era, post 1950s, humankind had begun to see a sharp climb in technology uses to ease daily tasks and activities. They created a social structure such that much of the interaction and creation of social networks revolves around the use of technology as a resource. Technology in the modern era has begun to be viewed as a means of effective communication and function for a majority of individuals. The comparison between rural indigenous groups of the past and the modern era communication methods can be studied to see whether technology has increased level of communication. ...
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...If one examines textual narrative, one is faced with a choice: either accept the modern paradigm of expression or conclude that language may be used to reinforce capitalism. But Foucault’s model of the prepatriarchialist paradigm of reality suggests that the establishment is part of the paradigm of narrativity, given that sexuality is equal to consciousness. Derrida promotes the use of textual narrative to analyse and attack sexual identity. Therefore, Scuglia[1] implies that we have to choose between the prepatriarchialist paradigm of reality and subdialectic rationalism. If textual narrative holds, the works of Joyce are an example of constructivist nihilism. In a sense, the subject is contextualised into a pretextual paradigm of narrative that includes reality as a paradox. The primary theme of the works of Joyce is not, in fact, discourse, but subdiscourse. Thus, the subject is interpolated into a prepatriarchialist paradigm of reality that includes narrativity as a totality. 2. Joyce and textual narrative “Society is intrinsically unattainable,” says Bataille. McElwaine[2] states that we have to choose between the prepatriarchialist paradigm of reality and posttextual capitalism. It could be said that several discourses concerning cultural theory may be found. The main theme of Buxton’s[3] analysis of textual narrative is the role of the artist as observer. If the modern paradigm of expression holds, we have to choose between textual nihilism and the neodialectic paradigm...
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...Traditional/Conventional Models University of Phoenix PHL717 Constructing Meaning 11-25-2006 This paper will compare and contrast a selected foundational philosophy of management theory to that of a more modern one. The comparison will entail a personal understanding of the evolution of management thought as it is represented in the philosophies under analysis. Personal view would indicate or relate the thought that “I believe that the task of any theory of managing is to produce generalizations that are actionable by managers in everyday life and that as managers use such generalizations, they create opportunities for robust tests of their validity. The business of science and the business of managing are not separable” (Argyrols, 1996, p. ?). While personal reflection shows that each chosen theory can correlate into the business world of today, as commonalities can be examined, each hold a number of differences that illuminates the individuality of the theory and the times in which the theory originated or was prominent. For this paper there will be a look into organization theory in part as portrayed by Peter Drucker from a modern perspective and a science management theory as devised by Frederick Taylor. In today’s organizational society there is a push for organizations to become more in line with a true learning organization, which essentially separates from the more mainstream or traditional authoritarian and controlling philosophy to that of a behavioral...
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...In modern times, the ancient science of alchemy appears to have drifted in to the realm of science fiction. Regarded as nonsensical, many view alchemy as pointless. After all, their goals were impossible and their methods dangerous. Compared to the rationality of modern science, alchemy was full of supernatural fiction. Yet, it would be foolish to claim it was unimportant when it clearly influenced many modern sciences. Many great scientists were themselves alchemists. Many methods modern chemists use derive from methods of alchemy. While unsuccessful in its endeavors, it was alchemy that birthed chemistry as we know it today. The main goal of alchemy is change: to change lead into gold, to change old into youth, to change sickness into health...
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...fascination with themselves and each other has led to various theories. Most important the fascination with human nature has led to the development of the science of psychology. Psychology’s answer to man’s fascination and wondering has come about through the roots in other discipline; disciplines such as philosophy, biology, and physiology. This led to a science that aims to describe and explain how human thinks, how human feel, and how human acts. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The science of psychology has a history that goes back to ancient past. Back to the time of Plato and Aristotle but began to flourish and take shape in the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working together...
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...of record keeping similar to banks and governments were applied to mercantile affairs, bookkeeping has possessed theory, form, and technology * Ancient theory in bookkeeping was inferred * Double entry arose from a certain methodology – double posting passed the test of mechanical accuracy. It is a fact that every transaction has dual aspect * System of debits and credits was used in ancient times – rise of proprietor and proprietorship allowed use of all financial elements of trade rather than just a system of record keeping * Paciolo showed no theory behind the ‘canceling out’ of debits and credits and the journal entry that followed, however he shows strong consciousness by closing accounts to profit and loss, and then closing those to capital * So consistent but did not dwell on theoretical explanation Similarities to Modern Accounting * Paciolo used ‘subtraction by opposition’ – creditors placed on right side, and debtors on left side * Characteristic technology very similar to today – in debit and credit ledger, ‘de dare’ and ‘de havere’ (shall give, shall have) appeared, also ‘per’ (by) and ‘a’ (to) were used to indicate a debit and a credit, respectively * Transactions were listed like the following, ‘by cash to capital’ – today, we dropped the use of the words, and use indentions for credits * P. also made use of a trial balance – ‘you shall summarize…all the debit items of the ledger….and summarize all credit items….’ ...
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... The method created to suit this need is known as probability theory. Probability theory has been developed over hundreds of years, and is used to predict possible outcomes and assist in daily life. Probability has been developed and studied over time, and has been formed into formulas and theories that allow it to be used in a myriad of applications. Probability theory is a very important aspect of mathematics, and through the development...
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...has now entered a new postmodern age and we need new theories to understand to understand it.’ Assess this view. Sociologists all agree there is something called Modernity and Post Modernity-where they differ is which one they think society currently is. Theories such as feminism, Marxism, and functionalism are structural and believe society influences the individual. Whilst theories like post modernism and interactionism are non-structural and believe that the individual influences society. There are major changes that have occurred in society recently such as: the growing impact of new technology and the media, and new social and political movements (based on gender, environmental concerns and so on). What is being questioned is the nature, cause and effect of these changes which have different theories for explanation. The first argument is that the changes are so profound they represent a major shift from the modern century of the last two centuries, to a new post modern society. The second argument is that recent changes have been significant but they are still a part of modern society- just an intensification of the existing features of a modern society. The second argument is seemingly more valid, especially in terms of science and trying to prove post modernism. For post modernism argues that nothing can be proved to be true and take on a relativism method also supporting interpretivism. if this is the case the theory itself cannot be proven to be true hence lacking validity...
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...Organizational theory NEOCLASSICAL AND MODERN THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 I Company background II Human Resource Department 2.1. Recruitment and Placement 2.2. Training and Development 2.3. Compensation 2.4. Employee Relations III Evaluation measurement Conclusion 17 Reference 18 Introduction This assignment is an overview of two important areas of management: Neo-classical and Modern theories. It will provide a general description of each of these management theories together with observations on the environment in which these theories were applied and the successes that they achieved. I NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY (1920s-1950s) The Traditional classical theory and its principles are attacked on the ground that they are contradictory, pay little attention to motivation, and make hasty pronouncements on what should be done without examining time assumptions underlying such pronouncements. As such, these principles do not represent the heart of knowledge of management but a small part of the total body of administrative management. As a reaction to schools of classical theory which over-emphasized the mechanical and physiological characters of management, came up the schools of neoclassical theory with a more human-oriented approach and emphasis on time needs, drives, behaviors and attitudes...
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...| Organization Theory Assignment | BUSM 3194-Organizational Theory | | Linda (S3417437) | Class group: L04Lecturer: Mr Foo Hee Luan BOB | What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multi-perspective approach to understanding organization? | TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Cover Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 1. Multiple Perspective; Modern, Symbolic-Interpretive and Postmodern 3-4 Perspective on Organization Structure and Cultural 2. Modern Perspective 4-5 3. Symbolic-Interpretive Perspective 5-6 4. Postmodern Perspective 6 5. Multi-perspective Advantage & Disadvantage 6-7 6. Conclusion 8 Reference list 9-10 Word count: 1963 words Introduction Nowadays, organizations are becoming more and more complex. This may due to the globalization, advancement in technology and derelegulation of the market. From the past till now, we can learn about an organisation through theories and different perspectives that developed by different theorists. We need to understand the organisation in different ways and different perspective in order to face any problems that deal with different organization phenomena. Here comes in the Multiple Perspectives, where includes the – modern, symbolic-interpretive and postmodern perspectives, where...
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...(2013), scientific management was defined as a broader adaptation and extension of Taylor’s principles publicized by his followers. These Principles could be described into mainly three parts. Firstly, there should be new scientific methods for each element of labor to replace the antiquated management method mainly on the basis of experience. Secondly, the selection of workers should be scientific and the employers have the duty to training and educating their employees. Thirdly, cooperate with workers and ensure that all work could be finished step by step. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significance and future of scientific management. It starts with the contribution of this theory as well as the humanistic criticism of it. Finally, the author gave an introduction of the new modern scientific management and tried to provide a different view of scientific management and explore another kind of patterns of it. 2. The Significance of Scientific Management 1. Efficiency and Economic Development It is impressive that scientific management did bring the improvement of efficiency in enterprises and workers’ welfare. A set of statistics shows that the manufacturing output per worker per hour increased form 21.2 to 52.0 during a period of 40 years since 1890, if according to an exponential that calculated by 10 in 1958 (Wren and Greenwood, 1998). This evidence demonstrated that enterprises could improve efficiency and production and gain more profit by practicing scientific...
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...Topic: The Conceptualization of personality has changed throughout history. Discuss how the various theories of personality have contributed to the modern definition of personality. In your answer, refer to psychological theory and research. Aim to support your discussion with the relevant theories on personality, and with reference to research studies which have been undertaken. What is personality some may ask, think of the following definitions, what do they have in common. “"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and though" (Allport, 1961, p. 28). “The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique” (Weinberg & Gould, 1999). Both quotes highlight and personalize the individual and consequently adopt an idiographic view. So it can be said that within modern day society an idiographic view assumes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and that there are times when it is impossible to compare one person with others. It tends to use case studies for information gathering. The nomothetic view, on the other hand, highlights comparability among individuals. This frame of reference sees traits as having the same psychological meaning in each individual. This approach tends to use self-report personality questions, factor analysis, etc. People differ in their positions along a...
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...business decisions must reflect the organisation's aims (its purpose) to maximise returns for its shareholders while meeting its primary stakeholders’ needs (workers, customers and suppliers). The business should also set and achieve its objectives (goals) to be the market leader in its field. To this end, a company must continuously strengthen its communication, information and knowledge base regardless of it size and use this approach to select successful business strategies and decisions to achieve its aims and objectives. You are a Business Development Consultant. Your Firm is hired by a small business enterprise that is facing myriads of marketing and organizational challenges. The business is open from 9am to 4pm, Monday to Friday. Competition from nearby businesses is preventing it from growing. So what actions can the business can take increase sales? Your job as a Business Development Consultant is to analyze the problems in the business, research solutions and/or benchmark good practices and make suitable recommendations for improvements. USE THE ABOVE SMALL BUSINESS SCENARIO TO: AC 1.1 Discuss the range of decisions to be taken AC 1.2 Examine the information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision taking AC 1.3 Assess internal and external sources of information and understanding AC 1.4 Justify recommendations for improvement Understand how to assess...
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...deal with conceptual tasks such as planning and developing new protocols, while shopfloor workers would be left with the less challenging execution of the work. This method not only limits the discretion of shopfloor workers but also ensures monopoly over technical knowledge about the work. Technological deskilling occurs in industries that make use of automated processes due to advancement in technology. In mid to late 19th century, intricate workflows simplified with machineries and resulted in deskilling of work, from blue collar to white collar level. Braveman claimed that new technologies do not lead to deskilling but allowed separation of task conception from execution, commonly seen when a small group of managers have control over most of their workers. The typical cases of deskilling are BESNA and the wapping dispute. BESNA (Building Engineering Services National Agreement) was comprised by seven major employers in the mechanical and electrical sectors in the UK. Employers try to reduce the number of fully qualified, skilled workers and increase the number of less qualified workers by means of payment. BESNA attempted to use machines instead of skilled...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
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