...Mapping an Argument Steven Montesano CRT/205 11/17/12 Ann Armstrong The first article chosen was Abortion Is a Form of Genocide by Meredith Eugene Hunt. The issue in this article is “abortion as a form of genocide is accurate by historical and accepted standards of the word’s definition” (Abortion, 2010). I highlighted this as the issue because it includes everything the author is trying to prove to the reader. Hunt wants to make it known that she believes abortion is a form of genocide even though the parameters fit loosely. She also points to the fact that history has shown evidence of genocide, and she uses that history to show the similarities between genocide and abortion. Hunt is making an argument that is both deductive and inductive. In some cases she gives proof in her accusations of the terms abortion and genocide. On the other hand, at times she offers supporting information intended to sway the reader to her side of the argument. The first conclusion in the article is “abortion does not fit in perfectly with the original use” with the premise being “Hunt identifies the origin of the term “genocide” (Abortion, 2010). This is a valid deductive argument because the term genocide is factual and therefore abortion not fitting exactly into that definition can only be true. The next conclusion found was “abortion could have genocidal characteristics, but would not qualify as genocide legally”, and the premise is “unwanted preborn children as a group are...
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...Differentiating Reasoning CRT 205 August 21, 2011 Article #1: "Homeschoolers Deserve Equal Access to Extracurricular Activities." In this article I believe that the author used a deductive argument. The issue described pertains to the population of home schooled children in the state of Alabama having the right to participate in interscholastic extracurricular activities. The author argues several points that lead to the same conclusion; that homeschoolers have the same right to join extracurricular sports in the community as public or private school children. “Interscholastic extracurricular activities are an important complement to the academic curriculum. Participation in a comprehensive extracurricular and academic program contributes to student development of the social and intellectual skills necessary to become a well-rounded adult.” “Public schools do not "own" competitive athletics; they belong to the students, their families, and the residents of Alabama.” Several valid premises are made through this argument that I believe make it deductive. “A homeschooled student is a student just the same as a public or private schooled student and therefore deserves equal and fair treatment, especially by the state sponsored educational establishment. This should apply to athletics as well as academics.” Another point that was made, that I find to be a little disturbing, is the premise that an illegal immigrant can enroll a child into our public school...
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...Joy Lawlor 02/09/2012 HUMN 210 Miriam Abbott Assignment 6-1 Assignment 6-1: Validity of an Argument Part 1: Cartoon stock. (n.d). Retrieved February 9, 2012 from http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/a/articles.asp This article has too many errors in it, right? If you are smart, you are Greek. And if you are Greek, you will write grammatically correct articles. But you cannot write grammatically correct articles. If you write grammatically correct articles, you are not Greek. Contradiction: You can write grammatically correct articles and you cannot write grammatically correct articles. Part 2: Form: If it is a cat, then it has four legs. It has four legs. ---------------------------------------------- Thus, it is a cat. A. What is the conclusion? The conclusion is it is a cat. B. What is the premise? There are two premises. If it is a cat, then it has four legs and it has four legs. C. Translating the argument. C → F F ------------ C D. Inductive or deductive argument? The argument uses premise and conclusions to provide an explanation. The use of two premises is another clue to determine whether the argument is inductive or deductive. Also, the premises in the above arguments are intended to prove the conclusion. This argument is a deductive argument. More specifically, the argument is fashioned in the form of modus ponens. The basic form of this is: If p, then q. p. --------------- Thus, q. E. Can the conclusion...
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...Globalization is the process of integration arising from the interchange of views in the world, products ideas, and other aspects of culture Why globalization is good: Cheaper production costs and more consumers to sell to; this allows more business opportunities and availability of commodity to the consumer. Untapped markets, different services, investment opportunities. Globalization brings about growth in a countries business for some products are brought about by investors hence increasing the countries’ economy. New business solutions, new ideas are introduced to solve problems; this allows one to get solutions from the exchange of business ideas from other world countries. Why globalization is bad: It uses up finite resources more quickly example coal, oil, nuclear and gas-dependency on business resources that won’t last. Investors tend to invest in less developed countries so as to maximize their profits-the market goes to the country that the possession of the commodity. With the dollar being the world’s reserve currency, globalization can lead to huge US balance of trade deficit and other imbalances. Globalization can move taxation from corporations. Globalization sets up a currency with each country trying to get an export advantage by dropping the value of its currency- thus the prices of the export reducing due to increase in competition within the business market. Encourages dependence on surroundingcountries’ for essential goods and services- this...
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...Gobbet 2- Khrusschev’s Secret Speech The Source is an extract of a speech given by Nikita Khrushchev at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Soviet Union on February 25th 1956. Khrushchev served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the world's early space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Stalin's political heirs fought for power after his death in 1953, a struggle in which Khrushchev, after several years, emerged triumphant. In 1956, at the Twentieth Party Congress, he delivered the "Secret Speech", vilifying Stalin and ushering in a less repressive era in the USSR. The speech was delivered on the very last day of the Congress, when it was announced that an unscheduled session had been called for the Soviet delegates. Because of the obvious secrecy of the meeting, the speech would have been unknown to those outside the conference, however an Israeli Mossad agent was in secret attendance copying its contents eventually allowing Khrushchev's denouncing of Stalin to be circulated throughout Western media. Although it was not officially published in the Soviet Union until 1988. The speech itself was based on the results of a special party commission known as the Pospelov Commission which was prepared by its...
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...Policy: Find a law in your state that no longer makes sense. (In Baltimore it is illegal to take a lion to a movie theater). Provide a definition for Felony and misdemeanor for your State. What is the legal level of intoxication when driving in your State; also include the number of vehicle deaths related to drinking for 2011. Review at least 3 other students posts. * Cars are the only item allowed in a garage. * In California, a frog that dies during a frog –jumping contest can’t be eaten later. * A law created in 1925 makes it illegal to wiggle while dancing. * Detonating a nuclear device within the city limits results in a $500 fine. * In San Francisco, Persons classified as “ugly” may not walk down any street. Felony: California felonies are charges and convictions that can result in probation and jail time. At times a felony can be punishable by a prison sentence of sixteen months or up to life in prison. Unlike other states, California classifies its felonies into named categories: White Collar, Drug, Sex, and Violent and Serious Felonies. Misdemeanor: Standard California misdemeanors are offenses that are punishable by a maximum six-month county jail sentence and a maximum $1,000 fine. However, certain misdemeanor offenses specify a harsher penalty. There are sometimes called "gross misdemeanors" or "aggravated misdemeanors." When this is the case, the county jail sentence may increase to a maximum of one year…and the fine may also increase Legal...
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...25 April 2011 The Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991 defines covert action as "an activity or activities of a government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the government’s role will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly.” Simply put, covert action allows governments or organized groups to secretly influence and manipulate events abroad allowing them to fulfill their objectives without any parties knowing who sponsored or carried out these activities. This not only conceals the identity of the sponsor but also opens up the option of plausible denial if they were ever suspected. Covert action is a third option when “soft” exercises of national power such as diplomacy, economic sanctions, or informational power are ineffective in influencing conditions abroad on one hand, while the use of overt military force is undesirable or not feasible on the other.1 Covert action is traditionally divided into three categories: propaganda, paramilitary operations, and political action. Propaganda involves disseminating specific message or viewpoints to a target audience. As an example, in the late 1940’s, the U.S. covertly used propaganda to assist anti-communist political parties in Italy and France during close elections. Paramilitary operations involve training, equipping, and supporting paramilitary groups in target countries. A successful example was when the U.S. supported the Afghan guerrilla fighters during the...
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...invade Cuba without direct provocation. ”We’re not going to get these weapons out of Cuba, probably, anyway—but I mean, by negotiation. We’re going to have to take our weapons out of Turkey” (Maximalist 109). Lyndon Johnson became the president after the death of Kennedy, deepened American’s involvement in Vietnam, and decided to start Vietnamization, which was increasing South Vietnam’s military and political capacity to fight its own war, shifting responsibility and having their government shoulder the burden. In Afghanistan, President Carter who came with the idea of supporting the Mujahedeen in order for them to fight the Soviet Union. The problem was that Russia was using Helicopters, so we supplied the Mujahedeen with advanced weapons such as, detonators, sniper rifles, night vision goggles, and stinger missiles. The soviet withdrew, and left Afghanistan in humiliation, however, the consequences that we are facing today are the price we have to pay. In Lebanon mid-1980s, we had hostages held by Shia hazb allah supported by Iran, after the failed rescue attempt, we came to a conclusion, that if we help Iran with its 8 year war against Iraq that started on 1980, they will give us back our hostages in Lebanon. As Fred Turco said”The wheels had fallen off for Reagan”(Mazzetti 57). This was planned by Israel, and for the U.S. to negotiate with terrorist was against American Foreign Policy that we decided to ignore. When Gorbachev came to power, he knew there was no support for the...
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...War in Afghanistan Definition of conflict A conflict may be defined as the state of discord that is caused by perceived or actual opposition of values, needs or interests. It is a broad term that encompasses revolutions, invasions, wars or other struggles (for territory, resources or power) and essentially involves the use of force for the achievement of objective. A conflict arises as a result of mutual incompatibility and subsequent expression of disagreement between the parties in the dispute over an important resource or agenda (Nicholson, 1992). The nature of the conflict is determined by the perspective of the people involved in the conflict. Though these perspectives may or may not be supported by independent evidence. It also depends to a large extend on the behaviour of the parties involved in the dispute that can potentially lead to war. Violence is one such behaviour of the parties. The definition of a war or conflict can easily be extended from specific individuals, to groups (which may be tribal, racial, ethnic or religious) or nation states as such. A conflict may involve two or more than two parties to the dispute. However, the principles of the conflict irrespective of the number of the parties to it remain the same. Causes and conditions of the conflicts The process or structure of conflicts or wars is effectively the same, whether it occurs between groups, individuals or nation states. The root causes of the conflict include among other aspects the...
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...Terrorism: The word says it all and the world witnesses “He did not want to go to school, I forced him to. I am the murderer”, were the words a mother was repeatedly trying to say in a complete sentence, while left bewildered on the death news of her 17-year old only boy, in Peshawar. That family does not understand what diplomatic relationships between Pakistan and other countries can benefit them with, all it knows is that the feud between their army and a terrorist group in the country made them suffer the biggest loss of all times. Whole world stands in shock and despair with the Shia-Islamic State of Pakistan, over their loss. We stand at a point where we have to choose between three paths. One, sit hand on hand and let the terrorists show their “might” by more such events in many other vulnerable countries. Second, debate. Mouths full but hands empty. Shouting on National Television and ending up blaming each other. Third, Act. The most difficult and road-not-to-be-taken of all. Although, this can help us eradicate the problem from grassroots, we won’t, because our political and diplomatic limits do not allow us to, but out humane limits do allow us to witness more such decimations. Pakistan and Arabic Countries Front We cannot give a clean chit to Middle-east countries and Pakistan over the issue as they have been known to shelter, rather, nourish the terrorists who are responsible for the world’s biggest terror attacks and annihilations. Be it Don Dawood Ibrahim or...
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...Terrorism is a Political Term 'States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil...' President G. W. Bush, 29th January 2002 State of the Union Address Abstract: As can be seen from the above quote, ‘terrorism’ is a political, derogatory term with no real, inherently meaningful definition and, with the war being waged against it in its tenth year, one that has divided the world. One reason for the division stems not from the nature of its ambiguity or any fundamental change in its manifestation, but in the West’s difficulty in conceptualizing the motivations behind its many faces. ‘Terrorism’ does not define the motives behind an act of terror. It characterizes them, and this is what has led to its increasing use as a political term, particularly since 9/11. The reasons go beyond mere semantics however and, in the context of the Global War on Terror, have fueled not just the conflict but the surge in recruitment and sympathy that has taken place for terrorist causes across the world. It needs to be recognized that the use of terrorism as a political term has actually had more of a negative impact on the world than any terrorist attack to date. Introduction: Since the coinage of the term ‘terrorism’, its characteristics have always been synonymous with organized violence and a political end-goal. Until recently, however, its employment had been more of a vernacular convenience than a political expression. Over the last...
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...well-known term, every person has all heard of it, but yet do we really know what it is. Terrorism is in the eyes of most, a meaningless hate crime, which has no true reason behind it. The terrorism mindset is people who want to create terror among civilization. They are trained to disturb peace, and to break social harmony. Terrorism is also a horrible threat to the modern world and modern society. It has become a problem around the world, not just in the United States. Many innocent people are killed by terrorist and their acts of terrorism. An individual can see terrorism in multiple forms, but not limited to: Bombing, hijacking, cross border terrorist activities and massacres on a massive scale, in addition to many others not listed. Its consequences are very frightening. Though much effort is put into eliminating terrorism, it is impossible to get rid of it until some strict laws are devised. Whenever and wherever society is victim to brutality, injustice, wrongs and intolerance, terrorism cannot be eradicated. There are many terrorist groups out there, of many different origins and sects. The group that will be discussed is Al Qaeda, which is the most well-known out of the groups listed. The questions and statements that will be answered and debated are: 1.) A brief explanation of Al Qaeda and the summarization of its origins, 2.) Al Qaeda's major motivations, (beliefs or causes), and/or the justifications for engaging in terrorism, 3.) Al Qaeda's major source of both financial...
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...1. Introduction Terrorism, Religious and Ethnic Intolerance are constantly affecting more or less every country of the world in the 21st century. These unexpected phenomena are all-pervading the stable economic and social, cultural and political aspects of the peace loving people. Therefore, these issues become the prime concerns for whole world especially after unexpected happening in 9\11, while after starting of war on terror by the United States of America and her allies. It is a method of employing violence in the quest of an ideology. The people of South Asia are constantly threatened by the varieties of terrorist activity. The convergence of limited institutional capacities in governments and law-enforcement agencies with grievances about widespread corruption, underdevelopment, socioeconomic marginalization, and the sometimes problematic role of the state, make South Asia an attractive operating base for terrorist groups. The recent horrific acts of terrorism, such as the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai, underscore the regional nature of the terrorist threat in South Asia, and they highlight the need for greater cooperation within the region to address it. There are no quick-fix solutions when it comes to combating terrorism. The aim of the paper to place the nature of terrorism in South Asia from Bangladesh perspective by analyzing the ways to counter terrorism and how can the threat of the phenomenon be reduced. 2. Terrorism in South Asia Every nation in South Asia...
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...Abstract The aim of this work is to look into urbanization trend in Pakistan and its socio-economic implications. The study would examine the effectiveness of a range of remedies applied in Pakistan, and as to how other countries are dealing with the problems arising due to urbanization. Based on analysis of the case of Pakistan and cross-country experiences, an attempt will be made to suggest remedies based on regulatory framework and various economic instruments to resolve the urbanization related issues. Urbanization is generally considered as a means and an end towards development. In Pakistan as well, the transition of a substantial portion of population to a largely urban population and the development of mega-urban regions/centers is being viewed as an engine of economic growth in the Government’s ‘New Growth Framework’. The success of this Growth Framework depends, to a large extent, on the speed with which the urban centers are transformed into dynamic, knowledge-based, productive, healthy and efficient centers. Urbanization is the process of a country becoming more industrialized from a previously agricultural dominated society; it is a cyclical process involving three essential aspects: behavior, structure and demography. Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction • Urbanization...
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...Impact of afghan war on Pakistan economy “Although history has been very unkind to Pakistan but its geo-strategic position has been a great asset to garner benefits from world great powers” (Stephen p. Kohen) • Introduction The conflict and instability in Afghanistan is the aftermath of 9/11 attacks and their regional implications had very negative repercussions, for the years following the US invasion of Afghanistan not only saw a huge influx of Afghan refugees across the border into Pakistan but also witnessed a sudden spike in the frequency and scale of terrorist attacks in Pakistan. The cumulative impact of these developments adversely impacted the overall growth rate in all major sectors of the economy. Pakistan continues to pay a heavy price both in the economic and security terms due to this situation and a substantial portion of precious national resources both men and material, have been diverted to address the emerging security challenges for the last several years. The rise of violent extremism and increase in terrorism in Pakistan due to instability in Afghanistan not only caused serious damage to Pakistan’s economy but has also been responsible for widespread human suffering due to indiscriminate attacks against the civilian population. This situation disrupted Pakistan’s normal economic and trading activities which not only resulted in higher costs of business but also created disruptions in the production cycles, resulting in significant delays in meeting the...
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