...BIO 201: CASE STUDY #1 Short Answer Questions 1. Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions: a. Hemorrhage - bleeding b. Fracture – break of the bone c. Proximal – close to the body d. Diaphysis - shaft of the bone 2. One way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan? The humerus is a long bone The occipital bone is a flat bone The lumbar vertebra is a 3. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures? How is the sign or symptom related...
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...EFFECT OF MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE VERSUS HOLD RELAX IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NON SPECIFIC NECK PAIN. INTRODUCTION: Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal problem. Neck pain without any identifiable underlying disease or abnormal anatomical structure is termed as non specific neck pain and it can results from postural and mechanical factors such as sprains and strains of the muscles or ligaments in the neck.1 symptoms of non specific neck pain includes pain develops in the neck and may spread to the shoulder or base of the skull, movement of the neck feels restricted and moving the neck may make the pain worse. Physical therapists attempt to manage patients with non specific neck pain by utilizing a wide variety of interventions including exercise and manual therapy. Muscle Energy Technique (MET) is one of the technique that...
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...STUDY QUESTIONS 1. The smallest voltage required to produce a contraction was .85. The proportion of fibres in the muscle that were contracting was only 10-20% of total fibres available. The nervous systems controls the amount of muscle fibres that contract. In this case only a small depolarization is causes and this was evident in the graph produced 4) The all or none law states that strength of muscle force will be the same at any stimuli strength if the stimuli strength is above the threshold of the muscle in question. The muscle will either respond fully or not respond at all, hence the name all or none. Once the minimum force threshold is met the muscle will respond, however below the minimum threshold no response will be visible. The muscle contraction is all based on the ability of channels to open. The more the channels open the stronger the depolarization event occurs. Responses to stimuli were graded on the strength of the contractions and the ability to create force. These forces were able to be compared to other forces throughout the experiments. EFFECTS OF STRETCH ON CONTRATION FORCE 1. The effect of stretching the muscle increases the contraction strength to a certain point until the muscle is over stretched. This was where our results stopped. This is known as the optimal length. However if we kept stretching the muscle over time it would of plateaued before decreasing. The muscle stretches to achieve an optimal length. If a muscle has not reached...
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...Module Three Case Assignment 20 May 2013 Professor: Dr. Koronika Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) • Many nuclei (thus each skeletal muscle fiber is a syncytium)...
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...INTRODUCTION: The skeletal muscle is an important organ in the human body that allows for movement and support of the skeleton, helping the body execute various tasks from precise control movements (writing a letter or picking up a chalk) to more abrupt, powerful movements (lifting weights or running). The skeletal muscle is one of the main types of muscle in the body (the other two being cardiac and smooth muscles) that allows movement by contraction of the muscles. When a motor unit, a single nerve that innervates all the muscle fibers, activates these muscles fiber, it causes a muscle contraction. These muscle contraction occurs when motor neurons from the spinal cord leaves and activates multiple muscle fibers, the number of muscle fibers depend on the type of muscle. According to the Hennemen size principle, muscles that react rapidly and exert fine control have smaller motor units than those with larger, weight-involving muscles, whose movements are less precise, will require larger motor units. The means of movement and force generation is based on the skeletal muscles contraction. Contractile units of the skeletal muscles include thick myosin and thin actin myofillaments or fillaments. Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. The repetition of the sarcomere structure make up myofibrils and hundreds to thousands of these myofibrils make up a single muscle fiber (Sherwood 258). Contraction is initiated by an increased in the intracellular calcium...
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...thing each form have in common is their ability to depolarize sensory nerves, motor nerves, pain nerves, and muscle fibers directly. In the case of a lateral ankle sprain, electrical stimulation in combination with cryotherapy is a modality of choice because of its effectiveness in reducing swelling, edema and pain. But recent studies have shown, that TENS units in particular may be the unit of choice, so what should ATs be utilizing the most? Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries that affects athletes of all ages and in all sporting activities. Most ankle sprains result from damage to the lateral structures after a stress is placed on an inverted and planter-flexed foot. Sprains are graded based on severity and are rated from mild (grade 1) to severe (grade 3) (3). Following injury, most athletes experience pain, edema, and experience functional limitations (2). A common way to treat a lateral ankle sprain is through a form of electrotherapy, sometimes in...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...
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...Of the reason for the UI is Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal cord injuries change the way your bladder muscles work and disrupt the messages that are supposed to travel between your bladder and your brain. When approximately 250 to 300cc of urine are in the bladder, messages from stretch receptors in the bladder are sent through nerves which enter the spinal cord near its end in the sacral level of the spine. If the spinal cord is damaged, the action of coordinating the relaxation of the sphincter muscle and contracting the detrusor muscle may be affected, resulting in an inability to urinate properly. In addition to not being able to urinate, the sense of a full bladder may also be lost, as sensory signals from the bladder will not be able to travel to the brain through the damaged spinal cord. So to over this sacral nerve is stimulated which causes contraction of external sphincter and pelvic floor muscle, which in turn causes the inhibition of bladder contractions which may be involuntarily releasing...
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...of disease, promotion and maintenance of health, restoration of well being and alleviation of suffering. With these in mind, we form the following objectives. General objectives: * This case study is designed for student nurses like us to become practiced, well informed and mannered in delivering holistic care for patients diagnosed with tetanus, as well as to gain knowledge and overview about the disease. Specific objectives: * To imply appropriate nursing management for tetanus. * To be able to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. * To be able to define tetanus and identify its clinical manifestations and risk factors. * To be acquainted with the different drugs for tetanus and their actions. * Plan for a suitable nursing care. * To know the purposes and specific nursing responsibilities before, during, and after some procedure done with the client. * To institute bond between the student nurse and the patient. II. INTRODUCTION Tetanus comes from the Greek word “teiteim” which means to stretch. It is also called lockjaw. It is a serious infectious disease of the nervous system in which toxin causes severe muscle spasm. It is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. It is caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep punctured wound. Tetanus is often associated with...
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...“Urodynamics is a collection of tests used to measure bladder, urethral, and pelvic floor muscle function, as well as diagnose functional disorders of the lower urinary tract” (Gray, 2010, p. 321). Urodynamics is used in addition to the patient’s history and a complete patient assessment. Moore (2013) states that urodyamics encompasses a number of tests, these include: flow study, cystometry, urethral pressure profile and leak point pressure. For the purpose of this paper a urodynamic test will be analysed to highlight normal and abnormal results. Possible reasons for these abnormalities will be discussed. In this study the patient is a 42 year old lady who presented with a number of pelvic floor problems including urgency, urge incontinence and prolapse. Examination revealed a moderate cystocoele and rectocele. Urodynamic evaluation was performed in order to objectively assess bladder function and therefore assist in recommendations for further treatment. Cystometry “is a measure of bladder pressure in response to filling. Several parameters are measured: bladder filling, sensation, stability, compliance, capacity, control over micturition, detrusor contractility and empting” (Ghoniem & Khater, 2008, p. 36) Mahfouz, Afraa, Campeau, and Corcos, (2011) report that the normal parameters during filling for females are as follows: first sensation at 100-250mls, first desire at 200-330mls and strong desire at 350mls-560mls.A healthy bladder should accommodate 500mls...
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...INTRODUCTION Muscle spasm is an abnormal, long-lasting and involuntary muscular contraction which consisting of a continued muscular contraction or of a series of alternating muscular contractions and relaxations.1, 2 The contraction and relaxation concept (tight-loose concept) is based on the Increased stimulation causes an agonist muscle to become tight, and the tighter it becomes, the looser its antagonist becomes because of reciprocal inhibition. In acute conditions, the cycle can be described as continuing spasm–pain–spasm. The result is tightness that progresses from the acute condition of muscle contraction to muscle contracture, leading to chronicity. In chronic conditions, the cycle is described as pain–looseness–pain.3 In the cervical...
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...Literature Review Exercise induced fatigue forms the basis for this study. We are looking to achieve both physiological and neuromuscular fatigue in our subjects, to simulate in-game conditions in their various sports. By observing their landing kinetics and kinematics, we will find how greatly fatigue can affect them, with regard to landing from a jump. By inducing fatigue in our subjects, observing their landing mechanics and applying the results to the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) Test we will be able to tell just how much of an effect fatigue can have on the subjects. The implications being that if the results differ significantly an athlete should work on their landing mechanics in order to help prevent a future injury. 1. Fatigue...
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...Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, Vol. 64 No. 6 pp. 547ñ552, 2007 ISSN 0001-6837 Polish Pharmaceutical Society HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS SCHUM AND THONN (EUPHORBIACEAE). *FABIAN C. AMAECHINA and ERIC K. OMOGBAI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Abstract: The plant of Phyllanthus amarus is used as diuretic and to lower blood pressure in traditional medicine practice. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Intravenously administered aqueous doses (5 mg to 80 mg/kg) of the extract to anaesthesized normotensive male rabbits produced a significant fall in mean diastolic, systolic and mean arterial pressures in a graded dose response manner. The dose of 5 mg/kg produced the least hypotensive effect, causing a fall in mean diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressure of 13.3 ± 3.1, 19.7 ± 5.4, and14.3 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively, while the dose of 80 mg/kg produced the greatest fall in mean diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressure of 49.7 ± 7.9, 45.5 ± 9.5, and 48.00 ± 6.5 mmHg, respectively. The extract had a greater blood pressure depressant effect on the diastolic blood pressure than on the systolic blood pressure. The highest dose of 80 mg/kg caused 62.5% fall in diastolic blood pressure, compared to the 33.2% fall in systolic blood pressure caused by the same dose....
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...which in turn leads to a prolonged action of the enzyme acetylcholine. Acetylcholine stimulates the muscarinic receptors present in the muscles, thus causing muscle contraction. Vecuronium, given to Mrs. Lim is a neuromuscular blocking agent. To subside its effect, she was given Neostigmine, which also improves the respiratory function (Brodie & Axelrod, 2009). Neostigmine produces an antagonistic effect to Vecuronium. After Vercuronium, a dose of 2.5mg or 5mg Neostigmine is sufficient to produce a muscle twitch of about 90%. It also leads to increased cardiovascular effect (Caldwell,J., 1995). The drug is required to cause muscle contraction opposite to the muscle relaxation, as was caused by the dose of anaesthesia. Some of the common side effects associated with the drug use are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, involuntary urination, faintness, muscle cramps or twitching. These symptoms however, due not require any medical treatment. Some other severe problems associated with this drug are slow heart rate, shortness of breath, severe rashes, irritation, swollen face , convulsions, etc. these however, require immediate medical attention. After Vercuronium, a dose of 1.25mg of Neostigmine is very ineffective. A minimum dose of 2.5mg or 5mg is required to produce the desired effect. Neostigmine should not be used in case of Asthma, Epilepsy, Low blood pressure, Parkinson’s disease, Peptic ulcers, People with recent heart attacks, etc....
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...Anatomy The alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract, is the pathway by which food enters and is expelled from the body. It begins at the mouth, then follows to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ends at the anus. The main structures of the mouth, or oral cavity, are the teeth, tongue, and palate. The teeth tear and grind food down so that it is small enough to proceed through digestion, this is called bolus. The tongue is a large and powerful muscle that helps mix food, and houses sensory receptors for taste. The lingual frenulum is a fold of mucosa that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Lastly, the palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, allowing separate passages for air and food. The mouths moist environment, provided by mucous membranes and salivary glands, aid in softening food and facilitate swallowing. The pharynx, commonly called the throat, has three main sections. The first section is the nasopharynx, which makes up the back of the nasal cavity. It connects to the second region, the oropharynx, by a passage called the isthmus. The oropharynx begins at the back of the mouth and continues down to the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that covers the air passage to the lungs and directs food to the esophagus. The third region, the laryngopharynx, which begins at the epiglottis and leads to the esophagus, regulates the passage of air and food. The next stop is the esophagus, which can expand or...
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