...response: The short term effects on your muscles include an increase in temperature and metabolic activity. This is the speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body. As a result of this, there is a much greater demand for oxygen because there is an increase of blood supply through the capillary dilation. Once you start to exercise your muscle begin to demand for more oxygen there is also a higher demand of other nutrient like carbohydrates and fats which are need to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Your body uses red blood cells to transport oxygen around your body; your blood vessels expand to allow more blood into your muscles more efficiently and quicker. When there is an increase in blood supply blood is being pumped to the working muscle therefore less oxygen is delivered to the organs that do not require it as much. Heat is produced when doing exercise this comes from friction from muscles contractions, when this happens your body carries the heat in the blood to the surface of your skin which is then removed through sweat. The reason why this occurs is because when your body start to heat up enzymes stop working and cells start to cook this can have a massive affecting the body, so heat is then removed using vasodilation. Another musculoskeletal response is an increase in muscle pliability this means your muscles adjusts and are more flexible. The reason why your muscle adjust whilst doing exercise is because your muscles contain lactic acid and by doing this...
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...in and out? Breathing is a process that moves air in and out of the lungs. It is the only process that delivers oxygen to where it is needed in the body and removes carbon dioxide. Each breathing cycle involves two stages; * Inhalation (inspiration) when lungs expand and air is pulled into them * Exhalation (expiration) when the lungs reduce in volume and air leaves the lungs. Inhalation and exhalation are produced by movements of two sets of muscles; the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs which are known as the intercostal muscles. Internal intercostal muscles are used for inhalation and the external intercostal is used during exhalation. Breathing out is easier since both gravity pulling the ribs down and the elasticity of the lungs aid to collapse the lungs and squeeze air out. Humans generally breathe with the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles only, it is only when exercising that we use other muscles. During exercise, it is very significant that your breathing rate is matched to your activity because during exercise you will need extra oxygen; therefore, the body makes the lungs take in more ait to supply. Breathing in; Inhalation * When you inhale, your diaphragm tightens and moves downwards. This therefore increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. Breathing out; Exhalation * When you exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles between the ribs...
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...M2 - Discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is defined as “maintaining a constant internal environment.” [1] The term internal environment refers to the area and components inside an individual’s body e.g. this consists of the blood, tissue fluid, body cell contents and all of the metabolic processes that occur. Constant means an ongoing process and too regulate and control. Homeostasis controls a range of conditions and physiological processes in the body such as body temperature, water content and blood glucose concentration. For example the homeostasis concept means that if it detects that the internal body’s temperature is too hot, the body will begin to sweat and loose heat to its surroundings to bring it back to its optimum temperature. Homeostasis works alongside the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback system The negative feedback system is a mechanism that occurs and works with homeostasis to help regulate the internal environment. Below is a generalised negative feedback cycle that can be applied to variables in homeostasis. The first stage is detecting a stimulus in the variable. For example the variable could be body temperature and a stimulus is when there is a change or imbalance in the internal environment so this would mean an increase or decrease in body temperature (+/- 37°c). Secondly this change is then detected by a receptor (sensor); a receptor is...
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...Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environment changes. However both the nervous system and also the endocrine system control homeostasis in the body through feedback mechanisms which involves various organs and organ systems. Some examples of this are body temperature, pH balance, water, electrolyte balance, respiration and also blood pressure. The internal environment is the conditions inside the body; homeostasis aim is to maintain this at a constant level. Each process has a desirable peak environment which is called the norm, influences such as the external environment can cause deviation away from its norm level and the body will do this through negative feedback. Negative feedback in homeostasis describes the process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environment or states. Homeostasis describes the body’s overall regulation of its internal system. However when it changes for example body temperature negative feedback responses are triggered to then be able to bring the temperature back to its normal point. For example if the body becomes too hot sweating will occur to try and cool the body down, and if the body became too cold shivering would occur to warm the body back up . The typical state of a bodily system is called the set point; however negative feedback in homeostasis can’t keep systems exactly at the set point. Therefore negative feedback in homeostasis acts to keep body temperature within a normal...
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...system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart. Arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Every artery is a muscular tube lined with smooth tissue and has three layers: * The intima, the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called endothelium * The media, a layer of muscle that lets arteries handle the high pressures from the heart * The adventitia, connective tissue anchoring arteries to nearby tissues The largest artery is the aorta, the main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart's left ventricle. The aorta branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body. The arteries' smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs under low pressure, making these arteries unique. Capillary’s are extremely small blood vessel which are located within the tissues of the body, they transport blood from arteries to veins. Capillaries are most abundant in tissues and organs that are metabolically active. For example, muscle tissues and the kidneys have a greater amount of capillary networks than do connective tissues. Capillaries are so small that red blood cells can only travel through them in single file. Capillary walls are thin and are composed of endothelium. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and fluids are exchanged through the...
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...demands does exercise have on the body? In order to investigate some of the effects that exercise has on the body we conducted a practical experiment in small groups in which a subject carried out gentle exercise (jogging on the spot) for five minutes. Using a heart rate monitor the heart rate was measured at rest, after five minutes of exercise then at two minute intervals. The breathing rate was measured using a timer. The results were then recorded, analysed and collated with the rest of the class. From that the mean data was created. The purpose of this investigation as to measure effects that exercise has on Heart rate and Breathing rate within the body. In this we will be looking at the demands placed on a healthy body during short term exercise and particularly the respiratory and circulatory systems also, what the body goes through and which other systems such as the digestive system contribute to these processes and how cellular respiration occurs. The hypothesis of the experiment is that the heart rate will rise sharply then steadily go back down after exercise is completed. Similarly the breathing rate is expected to rise whilst exercising then go back to normal in recovery. The results are displayed in attached graph. These results show that at resting the Heart...
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...Ever experience muscle tingling, muscle weakness, or paralysis? If so we need to talk. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a disorder that occurs when the body’s defense (immune) system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous system (Guillain-Barre Syndrome, 2009). This leads to nerve inflammation that causes muscle weakness. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, we need to get you informed on what could be the possible diagnosis. Guillain-Barre Syndrome has several symptoms can present themselves very quickly but weakness increasing over several days is common (Guillain-Barre Syndrome, 2009). Muscle weakness or paralysis happens on both sides of the body, starting in lower extremities and traveling upwards. Clumsiness or tingling of hand or foot is one of the first symptoms to arise. If the diaphragm is affected additional help breathing could be needed. Symptoms include loss of reflexes, muscle weakness, loss of muscle function, decreased sensation, numbness, sensation changes, tenderness, muscle pain, uncoordinated movement, blurred vision, falling, difficulty moving facial muscles, palpitations, and muscle contraction. Watch for symptoms that need emergency attention like breathing stops, can’t take a deep breath, difficulty breathing or swallowing, drooling, fainting, or feeling light heading (Guillain-Barre Syndrome, 2009). Guillain-Barre Syndrome occurs at any age but average is between 30-50 years of age. At this time there in no known cause. Possible triggers...
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...travels through the bloodstream to reach the target organ’s endocrine gland and tell the gland to stop releasing hormones, a process called homeostasis. The hypothalamus also helps regulate the blood’s electrolyte concentrations. When the bloodstream is too highly concentrated with electrolytes, the hypothalamus produces vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, and releases it through the pituitary gland. This increases the kidney’s water reabsorption so the blood’s ratio of fluids to electrolytes is higher. The adrenal gland’s inner section (the adrenal medulla) has sympathetic nerve fibres. These act as modified nerve cells to release epinephrine (better known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine, which raise blood pressure when the body is under stress. Vasopressin also raises blood pressure by contracting blood vessels. The central nervous system’s relationship to the endocrine system also extends to the reproductive system’s relationship with the endocrine system. For instance, in puberty, the reproductive system releases hormones which travel through the blood to the brain. Another...
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...measured. • Forms of energy There are several forms of energy that exist and the most common form is chemical energy, this form of energy is the chemical bond which joins atoms or molecules with one another, when a new bond is made between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and it is usually in the form of heat, even though light and electrical energy can be used. Also, when the bond is broken and the atoms are released the energy that was in the bond will also be released. The other forms of energy are light, heat, sound, electrical and nuclear. • Energy metabolism Energy is not just need for muscular activity and movement but it is also to circulate blood, lymph and tissue fluids throughout the body, it is also needed for breathing and taking in oxygen, for making new cells for growth and repair, to transmit nerve impulses so we can respond to changes within the environment, and to also build complex molecules like enzymes and hormones from simple molecules made after the digestion of food. Moreover, Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules within living organisms to form simpler ones; this is done with the release of energy and destructive metabolism. And anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules within living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy and...
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...P5 - Homeostasis is ‘the process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changing environments’ (Aldworth, Billingham, Moonie, & Talman, 2010). The internal environment that our body consists of is made up of blood, tissue fluid, body cell components and our metabolism and its process. Constant internal environment means that the chemical and physical composition should remain within a limited range in order to make it as effective as possible. Keeping the valuables within a limited range not only makes sure that the body’s processes are as effective as possible, keeping the well-being of the whole body and its maintenance up to good standards. Heart rate Negative feedback is a way in which regulation occurs within the body which requires receptors, your control centre and effectors in order to be able to function properly. When key variables within the body are outside the accepted range for any reason negative feedback returns the variable within it’s acceptable range. An example would be if the PH of your blood changes for any reason or you become too hot after exercise so your body tries to regulate those variables back within the suitable ranges by different methods. Blood glucose levels may fall for any reasons and the bodies way of coping with this is to produce liver glycogen which is converted into glucose in order to bring the energy levels in cells back up to the range which it should be within. Our brain and nervous system are involved in negative...
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...EMBODIED PEACEMAKING: Body Awareness, Self-Regulation and Conflict Resolution An E-Book by Paul Linden, Ph.D. www.being-in-movement.com EMBO D IE D P EA CE MA K ING Body Awareness, Self-Regulation and Conflict Resolution Paul Linden, Ph.D. First Edition 2007 CCMS Publications www.being-in-movement.com Columbus, Ohio EMBODIED PEACEMAKING: Body Awareness, Self-Regulation, and Conflict Resolution by Paul Linden, PhD Published by CCMS Publications 221 Piedmont Road Columbus, Ohio 43214 USA 614-262-3355 paullinden@aol.com www.being-in-movement.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright © 2007 by Paul Linden First edition 2007 Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication (Provided by Quality Books, Inc.) Linden, Paul. Embodied peacemaking [electronic resource] : body awareness, self-regulation and conflict resolution : an e-book / by Paul Linden. -- 1st ed. p. cm. System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-9716261-7-1 (e-book) ISBN-10: 0-9716261-7-0 (e-book) 1. Conflict management. 2. Interpersonal conflict. 3. Mind and body. I. Title. HM1126.L54 2007 303.6'9 QBI07-600195 TABLE...
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...Unit 5 – Anatomy& Physiology P5 - Understand how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment P5- Explain the concept of homeostasis In this assignment, I will be explaining the concepts of homeostasis, and how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the maintenance of an internal environment. These consist of; heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and lastly blood glucose level. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the mechanism in our bodies which regulates and maintains a stable and constant environment. Our bodies are always making adjustments to regulate normal body function; luckily these adjustments are done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic...
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...RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATION * Pulmonary ventilation * Moving air into + out of the lungs * External respiration- DOES NOT MEAN EXPIRATION OR EXHALATION * Gas exchange between the lungs + the blood (the aveoli and the blood) * Gas Transport * O2 + CO2 between the lungs + tissues * Internal respiration- internally! DOES NOT MEAN INHALATION OR INSPIRATION * Gas exchange between systemic blood vessels + tissues * (Additional functions: Smell, Speech) CONDUCTING VS. RESPIRATORY ZONES * Conducting: Passages for air to flow through (everything except those structures that involve gas exchange, no exchange across the wall, just moves air in and out) * Cleanse, humidify and warm the air as it moves through these passages * Respiratory: Gas exchange function NASAL CAVITY * High blood supply * Warms air * Mucous membran * Moistens air * Immunity (mucus, lysozyme, antibodies) * Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (it moves things, like dirty mucous and mucous traps things so that you can either swallow it or blow it out of your nose) * Moves contaminated mucus toward throat * Hair * Filter air * Olfactory receptors * Smell * Contributes to speech sounds PHARYNX * Funnel-shaped tube that connects to the: * Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly * Larynx and esophagus inferiorly * Food and/or air passageway * Divided into 3 regions ...
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...MECHANISM OF BREATHING Breathing occurs when the contraction or relaxation of muscles around the lungs changes the total volume of air within the air passages (bronchi, bronchioles) inside the lungs. When the volume of the lungs changes, the pressure of the air in the lungs changes in accordance with Boyle's Law. If the pressure is greater in the lungs than outside the lungs, then air rushes out. If the opposite occurs, then air rushes in. Breathing Rate The rate at which we inhale and exhale is controlled by the respiratory center, within the Medulla Oblongata in the brain. Inspiration occurs due to increased firing of inspiratory nerves and so the increased recruitment of motor units within the intercostals and diaphragm. Exhalation occurs due to a sudden stop in impulses along the inspiratory nerves. Our lungs are prevented from excess inspiration due to stretch receptors within the bronchi and bronchioles which send impulses to the Medulla Oblongata when stimulated. INSPIRATION Inspiration occurs when the chest cavity enlarges. As the thorax enlarges, the lungs expand along with it, and air rushes into them and down the alveoli. Muscles of respiration that are classified as inspiratory muscles include the diaphragm and the external intercoastals. The diaphragm is the dome shaped muscle separating the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm flattens out when it contracts during inspiration. Instead of protruding up into the chest cavity, it moves...
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...The structure and function of the respiratory system is vital in terms of keeping one’s body healthy. Arguably, the respiratory system is one of the more important systems in the human body, because it allows breathing (the process of inhalation and expiration) to happen, thereby allowing bodily functions to happen. Although one doesn’t think about breathing to often; breathing in some circumstances is normally unconscious effort, it’s a joint accomplishment between the structures of various organs in the respiratory system to maximize efficiency, thereby health in the body. Breathing is a combination of various structures, tissues, organs, around the thorax (a section of area between the neck and the abdomen), working harmoniously, and in conjunction...
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