...He was born into a family of copper merchants and was the youngest of four children. In 1483, Copernicus’ father died, so he was sent to live with his paternal uncle who had vowed he would provide him with a quality education. The first university Copernicus attended was the University of Cracow where he studied mathematics and art. However, he ultimately became a Church Canon due to a personal connection. In October of 1496, Copernicus enrolled in the University of Bologna where he met Domenico Maria Novara, an astronomer. Through the study of medicine, which was closely aligned with astronomy at the time, and the mentoring of Novara, Copernicus became a skillful astronomer. In 1512, he released a paper titled “The Commentariolus” that stated the basic ideas of the Heliocentric theory. However, for fear of being accused of heresy, he did not publish the work and only sent it to his close colleagues. In the late 1530’s, Copernicus worked with an associate name Georg Rheticus to finalize the book he later released, De Revolutions. Throughout his life, Copernicus was influenced by many bright astronomers of the time, and the variety of subjects he studied allowed him to become a true Renaissance...
Words: 1175 - Pages: 5
...Astronomy: Then and Now Have you ever heard the saying you can’t teach an ole dog new tricks? What about the one where three old dogs teach new tricks? I’m sure you have heard that one, anyone who knows about our solar system can thank the three old dogs. Well, they’re not dogs at all, and at their time they weren’t old but in our time their long gone. Of course, I am speaking about Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler. Funny thing is each one of them challenged and changed their predecessor's work, for the better of course, but we will get to that later. We have these three men to thank for a whole lot of new tricks. To name a few would be, our solar system, the way we form our maps, and we can’t forget the numerous mathematical formulas used to make ideas come to life. In this research paper, we will touch base on the lives of three great astronomers and the tricks they have taught us. We will also see how astronomers of today contribute to our everyday lives. Some say that our first astronomer was a great astronomer. Other say, “Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.” (Brown, 2016) It’s all a matter of opinion, but what we cannot deny was Ptolemy was a great astronomer of his time and today. We do not know much about Ptolemy’s personal life. What we do know about him came from his work. He was born around 85ce in Egypt to a Greek family even though he bore a roman name. To say Ptolemy was diverse is an understatement. He was also diverse in his studies...
Words: 3691 - Pages: 15
...Galileo Research Paper Galileo Galilei was one of the many philosophers that helped determine how and why the world worked the way it does. He based many of his experiments and theories off the beliefs of another great philosopher, Nicolaus Copernicus. Both of these scientists’ theories went against Aristotle. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher that observed many aspects of our universe. He made many theories, but never conducted experiments to support them. Although proof was never in place, the Roman Catholic Church believed that Aristotle’s theories were facts. Since Galileo went against Aristotle, the Church believed that he was going against their authority and religion. Galileo spent his whole life figuring out why the world does what it does and fighting with the Church to get his ideas across to the world. He was born a versatile open-minded intellectual. Galileo was constantly learning something new and becoming wiser. Galileo’s life was never boring or wasteful. Instead he wondered about things like, “how hot is heat?”.(Fisher, 14) He was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. His family included his father, Vincenzio Galilei, his mother, Giulia Ammannati, two brothers, Michelangelo and Benedetto, and three sisters, Virginia, Livia, and one whose name was not recorded. His father was a merchant and talented musician. His father was also a rebellious thinker. Galileo was influenced by this a great deal. Some of Galileo’s work reflected the opinions from his father...
Words: 2813 - Pages: 12
...time period after was called the Renaissance which created a big change in European history. The Renaissance was a time of exciting changes and advances in art, literature, and science. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the Renaissance changed the views of the world. Illiteracy was common in the Middle Ages due to not having a lot of schools for education. Since people did not have a well education, they did not understand why or how things happened in life. In the Background Essay it quotes, “Both serfs and their masters looked to the Catholic Church and the Bible to explain the world.” In the 1300’s, education began to spread due to the need of people to efficiently carry on their work. Education made people to start to...
Words: 547 - Pages: 3
...The Renaissance was a period of monumental change in European history from the period prior. It was a time of knowledgeable excitement with substantial developments in art, literature and science from. A time after the Middle Ages and when the Roman Catholic Church ruled. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Renaissance changed the views of the world from the Middle Ages. The Art of the late 13th century depicts stiff 2D, emotionless, gothic styled and chiaroscuro-less pieces. Though there is also a lack of perspective, it can be interpreted that the Byzantine style dominates, making it nearly totally religious and patronized mostly by the church. (Document A, Madonna Enthroned Between Two Angels by Duccio di Buoninsegna). Contra...
Words: 781 - Pages: 4
...question the wisdom of the ancient philosophers who had molded their disciplines. They gradually began rely on objective facts and observation and to turn away from the mysticism, religion, and unfounded theorizing that had previously dominated the field. This drastic change in scientific practices and beliefs was most apparent in the field of astronomy. Physics and astronomy had been dominated by the work of Aristotle, a philosopher from the time of ancient Greece, and Ptolemy, an astronomer from the second century A.D. Astronomy was rooted in both philosophy and theology, and it was difficult for scientists to separate their work from that of the mystics or the clergy. Through the work of the four fathers of the astronomical revolution, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, both the practice of astronomy and man's view of the universe were...
Words: 13704 - Pages: 55
...HIST Y AN PHILO PHY TORY ND P OSOP Y OF S ENCE SCIE E COMM MON CO OURSE IN ENG E GLISH BBA (I Seme A ester) BA/BS (IV Se Sc emester) 2011 A dmission onwards o UNIV VERSI ITY OF CAL F LICUT SC CHOOL OF DI L ISTANC EDU CE UCATIO ON Calicut Universi P.O. M ity Malappur ram, Kera India 673 635 ala, a 106 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BBA (I Semester) BA/BSc (IV Semester) Common Course in English 2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MODULE I & II Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K MODULE III & IV Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut © Reserved 2 Scrutinised by : Layout: Computer Section, SDE History and Philosophy of Science School of Distance Education Contents MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy...
Words: 34637 - Pages: 139
...York Contents The Presocratics Thales of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pythagoras of Samos . . . . . 10 Xenophanes of Colophon 12 Heraclitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Scholastics St Anselm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 St Thomas Aquinas . . . . . . . 50 John Duns Scotus . . . . . . . . . 52 William of Occam . . . . . . . . . 54 The Liberals Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Mary Wollstonecraft . . . . 108 Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Jeremy Bentham . . . . . . . . . 112 John Stuart Mill . . . . . . . . . . 114 Auguste Comte . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Eleatics Parmenides of Elea . . . . . . . 16 Zeno of Elea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Age of Science Nicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . 56 Niccolò Machiavelli . . . . . . . 58 Desiderus Erasmus . . . . . . . . 60 Thomas More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Francis Bacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Galileo Galilei . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Thomas Hobbes . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Sir Isaac Newton . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Evolutionists Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Henri Louis Bergson . . . . 120 A. N. Whitehead . . . . . . ....
Words: 73655 - Pages: 295
...chapter one Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method What sets human beings apart from all other forms of life? Why is sociology an important tool for your future? How should you respond to people whose way of life differs from your own? ISBN: 0-536-12116-8 Societ y: The Basics, Eighth Ed itio n by Jo hn J. Ma cio nis. Published b y Prentice -Hall. Co pyright © 2006 by Pear son Edu cation, In c. ISBN: 0-536-12116-8 L The sociological perspective shows us patterns of behavior common within a society. Here, a member of Brazil’s Pataxo tribe offers a traditional greeting to a visitor. Societ y: The Basics, Eighth Ed itio n by Jo hn J. Ma cio nis. Published b y Prentice -Hall. Co pyright © 2006 by Pear son Edu cation, In c. I f you were to ask 100 people, “Why do couples marry?” it is a safe bet that at least ninety would reply, “People marry because they fall in love.” Indeed, it is hard for us to imagine a happy marriage without love; likewise, when people fall in love, we expect them to think about marriage. But is the decision about whom to marry really so simple and so personal? There is plenty of evidence that if love is the key to marriage, Cupid’s arrow is carefully aimed by the society around us. In short, society has a number of “rules” about whom we should marry. What are they? Right off the bat, society rules out half the population because U.S. laws (despite recent actions in cities such as San Francisco and likely...
Words: 22891 - Pages: 92
...AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT: THE IMPERATIVES OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES by MARTIN ODEI AJEI submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject PHILOSOPHY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR M. B. RAMOSE AUGUST 2007 Contents Declaration Acknowledgement List of Acronyms Key terms Summary vi vii viii x xi INTRODUCTION: DEVELOPMENT AND PHILOSOPHY i. Statement of the Problem ii. Against Economism iii. Critique of Competition iv. Poverty is Unnatural v. Thesis Statement vi. Methodology vii. Structure of Dissertation 1 1 1 5 6 9 10 15 CHAPTER ONE: DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON AFRICA 1.1. What is Development 1.2. Development and Economic Growth 1.3. Schools of Development Thought and their Influence in Africa 1.3.1. The Modernization School and its Essential Claims 1.3.1.1. Growth Theory under Economic Liberalism 1.3.1.2. Evolutionary Theory 1.3.1.3. Functionalist Theory 1.3.1.4. Common Assumptions and Methodology 1.3.1.5 The Influence of Modernization on Development Practice in Africa 1.3.1.6. Critique of Modernization 1.3.2 Dependency Theory and its Essential Claims 21 21 25 27 27 28 29 30 32 34 36 39 i 1.3.3. The Theoretical Heritage of Dependency Theory 1.3.3.1. Structuralist Economics and the ‘Prebisch Thesis’ 1.3.3.2. Marxism 1.3.4. Common Assumptions of Dependency Theory 1.3.5. Criticisms of Dependency Theory 1.3.6. The Influence of Dependency Theory on African Development Practice...
Words: 90729 - Pages: 363
...PHYSIC AL CONSTANTS CONSTANT Speed of light Elementary charge Electron mass Proton mass Gravitational constant Permeability constant Permittivity constant Boltzmann’s constant Universal gas constant Stefan–Boltzmann constant Planck’s constant Avogadro’s number Bohr radius SYMBOL c e me mp G m0 P0 k R s h 15 2p"2 NA a0 THREE-FIGURE VALUE 3.003108 m/s 1.60310219 C 9.11310231 kg 1.67310227 kg 6.67310211 N # m2/kg 2 1.2631026 N/A2 1H/m2 8.85310212 C 2/N # m2 1F/m2 1.38310223 J/K 8.31 J/K # mol 5.6731028 W/m2 # K4 6.63310234 J # s 6.0231023 mol21 5.29310211 m BEST KNOWN VALUE* 299 792 458 m/s (exact) 1.602 176 4871402 310219 C 9.109 382 151452 310231 kg 1.672 621 6371832 310227 kg 6.674 281672 310211 N # m2/kg 2 4p31027 (exact) 1/m0c2 (exact) 1.380 65041242 310223 J/K 8.314 4721152 J/K # mol 5.670 4001402 31028 W/m2 # K4 6.626 068 961332 310234 J # s 6.022 141 791302 31023 mol21 5.291 772 08591362 310211 m *Parentheses indicate uncertainties in last decimal places. Source: U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007 values SI PREFIXES POWER 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 100 1021 1022 1023 1026 1029 10212 10215 10218 10221 10224 THE GREEK ALPHABET PREFIX yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca — deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto SYMBOL Y Z E P T G M k h da — d c m μ n p f a z y Alpha ...
Words: 201181 - Pages: 805
