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PIGS. España, Grecia, Italia y Portugal
Crisis económica, austeridad, deuda, Pacto de Estabilidad y
Crecimiento

Los países periféricos
¿Qué ha llevado a los PIGS a la actual crisis económica? Los tipos de interés disminuyeron con la entrada de éstos en la eurozona para homologarse a las condiciones existentes en el área: entre 2000 y 2007, el tipo de interés real promedio fue de 2,7% en los países centrales de la eurozona y de 1,2% en los países del Sur. Junto al incremento de acceso al crédito de forma masiva era difícilmente sostenible, lo que produjo claramente una burbuja inmobiliaria financiada, al igual que sucedió en otros países como en el caso de EE.UU.
Una vez estalla la crisis económica mundial, los países se encuentran con unas bajas perspectivas económicas, altas tasas de endeudamiento a las que no pueden hacer frente, además de países con unas balanzas fiscales desequilibradas. Se empieza a generar un sentimiento de incertidumbre entorno a la financiación. Los consumidores pierden confianza en el sistema financiero, económico, y en los sistemas de gobierno y control. Los propios Gobiernos no se ven en capacidad de corregir la situación sin aplicar medidas socialmente no populares.
Mientras la prima de riesgo y el tipo de interés a los que tienen que hacer frente para la colocación de la deuda aumentan, las agencias calificadores reducen la nota de solvencia. El precio es que se pierde la soberanía y el poder de decisión propia en cuanto a las políticas económico-financieras, debiendo asumir la imposición de medidas por parte de las autoridades europeas.
Es cuando se produce el círculo vicioso PIGS: el Gobierno aporta fondos para rescatar a los bancos, aumentando su deuda soberana; y los bancos, que financiaban al Gobierno para que pagara su deuda, aumenta puesto que no dispone de esos fondos. Y se produce un efecto imparable de endeudamiento insostenible. Análisis de los PIGS
España:
El origen de la crisis en España se encuentra en la burbuja inmobiliaria principalmente. Entre 1997 y
2006, el precio de la vivienda había aumentado un 150%. Se concedían créditos para acceder a la compra de inmuebles de forma indiscriminada sin hacer una valoración real de la capacidad de solvencia y endeudamiento sostenible de las familias, como sucedió en EE.UU.
Porcentaje de deuda total por tipo de tenedor (finales de 2009)1
España

Portugal

Grecia

Administraciones públicas

13%

15%

42%

Entidades financieras

31%

30%

17%

Tenedor de deuda

1

Fuente: Tomado de Medialdea y Sanabria, 2012


Empresas no financieras

39%

31%

23%

Hogares

17%

23%

17%

Sector privado total

87%

84%

57%

En España, el endeudamiento privado se triplicó en menos de diez años al pasar de 100% del PIB a
200% del PIB entre 2001 y 2008. En 1997 suponía un 52% del ingreso real disponible y en 2005 llegó al
105%. En el 2006 una cuarta parte de la población estaba endeudada a más de 15 años2 .

A esto hay que añadirle el déficit público de
España (presión fiscal inadecuada, competitividad de los precios no genera riqueza social, no se reduce el paro y la población joven en edad de trabajar no accede al mercado laboral. De hecho, el FMI estima que se mantendrá negativo hasta el
2020, con una predicción de -1,463%.
La balanza come (registro de las rcial importaciones y exportaciones de un país cualquiera durante un período) también se encuentra también en déficit, que en 2009 se redujo el 5,37% hasta los 84.979,6 millones, al subir las exportaciones el 3,9% y las importaciones el 0,9%3 .
Además, el crédito a empresas y particulares se estanca. Los bancos no conceden créditos a las familias, que se han acostumbrado a un nivel de vida y tienen un nivel de deuda alto; ni a las empresas, que dependen de un cierto margen de crédito para mantener su flujo de actividad y la ven frenada por no poder hacer frente a pagos, y no recibir pagos de sus proveedores, que tampoco reciben créditos. Es el caso de la construcción, que provoca el estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria. En octubre de 2007 el grupo inmobiliario Llanera presenta suspensión de pagos. Las entidades financieras dedicadas al crédito hipotecario se ven gravemente afectadas puesto que se han concedido créditos para la compra de inmuebles de forma desmesurada, en consecuencia, muchos bancos empiezan a desahuciar a muchas unidades familiares, cuyos constituyentes han caído en el desempleo y no pueden hacer frente al pago de la hipoteca.
En octubre de 2007 el grupo inmobiliario Llanera presenta suspensión de pagos. Las entidades financieras dedicadas al crédito hipotecario se ven gravemente afectadas puesto que se han concedido créditos para la compra de inmuebles de forma desmesurada, en consecuencia, muchos bancos empiezan a desahuciar a muchas unidades familiares, cuyos constituyentes han caído en el desempleo y no pueden hacer frente al pago de la hipoteca.
Durante el mandato del gobierno Socialista se adoptaron una serie de medidas para corregir esta situación, se hicieron recortes en los salarios públicos, se congelaron las pensiones y los subsidios y subieron los impuestos generales como el Impuesto de Valor Añadido (IVA). Con el gobierno Popular

2
3

La Bolsa, 2007 http://elpais.com/diario/2009/02/28/economia/1235775611_850215.html las medidas que se adoptaron fueron similares, la subida de impuestos, recortes del gasto público
(sanidad y educación), el abaratamiento del despido, facilidades para bajar salarios.
En ambos mandatos las medidas adoptadas promueven que las familias tengan tendencia a consumir cada vez menos y circule menor cantidad de dinero líquido.

Portugal:
El origen de la crisis en Portugal se encuentra en el exceso de gasto público del estado, en la mala gestión de las obras públicas, la inflación de salarios y bonos en el empleo público, la gran contratación funcionarios en el sector público, el aumento del riesgo de los créditos, un aumento descontrolado de la deuda pública provocando un endeudamiento del 93% del PIB, unos 160,4 millones de euros. Por último, la mala gestión de los fondos estructurales y de cohesión europeos.
Para la población de Portugal esto resultó tener un coste muy elevado para sus vidas, teniendo que asumir el tiempo que perdió el gobierno tratando de regular la situación sin ayuda externa.
Entre las consecuencias para los ciudadanos estaban un aumento del IVA i de la mayoría de los impuestos del consumo, un endurecimiento de las relaciones laborales con un despido más fácil y una menor indemnización.

Grecia:
El origen de la crisi en grecia vino debido a muchos años donde el gasto público se multiplicó gracias a los bajos tipos de interés, los mismos tipos de interés que también habían afectado a las otras economías de la zona euro. Además no se aplicaron las suficientes reformas financieras.
También hay que tener en cuenta que en momentos de bonanza el déficit público era altísimo.
Todo esto provocó que la deuda externa creciera exponencialmente, una gran desconfianza de la unión europea llegando a plantearse la salida de Grecia del Euro. Además hay que añadir la pérdida de competitividad que ha comportado tantos años de crisis.

Italia
Como todos los PIGs Italia también sufría de un excesivo gasto público aunque no en tanta medida como los otros países. Este gasto público se veía lastrado por un sistema laboral que premia los empleados públicos.
La corrupción y la mafia también son un gran problema, también si bien es cierto que la evasión fiscal no es tan apabullante como en Grecia en Italia también está a niveles muy altos siguiendo un criterio europeo. El rescate
El objetivo del rescate era dotar a las economías en problemas de liquidez en caso de que el coste de financiarse en los mercados fuera demasiado elevado además de prevenir una crisis de confianza en toda la zona euro.

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