...This article was downloaded by: [Universite de Lorraine] On: 10 February 2012, At: 06:13 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa20 Respirometric assessment of substrate binding by antibiotics in peptone biodegradation Ilke Pala Ozkok , Tugce Katipoglu Yazan , Emine Ubay Cokgor , Guclu Insel , Ilhan Talinli & Derin Orhon a a a b a a a a Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey b Turkish Academy of Sciences, Piyade Sokak, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey Available online: 26 Oct 2011 To cite this article: Ilke Pala Ozkok, Tugce Katipoglu Yazan, Emine Ubay Cokgor, Guclu Insel, Ilhan Talinli & Derin Orhon (2011): Respirometric assessment of substrate binding by antibiotics in peptone biodegradation, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 46:13, 1588-1597 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2011.609442 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article...
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...anticancer agents and enzyme inhibitors. The scientists looked for caging groups other than the known Ru(bpy)2 that would bond biologically active molecules to either organic or metal-based protecting groups cleaved with light. These species would be used in medical situations to treat neurotransmitter defects, cancers, and enzyme dysfunctions. 2. What information is needed to solve the problem? One piece of extremely important information is that in the past, the potential caging groups tested have been similar to bpy in their structure; they have been planar, chelating ligands. The most widely used inorganic protecting group is (Ru)bpy2. This group can cage neurotransmitters and is used in a multitude of medical applications. 3. What was the experimental method? Were there any particular criteria that were considered in designing this experiment? How was the experimental method validated? Two complexes, [Ru(TPA)(RCN)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(TPA)(RCN)2](PF6)2 were prepared. After preparation, the compounds were put through a multitude of tests. These included UV-vis, NMR, IR spectroscopy, in addition to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The first complex was also tested with X-ray crystallography. They were tested for release of nitrile ligands by being decomposed in DMSO and phosphate-buffered saline. The complexes were also tested for enzyme inhibition. 4. What were the results? The scholars found that complex 2 is a light-activated inhibitor of human cathepsin K,...
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...ioChapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes The nature of energy and the laws of thermodynamics are discussed, followed by a detailed description of energy transformations that occur within the cell. The chemistry and functions of ATP are described. The role of enzymes in metabolism, oxidation-reduction reactions, and the cellular organelles in which these reactions take place are detailed. Chapter Outline 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy A. Forms of Energy 1. Energy is capacity to do work; cells continually use energy to develop, grow, repair, reproduce, etc. 2. Kinetic energy is energy of motion; all moving objects have kinetic energy. 3. Potential energy is stored energy. 4. Food is chemical energy; it contains potential energy. 5. Chemical energy can be converted into mechanical energy, e.g., muscle movement. B. Two Laws of Thermodynamics 1. First law of thermodynamics (also called the law of conservation of energy) a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. b. In an ecosystem, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis; some of the chemical energy in the plant is converted to chemical energy in an animal, which in turn can become mechanical energy or heat loss. c. Neither the plant nor the animal create energy, they convert it from one form to another. d. Likewise, energy is not destroyed; some becomes heat that dissipates into the environment. ...
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...insight commentary Virtual screening of chemical libraries Brian K. Shoichet Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143-2240, USA (e-mail: shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu) Virtual screening uses computer-based methods to discover new ligands on the basis of biological structures. Although widely heralded in the 1970s and 1980s, the technique has since struggled to meet its initial promise, and drug discovery remains dominated by empirical screening. Recent successes in predicting new ligands and their receptor-bound structures, and better rates of ligand discovery compared to empirical screening, have re-ignited interest in virtual screening, which is now widely used in drug discovery, albeit on a more limited scale than empirical screening. T he dominant technique for the identification of new lead compounds in drug discovery is the physical screening of large libraries of chemicals against a biological target (high-throughput screening). An alternative approach, known as virtual screening, is to computationally screen large libraries of chemicals for compounds that complement targets of known structure, and experimentally test those that are predicted to bind well. Such receptor-based virtual screening faces several fundamental challenges, including sampling the various conformations of flexible molecules and calculating absolute binding energies in an aqueous environment. Nevertheless, the field has...
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...N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid. Acetanilide can be produced by reacting acetic anhydride with aniline (C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH). Acetanilide is used as an inhibitor in hydrogen peroxide and is used to stabilize cellulose ester varnishes. intermediate and camphor synthesis, these were the established uses in intermediation. Acetanilide used in pharmaceutical and intermediates as a precursor in penicillin synthesis. The uses of this organic material have decreased over the past few years due to its toxicity. However, it is still used for some industrial purposes. It has application as an inhibitor in hydrogen peroxide and this compound is also used for stabilizing cellulose ester varnishes. It is applied in the intermediation in accelerator synthesis of rubber. The organic compound is used for manufacturing 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride which is one of the key ingredients for producing sulfa drugs. This compound is used as a precursor for synthesizing pharmaceuticals like penicillin. it was experimentally used as a photographic developer in the The Preparation of Acetanilide and its physical and chemical properties. Acetanilide organic compound is synthesized in a reaction of acetic anhydride with aniline. This production is used in introductory lab classes of acetanilide organic chemistry....
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...Comparing LC50 of Insectisides Pirimicarb and Rotenone on Blowfly, Blowfly larvae, Woodlice and Daphni Abstract The LC50 of insecticides rotenone and pirimicarb were compared by testing blowfly, blowfly larva, woodlice and daphnia. Rotenone is a NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor causing death by oxidative stress however pirimicarb causes toxicity through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. It was found that rotenone had large toxic effects on daphnia, blowflies and woodlice but not maggots and pirimicarb had low toxic effects on all of the organisms tested. Due to the low percentage death caused by pirimicarb a LC50, however in rotenone a LC50 was performed for daphnia, woodlice and blowfly the LC50 for each organism was compared concluding that rotenone was most toxic to daphnia. Introduction Rotenone is a naturally occurring insecticide derived from the root of Derris Ellipitica and Lonchcarpus species (Nass &Przedborski 2008). It is metabolised in the liver by NADP-linked hepatic microsomal enzymes and is both a contact and systemic insecticide. Rotenone can be used as either a specific or a non-specific broad-spectrum insecticide that has been used since 1848 (Gupra 2012) (Nass & Przedborski 2008). Pirimicarb or Dimethyamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-y; N,N-dimethylcarbamate is a synthetic systemic selective insecticide with contact stomach and respiratory action. Pirimicarb was first made by Imperial Chemical Industries and was originally registered in 1974 but...
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...The Way to Heal from Inhibition to Confession Living life may not always be the easiest thing to do, life likes throwing us many difficult challenges throughout our lives. Some people handle these challenges differently than others, some know how to handle situations as in where others don’t. Many people usually don’t know how to deal with difficult situation they tend to inhibit them. A feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way. In order to overcome their difficulties, writing or talking about your problems can serve as a way of healing the body and mind this can help move one from inhibition to confession. After reading various versions of writing on journal writing, they have shown how confession helps people whom inhibit their problems. Throughout some of our readings, Confession and Inhibition, Narration and Argument, Healing through the Written Word, and Writing as a Way of Healing, have demonstrated how people transition from inhibition to confession by the use of writing. Confession and Inhibition by James W. Pennebaker, a social psychologist. He is the Centennial Liberal Arts Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker’s main research focuses on the relationship between natural language use, health, and social behavior, most recently how everyday language reflects basic social and personality processes. Pennebaker starts us off by asking questions “Why do people throughout the world seek...
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...Enzymes • The secret ingredient in living organism is Catalysis, a process performed by protein enzymes. • Their three-dimensional architecture gives them exquisite specificity to select the substrate molecules to which they will bind and on which they will operate. • The scene of operation called “active site” is usually a groove ,cleft or cavity on the surface of the protein. • Enzyme function frequently occurs many times, and in some cases many thousands of times per second. • The miracle of life: a myriad chemical reactions in the cell occur simultaneously with great accuracy and at astonishing speed. • Without the proper enzymes to process the food you eat, it might take you 50 years to digest your breakfast. • Catalysis is probably the most important function of proteins. • Catalysts that serve this function in organism are called enzymes. • With the exception of some recently discovered RNAs that have catalytic activity, all enzymes are proteins. • Enzymes are the most efficient specific catalysts known (increase rate reaction up to 10²º). • Nonenzymatic catalysts (up to 10²-104). • Enzymes are highly specific,even to the point of distinguishing stereoisomers of a given compound. 1)Enzymes are Effective Biological Catalysts 2)Difference between Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Reactions • The rate of the reaction and its thermodynamic favorability are two different topics although so related. • The standard free energy change (ΔG°) is the difference...
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...B. Amantadine and Rimantadine hydrochloride C. Protease inhibitors D. Viruses inactivated by formalin Ans. C Rationale: Prophylaxis is used for Orthomycovirus type A. Amantidine and Rimantadine are drugs used for the treatment. Protease inhibihor is not used because it is for the treatment of retroviruses. Inactivated forms of viruses such as those being inactivated by formalin are used as vaccines. 2. Which organ may be affected by the Reovirus? A. Heart B. Kidney C. Urinary Blader D. Intestines Ans. A Rationale: Heart is the only organ in the choices that is being affected by the Reovirus. It’s diseases is called Myocarditis. 3. Which of the following is the best intervention for Herepesvirus? A. Acyclovir B. Cephalosporin C. Valacyclovir D. Klaricid Ans. C Rationale: Acyclovir may be used for treatment but clinical trials have proven Valacyclovir to be more effective in their “uptake” or absorption by the body than acyclovir. Cephalosporin and Klaricid are antibacterial drugs. 4. Which statement is false about Protease Inhibitors? A. blocks the viral protease enzyme necessary to produce mature virions B. prevent the cleavage of gag and gag/pol precursor proteins C. Examples of drugs used for retroviruses are Lopinavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Amprenavir and Ritonavir D. All of the above Ans. D Rationale: A and B describes the mechanism of Protease Inhibitor while C are examples of drugs commonly used for the treatment...
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...January 30, 2012 Personalized For: Ms. Mary Swift. Medication: Lisinopril Pharmacologic Category: Angiotensin- Converting Enzymes (Ace Inhibitor) you need to know the class of this drug in case you ever have surgery. Some doctors like to give are hold it. This drug may cause Hypotension with mayor surgery. Reason for medication: Treatment for Hypertension (Elevated Blood Pressure). Dosage Range: 10-40mg daily You have been prescribed 40mg daily. Take the first dose at bedtime. Then daily in am at the same time. This drug has other usages but in your case Hypertension. Managing your Blood Pressure. Things to watch for while taking this medication: Hypotension: Medication takes effect within 1-3 hours. (Low blood pressure) Signs will be dizziness, lightheadness. Don’t stop taking the medication without first consulting your doctor. Monitor your blood pressure daily and record it until your next visit with your doctor. He then can determine if the dosage it to how. He and only he can make the changes. Possible Side Effects: Angioedema: signs of swelling involving head & neck this would compromise the airway. Cholestatic Jaundice: A rare toxicity associated with Ace Inhibitors. (Yellowing of the skin or eyes). Cough: A dry hacking cough that persists. (This occurs the first few months of treatment.) Hyperkalemia: Renal dysfunction. (Increase Potassium Levels) Use of potassium- sparing diuretics, potassium supplements and/or potassium containing salts. Use cautiously...
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...have so much of this enzyme? 5. The Cornell researchers took this enzyme from another source to put into what crop plant? What source did they take the enzyme from? 6. In what way is the substitute enzyme more wasteful than the original enzyme? 7. What is it called when Rubisco uses O2 instead of CO2, and why is this a problem? (The answer to this second question is not in the article, you should know this from the snow day class.) 8. How do the bacteria that normally use this enzyme compensate for its wastefulness? 9. Would you eat a (let’s say tomato) that contained this alternative enzyme? Explain why or why not. 10. Would you eat a tomato that has been treated with 1-MCP (the competitive inhibitor to the natural ripening agent which we discussed in class) to delay ripening or prevent over-ripening? Explain why or why...
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...10/1/15 Bioenergetics EXAM 2 Figure 5-5 Types of Biological Work concentration: Na+/ K+ pump • Synthetic (changes in chemical bonds) • Mechanical (changes in location or orientation of a cell or a subcellular structure) • Concentration (movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient) • Electrical (movement of ions across a membrane against electrochemical gradient) • Heat (a useful increase in temperature) • Bioluminescence (production of light) Laws of Thermodynamics First Law: energy in the universe is constant Second Law: entropy of the universe is increasing = the capacity of a system to do work is always decreasing Equation sums these factors: H = G + TS H = total energy G = free energy (available to do work) S = entropy (measure of chaos, not available to do work) T = temperature in degrees Kelvin 1 10/1/15 Free energy (Gibbs’ energy) is available to do work Exergonic and Endergonic reactions Exergonic Energy is released Endergonic catabolic:exergonic anabolic: endergonic Energy is consumed Catalyzed reactions = enzymatic reactions in biological systems catalyst: speed up reaction, by lower Activation energy http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookenzym.html 2 10/1/15 Change in Energy is More Relevant than Absolute Energy Absolute Energy: How much energy is in a piece of wood? - hard to know - hard to measure Change in energy: Change...
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...Enzyme Inhibition Enzyme inhibitors are substances e.g. A drug, toxin, food which inhibits the action of a certain enzyme by inhibiting or decreasing their biosynthesis. Two types of Enzyme Inhibition: 1. Reversible inhibition Inhibitors bind to enzymes through non-covalent bonds, thus dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complex results in dissociation of the reversibly bound inhibitor. • Competitive inhibition: The enzyme inhibitor and the substrate competes to bind reversibly to the same site of the enzyme. E.g. Lipitor, Zocor are statin drugs which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase competitively and inhibit synthesis of cholesterol by lowering plasma cholesterol levels. • Noncompetitive inhibition: Inhibitor binds the enzyme somewhere different from where the substrate binds. The inhibitor binds to the enzyme and reduces its activity but does not affect the binding of substrate. E.g. Lead noncompetitively binds with Ferro chelatase and inhibits insertion of iron into protoporphyrin. 2. Irreversible inhibition...
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...conditions. (Patriquin, M. Rand, T. 2012). Since DPIP is a reducing dye it will absorb the hydrogen ions and electrons from the redox reaction of the TCA cycle between succinate and fumarate producing a discoloration of the dye. The discoloration is measured in percent transmittance of light over 30minutes at 5 minute intervals. The change in dye color is the associated with cellular respiration activity, and will be used to record the cellular respiration rate in mitochondria isolated from pulverized lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) and subsequent effects of different substrate concentration, pH, and metabolic inhibitors . If the difference of light percent transmission produced by (DPIP) can be recorded over time associated with the cellular respiration rate then the rate of cellular respiration of mitochondrion in varying substrate concentrations, pH , and metabolic inhibitor solutions can be tested. The results from these experiments can be generalized and applied to other organisms with similar reactions to such substances. Materials and Methods The procedures employed in this laboratory are described in Cell Physiology and Metabolism Lab...
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...Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) falls in a class of viruses called retroviruses. HIV is a virus infects by invading certain cells of immune system, specifically the white blood cells called T- helper lymphocytes or CD4 cells ,which normally activates other cells in the immune system to fight infection,. HIV. . Over the course of HIV infection, the immune system deteriorated since HIV kills T-helper lymphocytes and the body cannot fight the virus or subsequent infections. Thus, infected person becomes vulnerable to other secondary infections and cancer that are much rarer in healthy inviduals. Person with HIV infection are categorized as those living with HIV and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis. An AIDS diagnosis is made when the presence of HIV is confirmed and the CD4 count drops below 200 cells/mL or after an AIDS indicator condition is diagnosed. Regimens of antiviral drugs can slow the immune system deterioriation in infected patients and extend the life expectancy of those who have developed AIDS. The most common serotype is HIV-1 which is distributed worldwide The RNA viruses which are retroviruses enters CD4 cells by binding to a specialized site which is receptor on a body cell. Then, the virus loses its protective coat and releases RNA, its genetic material , and an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase . The enzyme reverse transcriptase contained inside the viral core to convert their RNA into a form that can enter the...
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