...others adopt a more humane approach? Douglas McGregor, an MIT Sloan School of Management professor, believed that a manager’s actions toward employees were dictated by having one of two basic sets of assumptions about employee attitudes. His two contrasting categories, outlined in his 1960 book, The Human Side of Enterprise, are known as Theory X and Theory Y. According to McGregor, some managers subscribe to Theory X. The main assumptions of Theory X managers are that employees are lazy, do not enjoy working, and will avoid expending energy on work whenever possible. For a manager, this theory suggests employees need to be forced to work through any number of control mechanisms ranging from threats to actual punishments. Because of the assumptions they make about human nature, Theory X managers end up establishing rigid work environments. Theory X also assumes employees completely lack ambition. As a result, managers must take full responsibility for their subordinates’ actions, as these employees will never take initiative outside of regular job duties to accomplish tasks. In contrast, Theory Y paints a much more positive view of employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Under Theory Y, employees are not lazy, can enjoy work, and will put effort into furthering organizational goals. Because these managers can assume that employees will act in the best interests of the organization given the chance, Theory Y managers allow employees autonomy and help them become committed to particular...
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...Instructor’s Manual to Accompany Organizational Behavior 5/e emerging knowledge and practice for the real world by Steven L. McShane and Mary Ann von Glinow Chapter 1 Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior Prepared by: Steven L. McShane, University of Western Australia This Instructor’s Manual 1ile is part of the Instructor’s Resource CDROM for Organizational Behavior: Emerging Knowledge and Practice for the Real World, 5th edition 10‐digit ISBN: 0073364347 13‐digit ISBN: 9780073364346 Published by McGraw‐Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2005, 2003, 2000 by The McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. McGraw-Hill Irwin Chapter 1: Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior 1 Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. De1ine organizational behavior and organizations, and discuss the importance of this 1ield ...
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...CSGB6101 Human Capital Management MANAGING GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE WORKPLACE CASE STUDY OF FELDA Prepared by GROUP 3 : Name | Matrix No. | Phone. No. | E.Mail Address | Khadijah Mohamad Radzi | CGA130056 | 019-6795231 | khadijah.fahim@gmail.com | Nasira Banu Rahim Khan | CGA130106 | 019-3612038 | nasira@bnm.gov.my | Yu Kong Cing | CGA120010 | 012-6842818 | kcyu@fella.com.my | Prepared for DR. MOHAMMAD NAZRI BIN MOHD. NOR Submission Date: 15 May 2014 Due Date: 19 May 2014 Word Count: 3859 Content | Page | 1.0 Executive Summary | 1 | 2.0 Background of Study | 2-6 | 3.0 Problem Statement | 6-8 | 4.0 Research Question | 8 | 5.0 Objectives of Study | 8 | 6.0 Literature Review | 8-9 | 7.0 Discussion | 9-12 | 8.0 Recommendation | 12-15 | 9.0 Conclusion | 15 | 10.0 References | 16 | 11.0 Appendix 1 – Organizational Chart | | 1.0 Executive Summary The purpose of this paper is to study the differences and similarities of four generations of FELDA workers and the implication of it to the organization’s competitiveness. FELDA has been chosen for the study because it is a unique organization involved widely in business as well as community development in 319 Felda Settlements. With a total employee of 3,990 people working locally and overseas...
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...301-01 6.6.12 Theory X, Y, and Z Achieving a clear understanding of human nature is an important aspect of management in the work place. In order for managers and workers to work together as an effective and productive unit, the workers must know how they fit into the overall scheme of things, and the managers must have a clear understanding of how they can maximize productivity by supporting their employees through the appropriate leadership style. These theories explain various aspects of the relationship that exits between management and workers in areas such as motivation, leadership, power, and conflict in order to maximize productivity. Theory X This theory holds the belief that people do not like work and that some kind of direct pressure and control must be exerted to get them to work effectively. These people require a rigidly managed environment, usually requiring threats of disciplinary action as a primary source of motivation. It is also held that employees will only respond to monetary rewards as an incentive to perform above the level of that which is expected. Theory Y This theory assumes that people are creative and eager to work. Workers tend to desire more responsibility than Theory X workers, and have strong desires to participate in the decision making process. Theory Y workers are comfortable in a working environment which allows creativity and the opportunity to become personally involved in organizational planning. Theory Z This theory deals with...
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...Braden Division of Business & Economics Lecture: Theory Z Participative Management Styles: Theory Z - William Ouchi During the 1970s, when Japanese-style management was all the rage, William Ouchi, took the Theory X, Theory Y concept one step further: Theory Z. This is the participative model. Ouchi was born and educated in America, but was of Japanese descent. He visited Japan and studied their success with team and participative management and developed this theory. Assumptions about: Workers' motivation. Theory X The Theory X manager assumes that the only motivation that works for employees is $$money$$. Theory Y The Theory Y manager assumes that employees are motivated by their needs to fulfill their social, esteem, selfactualization, and security. The Theory Y manager believes that employees see work as a natural activity and will seek out opportunities to have increased responsibility and understanding of their tasks. The Theory Y manager believes that workers will respond best to favorable working conditions that do not pose threats or strong control. Theory Z The Theory Z manager assumes that employees are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be a part of something worthwhile -- the self-actualization need. The Theory Z manager believes that employees will not only seek out opportunities for responsibility, in fact, they crave opportunities to advance and learn more about the company. The Theory Z manager believes that employees should learn the business...
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... ✓ Nature of Motivation 5 ✓ Types of Needs 6 ✓ Motivation & behaviour 7 ✓ Motivation & performance 8 ✓ Role of Motivation 9 ➢ Theories of Motivation ✓ Maslow’s need hierarchy 10 ✓ Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory 11-13 ✓ Equity Theory 14-16 ✓ McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 17-22 ✓ Theory Z 23 ✓ Alderfer’s ERG Theory 24-25 ✓ McClelland’s need theory 26 ✓ Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 27 ✓ Case Study 28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our gratitude to Professor R.K Singh for encouraging us to prepare the term paper .The term paper would not have been completed without his able guidance and ideas. It was our opportunity to work with such a literate .Our sincere thanks...
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...Welcome to the Organisational Behaviour Forum Organizational Behaviour Overview of Organizational Behavior Theoretical Framework • Defining Organizational Behavior • Historical Background for Modern Organizational Behavior • Challenges Faced by Management • Organizational Behavior Model Defining Organizational Behavior • Organizational Behavior is an academic discipline concerned with predicting, understanding, describing, and controlling human behavior in an organizational environment. • OB has evolved from early classical management theories into a complex school of thought—and it continues to change in response to the dynamic environment and proliferating corporate cultures in which today's businesses operate. • The task of getting organizations to function effectively is a difficult one. Defining Organizational Behavior • Understanding one individual's behavior is a challenging problem in and of itself. A group, made up of different individuals and multiple relationships among those individuals, is even more complex… In the fact of this overwhelming complexity, Organizational Behavior must be managed. Defining Organizational Behavior • Ultimately the work of organizations gets done through the behavior of people, individually or collectively, on their own or in collaboration with technology. Thus, central to the management task is the management of Organizational Behavior. • To do this, there must be the capacity to understand the patterns of behavior...
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...Running head: Evolution of Management Principles The Evolution of Management Principles Tim Akers American Public University 20 April 2013 ABSTRACT In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Evolution of Management Principles The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was...
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...Evolution of Management The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was scientific management.[1] It was introduced in an attempt to create a mental revolution in the workplace. It can be defined as the systematic study of work methods in order to improve efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor was its main contributor. Other major contributors were Frank Gilbreth, Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt. Scientific management has several major principles. 1st - it calls for the application of the scientific method to work in order to determine the best method for accomplishing each task. 2nd - scientific management suggests that workers should be scientifically selected based on their qualifications and...
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...The Evolution of Management Theories Management Theories Industrial Revolution (1700’s – 1800’s) - Moved from Agrarian to Manufacturing Society - Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations - Division of labor (pin factory example) Scientific Management (1890’s – 1930’s) - Frederick Taylor - Time & Motion Studies - “Fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work” Management Theories Bureaucracy – Max Weber (1930’s – 1950’s) - All activities follow the organizational hierarchy - Strong lines of authority & control - Formal selection, rules & regulations - Only qualified persons are employed (no nepotism) Management Theories Humanistic Management (1930’s – 1970’s) Hawthorne Studies - Elton Mayo – Father of Human Relations - Western Electric Plant in Hawthorne, IL - “”Hawthorne Effect”; “Spotlight Effect” Management Theories POSDCORB (1937) - Luther Gulick Management by Objectives (1954) - Peter Drucker - Goals are set for employee to achieve - People end up working for themselves Theory X & Theory Y (1960) - Douglas McGregor Theory X & Theory Y Theory X People do not really want to work. They are self-interested and prefer leisure over work. If managers relax, sloppiness sets in. Theory Y Workers find work enjoyable & satisfying “Work is Play” Workers will exercise self-direction and self-control. Workers can solve problems creatively. Theory X People do not really want to work. They are self-interested and prefer leisure over work. Managers have to structure...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE | PAGE | INTRODUCTION | 2 | THEORY X | 3 | HOW TO MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY X | 4 | THEORY Y | 5 | HOW MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY Y | 6 | THEORY Z | 7 | HOW TO MOTIVATE OTHERS BY USING THEORY Z | 8 | THEORY ANALYSIS, COMPARISONS & CONTRASTS | 9-10 | OPINION | 11 | REFERANCE | 12 | INTRODUCTION Employee motivation can be as individual or people who work for you. The success of your business can almost always be traced back to motivated employees. From productivity and profitability to recruiting and retention, hardworking and happy employees lead to success. Unfortunately, motivating people is far from an exact science. There's no secret formula, no set calculation, no work sheet to fill out. In fact, motivation can be as individual as the employees who work for you. One employee may be motivated only by money. Another may appreciate personal recognition for a job well done. Still another may work harder if she has equity in the business. But you can boil down employee motivation to one basic ideal which is find out what your employees want and find a way to give it to them or to enable them to earn it. Employees are essentially the most important aspect of an organization. Managers strive to motivate their employees so that they are willing to perform at their highest levels. When employees work hard, come to work regularly and continue making positive contributions to the organization, the business will be able...
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...PROJECT IN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (BA230) GROUP 1 BSBA-3106 Submitted By: Submitted To: Leader: Tarras, Joyce Ann Mrs. Maritess Paclita Diallo Members: Bernal, Elizabeth Francisco, Leny Generan, Geralyngen Jadulco, Anna Lizardo, Mary rose Pamutongan, Jhanisa Recaña, Edraline Rivera, Kennedy P. Togoto, Mary Jane LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS • Leadership the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals. •Leadership is a way for talented individuals to share their perspectives and knowledge by influencing others. Using their own charisma and influence, leaders should have the ability to inspire others to learn more, do more and become more. — Jeet Banerjee, • Effective leaders develop a level of self-awareness and a capacity to monitor their own learning and development because they know that leadership attributes can be defined ,learned, practiced, improved and passed on to others. • An essential part of a quality improvement effort. Organization leaders must establish a vision, communicate that vision to those in the organization and provide the tools and knowledge necessary to accomplish the vision. THE FIVE RULES...
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...Objectives 1. Define human relations and determine why its study is important. 2. Summarize early studies that laid the groundwork for understanding employee motivation. 3. Compare and contrast the human-relations theories of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg. 4. Investigate various theories of motivation, including Theories X, Y, and Z; equity theory; and expectancy theory. 5. Describe some of the strategies that managers use to motivate employees. 6. Critique a business’s program for motivating its sales force. Key Terms and Definitions |behavior modification |Changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to | | |behavior itself. | |classical theory of motivation |A theory that suggests that money is the sole motivator for workers. | |compressed workweek |A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours. | |equity theory |An assumption that how much people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their | | |assessment of the fairness, or equity, of the rewards they will receive in exchange. | |esteem needs |The need for respect—both self-respect and respect...
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...Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, G eneration Y (and Generation Z) Working Together WHAT MATTERS AND HOW THEY LEARN? h ow different are they? fact and fiction Executive Office, Talent Management Team United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund New York Secretariat Headquarters Overcoming Generational Gap in the Workplace Rational for Introducing the Generational Communication Gap into the Workplace Casey Carlson!& Deloitte & Touche Study ! Fundamental Questions! Where does your personal view fall in the following generational change spectrum? Level 5: “The generation of people in the top boxes is the only one that matters…the rest just need to grow up or shut up.” Level 3: “The generational change is an emerging issue within our organization but we haven’t done much about it.” Level 2: “We view generational change as an emerging opportunity.” Level 1: “We’re actively changing the work culture to harness! the power of generational change.” Differences in Opinion and Attitude “This generational stuff is just socially acceptable stereotyping…politically correct rationale offered for immature behavior” “When is someone going to ask me what I need?” “Doesn’t everyone want the same thing anyway?” “Even if this generational stuff were true, this is still planet earth and we know how our business needs to be run for it to be a success” “Can we go back to work now? These kids will either get with the program or they’ll leave just like they always...
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...influence on managamnet as a whole, since this was the first time managament was considered a science. Frederic Taylor, who is considered to be the father of scientific managament, started developing scietific managament in 1880's. After his theories became famous, there were many more followers of scientific managamanet and many other theorists, like Douglas McGregor. Douglas McGreorg was born in 1906, received quality edcuation, peeking with the Ph.D. form Harward University in 1935. (The Economist) He is most famous for his book "The Human Side of Enterprise", thus his theoy of X and Y. McGregor theorizes that management should view the employees' motivation for work in two distinct ways, Theory X and Theory Y. Theory x is authoritative and it assumes that workers naturally do not like to work and that managers have to make effort to make the employees work. (The Economist) The following are principles of Theory X: 1) The average worker naturally does not like work and will avoid it whenever possible. (2 Managers must always control, motivate, and direct their employees to perform well. (3 Most workers prefer being directed, avoid responsibility, and seek job...
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