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Cryptographic Protection of Computer Information Date: June 26, 2004, Source: Computer Crime Research Center, By: Natalya Akhtyrskaya Cryptooperation is a process of replacement and/or rearrangement of some or another symbols (bytes, bits) of an initial message using a special algorithm in accordance with the given key (a kind of a password). There are two types of cryptooperation in cryptology: symmetrical and asymmetrical. The first is sometimes called “a one-key cipher” or a cipher with a secret key. Symmetry lies in one secret key used for encryption and deciphering of one message. Symmetrical ciphers are best suited for cases when computer information is just stored on the hard disk, floppies or other mediums. One-key ciphers are very foolproof, but are rarely used when, for example, you may need to send a closed message through e-mail. The answer is that if the user protects his letter with a symmetrical cipher, then he needs to send a key by some other way. However many users regard that this way cannot absolutely guarantee total inviolability of the message in transit.
Therefore another kind of cryptooperation is of special interest. Otherwise it can be named a two-key cipher or a public-key cipher. The key for deciphering differs from the key used at encryption. These ciphers use one key to encipher the message and a different key to decipher the message. This allows the enciphering key to be exposed without the code being compromised. This cipher is much slower than the symmetric cipher and so is usually used to send the key to a symmetric cipher. To prevent others from seeing the message between the two ciphers, most public key ciphers use an authentication device as well. This gives an assurance that a message has not been modified in transit or storage. Algorithms of asymmetric ciphers use mathematical function of multiplication of two

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