...summarise the findings based on historical evidence and theories to explore the mystery of Otzi the Iceman. The iceman is one of the oldest mummies in the world and is also a ‘wet mummy’ which means humidity is retained in individual cells and as such the body tissue is elastic and therefore suitable for performing scientific investigations. The iceman is also a natural mummy having had no burial rites or any other intervention. There is mystery around the death of the iceman and also controversy when he was first found as to whether he was discovered on Austrian or Italian soil. It is very unique that a Neolithic man has been found preserved along with much of his clothing and possessions intact. Location of Discovery Otzi...
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...Otzi the Iceman was a great scientific discovery. The discovery of “The Iceman” opened up huge gate to the past. In doing so it created many question. What was he doing in Alps Mountains? How long ago did he die? And What killed him? Scientists studded him for years looking for the answers. These questions were all answered to the best of their abilities. He died 5,000 years ago and had with him a copper axe; which dates the Neolithic age 5,000 years farther than scientist first thought the Neolithic age took place. That question was answered to its fullest. But, why he was is the in Alps Mountains and how he died were all answered in a way that everyone thought was correct. The arrow in the back does give some suspicion that he was murdered. The theories that most of the scientist gave were either he was killed in some sort of clan war, or he was murdered by...
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...Anthropologists believe that humans have been tattooing themselves for thousands of years, since at least 3250 B.C., says Marilyn Scallan in the article, “Ancient Ink: Iceman Otzi has Worlds Oldest Tattoos.” The first record of a tattooed human is Otzi, also known as the iceman (Scallan). According to Scallan, he was found buried along the border between Austria and Italy, in the possession of 61 tattoos. The article, “Looking at the World’s Tattoos” by the Smithsonian Magazine, writes that the art of tattooing has been practiced throughout the entire world at some time, from the native Americans, to Japan, India, New Guinea, and Europe. For over 2000 years, the many tribes and people living in Polynesia have had tattooing as an important cultural...
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...a corpse that is 5, 3000 year old. The find of Otzi shocked many scientist and archaeologist because it was an extraordinary find and scientists were shocked at that his body has been unharmed for numerous amounts of years and no animal has eaten on the remains of the corpse. There are many theories which conclude to the why the iceman has been preserved all these years. Scientists believe that Otzi was covered by layer of ice after his death because his body has not been disturbed; therefore...
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...Oksana Pervushina ANT 2511 Questions Module 13 1. What information has been discovered regarding his diet and lifestyle? Ice and cold weather have done a great job of reserving the iceman so well that scientist were able to identify his age and last meals. Approximately he had two meals before his death, but both included grain, possibly in the form of herb bread, roots and fruits. First meal, possibly consumed in a mid-altitude, consisted of ibex meat and einkorn. Second meal before his death was red deer meat and fresh vegetables. It is unclear of the food was cooked, but researchers have discovered ash scruples possibly from cooking on fire. Also evidence, isotope lodged in teeth animal, shows that people in this part of Europe, Valle Isarco, survived by agriculture and keeping animals. But other researches have studies his knees and discovered evidence of wear and tear caused by daily running and hunting routine. Also, Otzi’s tools, cooper blade ax, iron arrows, a firestarter, a dagger, support the theory that iceman have had hunting lifestyle and perhaps he was a leader in his village because of all fine weapons. 2. Did Otzi have tattoo’s?? If so, how many and what might they represent culturally? Otzi’s body has 57 tattoos bluish-black color in the forms of lines and crosses made with charcoal that was rubbed in his skin. Other scientists propose that tattoos were made from fireplace soot and injected beneath the skin with a bone or wooden needle. Archeologists...
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...Discovered on September the 19th 1991, Otzi the Iceman is Europe’s oldest preserved mummy, living around the time of 3,300 BCE. Discovered in a deep, cold place in the Otzal Alps, Otzi had been discovered by 2 hikers, where Otzi was in a melting glacier. One theory suggests that Otzi had hiked up to the mountains after battling in conflict, where Otzi tried to find some rest, but hypothermia had found him instead. With Otzi was some magnificent equipment and high quality clothing that represent his time, a hide coat, loincloth, bearskin cap, leggings, shoes, belt, pouch, axe, dagger, bow, quiver, arrows, backpack, net, containers and a first aid kit. Clothing like the hide coat, loin cloth, bearskin cap, leggings and shoes (the oldest kind in the world) represent Otzi’s good quality life, where Otzi was prepared, warm and had a vast knowledge of survival. Equipment like the copper bladed axe, a bow, quiver and arrow, backpack, net and first aid kit indicate Otzi’s handiwork, lifestyle and weapons ready for survival and conflict. About two feet long, the copper axe was made from a portion of the trunk of a yew tree, with the handle coming from the trunk, and the shaft came from the branch, and the copper blade fitted in by a leather binding, allowing maximum durability. The Iceman’s dagger and sheath (made by the inner bark of a lime tree) was around 5 inches long, with its flint blade resembling an arrowhead, connecting to the wooden handle. However, the handle was split...
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...the dermis layer of skin to change the pigment. Tattoos are known from the ancient times. The original meaning of tattoo were the ritual rites. In many cultures the only people who could wear tattoos were the Chiefs of the tribes. Only someone who killed an enemy and got his tattooed head could wear tattoos. The most popular way of tattooing that time was the facial tattooing called “Moko” which is still being used nowadays. ‘Moko’ facial tattoo History of tattooing The earliest record of tattoos was found in 1991 on the frozen remains of Ötzi the “Iceman” who was dated from the 4th to 5th millennium BC. His lower back, left wrist, right and left ankle, behind his left knee and foot were worked with several dots and lines, made by “rubbing powdered charcoal into vertical cuts”. These tattoos are thought to be made to reduce the pain, because their placement resembles acupuncture. Ötzi, the “Iceman”, 1991. Egypt was another place with a long large number of mummies found covered with tattoos – at first lines and dots, later images representing different gods. As much as Egyptians were expanding their empire, the art of tattooing spread as well to other civilizations like: Crete, Greece, Persia, Arabia, and finally around 2000 BC it spread to China. It is believed that Greeks were using tattoos for communication between spies, Romans marked criminals and slaves. Over the time Romans attitudes towards tattoos changed. While fighting with an army...
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...Gavin explains what exactly a tattoo is and goes into more depth on the risks, procedures for both getting and removing a tattoo, and the care process after the tattoo is finished. Gavin writes, “a tattoo is a puncture wound, made deep in the skin, that's filled with ink. It's made by penetrating into the skin with a needle and injecting ink into the area, usually creating some sort of design.” Tattoos are usually viewed in a negative light, however, Dr. Gavin helps shine light on the subject by writing the truth about tattoos and explaining how a tattoo is actually done. Tattooing was recorded to begin around the European Copper Age, in Italy on a man by the name of Ötzi the Iceman, in 3500-3100 B.C. Based on an article by Jarrett A. Lobell and Eric A. Powell, entitled “Ancient Tattoos,” Lobell and Powell write, “Ötzi [was] covered in more than 50 tattoos...
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...On November 18, 1978, Jim Jones, leader of the Peoples Temple cult, ordered all his followers living in his Jonestown compound to drink poisoned grape-flavored punch in order to commit mass suicide. On that day, 912 people (including 276 children) died in what has become known as the Jonestown Massacre. How could one person convince over 900 others to commit suicide? Well, Jim Jones had been planning to carry out this "revolutionary act" of mass suicide for quite some time. To ensure full compliance, Jones had staged practice runs, called "White Nights," in which he would order everyone to drink what he told them was poisoned punch. After everyone had stood around for about 45 minutes or so, he would then tell them that this had been a loyalty test. The Dots in Pac-Man When the Pac-Man video game was released in 1980, it quickly became an international sensation. As kids and adults alike moved the pie-shaped Pac-Man character around the screen, they tried to eat up lots of dots without themselves getting eaten by ghosts. But how many dots were they trying to eat? It turns out that each level of Pac-Man had the exact same number of dots -- 240. Lincoln Logs Created by Frank Lloyd Wright's Son Lincoln Logs is a classic children's toy that has been played by millions of children for decades. The toy usually comes in a box or cylinder and includes both brown "logs" and green slats for roofs, which children use to build their own frontier house or fort. Despite playing...
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...Egyptians, the Japanese, the Chinese, and more all have elaborate art histories whether it is buried in the pyramids, the temples, the sculptures, or caves but how has our history books in school forgotten to mention the important history hidden in tattoos? Tattoos have many meanings, and they are different all over the world and there past leads directly to the present and if history repeats itself it may even tell us something about our future. In this essay creating a timeline to conclusively draw a line through history too today and understand the many traditions our culture still possesses. Tattoos are a common part of our life because of recent discoveries we can give tattoos a past that leads to the present. Iceman 3200 B.C. Tattoos are part of our life but we forget that they are not new, in fact tattoos have been around longer than we can significantly date. According to Lineberry, (n.d) the ”oldest man to this date found is believed to have lived 5,200 years ago and possessed about 57 tattoos all over his body in dot like formations, scientists believe because of the placement of the tattoos that they were most likely to have been used for therapeutic purposes.” This information provides evidence that tattoos date back to at least this time maybe much longer but this does provide science with a starting point. It can be assumed the because of the placement that tattoos were socially accepted as a form of healing. Dating...
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...Cookie monster It was winter and the cold air filled my lungs and the frost numbed my toes. I was at the school which was just down the street. The ground had frost on it like cotton candy. I was biking on the grass as the frost hit my face like a rock hitting a balloon. I was with my friend who was in a thick red coat and turquoise pants. I wore black plaid pants and a green jacket. “What do you want to do?” I asked as I made a snow angel in the fluffy frost. The angel was cold and felt like I was covered in ice like Otzi (the Iceman). My friend looked like he was debating going back to my house but he was making snow angels like he was having a lot of fun. After I finished making snow angels with my friend Justin, we went behind the school building to hop off of stairs and talk together. “Do you want to go make cookies now? My mom needs to give them to friends anyway.” I asked as I was hopping off a set of stairs. As I hopped down, the...
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...History of tatto in the world Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since Neolithic times. Ötzi the Iceman, dating from the fourth to fifth millennium BC, was found in the Ötz valley in the Alps and had some 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle. These tattoos were thought to be a form of healing because of their placement which resembles acupuncture.[19] Other mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered, such as the Mummy of Amunet from ancient Egypt and the mummies at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau.[5] Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts. The Picts were famously tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate, war-inspired black or dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars (54 BC). Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes. Tattooing in the Western world today has its origins in the maritime expeditions, throu the contact with amerindian tribes and Polynesia, by sixteenth - eighteenth century explorers. Especially the Polynesian practice became popular among European sailors, from them they took the Samoan word "tatau", to describe the actual...
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...process of pricking and ingraining an indelible pigment. The word tattoo is said to have came from two different origins the Polynesian word ‘ta’ which means striking something and the Tahitian word ‘tatau’ which means ‘to mark something (“Tattoo Temple”). Many people across the world have tattoos in all different sizes, colors, and places. Each person who has a tattoo has gotten it for one reason or another. It is amazing how long tattoos have been around for. One fact obtained from doing research is, “Believe it or not, some scientists say that certain marks on the skin of the Iceman, a mummified human body dating from about 3300 B.C., are tattoos” (Krcmarik). It is very interesting to know that tattoos have been around for this many years, it was until 1991 when the tattoos were discover on the Iceman by scientist Otzi. It is incredible how they were still able to discover these markings on the Iceman after so many years of being frozen. Many people over look tattoos as dumb useless art on the body, but many tattoos have a symbolic meaning. Throughout history many different cultures and native tribes have had strong symbolic meanings towards their tattoos. It is amazing how many different meanings a tattoo has and the reason for getting the tattoo. If people in society were more aware of the history of tattooing and how far it has grown into the beautiful art that it is today then society would be...
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...On each end of the bow there are usually groves notched out allowing the string to stay secured. When the string is pulled backwards there is comprehensive force on the section of the bow called the belly. When the string is released it sets the arrow into flight. The favored woods for bow making seem to be elm and yew. Arrow shafts are made out of a variety of woods, in which the length depends on the size of the bow, the person, and/or culture. Otzi the iceman was discovered in 1991 by two German hikers in the Alps – his shafts were made of the wayfaring tree. Arrowheads and projectile points are made from stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, and iron. Arrowheads are the most easily identified artifact of the bow and arrow. During the Stone Age years arrows were “V” shaped stone that was deliberately chipped to a point on one end. Not all arrowheads are “V” shaped, and there were many sharp points at that end of projectiles, not just arrows. Early bowstrings were usually made out of animal guts and sinew. The first bows to come about were called self-bows, which depended on the elasticity of the wood, unlike the composite...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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