...Perception and Individual decision-making (Robertson) Perception Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Factors that influence it Attribution theory The attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual’s behaviour is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviours are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual whereas externally caused behaviour is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. * Determinants of attribution 1. Distinctiveness: what we want to know is whether behaviour is unusual, if so we are likely to give it an external attribution. If not we will probably judge the behaviour to be internal. 2. Consensus: behaviour shows consensus when everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way. If consensus is high you will probably give an external attribution to the individual’s behaviour whereas if the consensus is low it will be attributed to an internal cause. 3. Consistency: does the person respond the say way over time? The more consistent the behaviour is the more we are inclined to attribute it to internal factors. ...
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...Presentation script Good afternoon Ladies and Gentlemen, and welcome to our first quarter results presentation. Here with me is Stefano Cao and together we will be pleased to answer your questions at the end of the presentation. In the first quarter of 2008 the Brent price reached new highs averaging 97 $ per barrel and increasing by approximately 68% compared to the first quarter of 2007. The European refining margin averaged 3.8$/bbl, increasing by 25% compared to the first quarter of 2007. The margins realized by our own refineries underperformed the trend of the benchmark indicators: this is because our refineries yields are less geared to diesel products, which performed strongly, and more weighted on fuel oil which quoted at a strong discount vs diesel. Finally, the euro showed an appreciation of 14% versus the US dollar compared to the same period of last year. As usual, I would like to remind you that Eni’s results are affected by several issues, including the seasonal factor affecting the demand for natural gas and petroleum products used for residential heating, the demand for which is highest in the first quarter of the year, the coldest months, and lowest in the third quarter, the warmest months. Therefore, Eni’s operating profit and change in net debt in the first quarter cannot be extrapolated for the full year. Having said this, I am very pleased to announce record quarterly adjusted results. Indeed, adjusted net profit amounted to 3.1 billion euro up around 14%...
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...Utilizing Rational and Perception Decision-Making A decision could lead us to satisfactory outcomes or, unfortunately a disastrous situation. Especially in the world of business, the complexity and uncertainty of the environment make the process of decision-making very significant in the execution of management. Top managers may differ in style in having decision-making. Some tend to rely on a rational decision making approach while some tend to rely on perceptual decision-making. Some may argue that decision-making is about perception rather than rational, therefore, managers should concentrate on perception decision-making. Instead, these two methods have a completely different process and doctrine. Therefore, due to distinct circumstances, managers should decide which one is more appropriate or even combining the two kind of style to make a wise decision. The following essay will first demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of both rational and perception decision-making style, then try to examine how they can be combined to optimize the outcome. According to Mintzberg and Wesley (2001), the process of rational decision-making begins with defining the environment, followed by diagnosing the situation, then designing possible alternatives for settlement and finally selecting the optimal solution to undertake. This process emphasizes on planning and analyzing based on known facts. In other words, to begin, managers should first undertake market research in order to...
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...Assignment: Perception and Decision Making MGT/245 People’s perceptions help define their viewpoints. Perception comes to people through their senses. Perception means “the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding.” (Dictionary.com). From a different perspective, perception means organizing, understanding, receiving, and selecting information that can sometimes result in a disagreement. People that view things from their own perspective has the highest potential of things leading to a disagreement, because different viewpoints has a lot of different perspectives on how stuff should be accomplished. It is pretty much inevitable, within an organization, that the employees will not always be content and agree with their views of behavior, job tasks, working conditions, benefits, and pay rates. The aspects of perception has to do with how certain tasks and information is selected, understood, and organized. These are all the decision making faculties and they drastically differ from one to another. With the current research beginning, it has begun to support the theory called “active perception”. Within this theory, a dynamic relationship exists between the perceptions of the senses, the surrounding environment, and the brain. Academics have really supported the theory called “passive perception”. The “passive perception” theory has a view of perception where a stimulus is in the environment that is processed by the...
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...The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process. Your name Name of Institution The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process Perception is more important than reality. It doesn’t matter what is reality if a person views it differently. One’s behavior is a direct result of the way he or she sees things. Two people may experience an event together, a car accident, for example; when interviewed there will be similarity in their accounts, but each will have a unique interpretation of the details. Why is this? According to Stephen P. Robbins, “The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important,” (Robbins, 2005, p. 134). Because people act on their perceptions, each person’s perception is his or her reality. This explains how reality can be different for different people. Perception must be considered in organizational behavior. Perception effects management decisions, whether deciding to hire a new employee, giving a performance review, or making a major decision regarding the direction to take their business. Perception also determines an employee’s job satisfaction and performance. Factors influencing perception are threefold, the perceiver, the situation, and the target or subject (Robbins, 2005, p. 135). One interprets situations or information in light of his or her own attitudes and experiences. If a person has had positive experiences in a similar situation, or with a similar type of manager...
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...The Role of Perception in decision-making process. TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process In: The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process. Your name Name of Institution The Role of Perception in the Decision Making Process Perception is more important than reality. It doesn’t matter what is reality if a person views it differently. One’s behavior is a direct result of the way he or she sees things. Two people may experience an event together, a car accident, for example; when interviewed there will be similarity in their accounts, but each will have a unique interpretation of the details. Why is this? According to Stephen P. Robbins, “The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important,” (Robbins, 2005, p. 134). Because people act on their perceptions, each person’s perception is his or her reality. This explains how reality can be different for different people. Perception must be considered in organizational behavior. Perception effects management decisions, whether deciding to hire a new employee, giving a performance review, or making a major decision regarding the direction to take their business. Perception also determines an employee’s job satisfaction and performance...
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...The decision making is about both perception and rationality towards the problem or situation. Both decision makings are not perfect in an economic view, and both involve consequences that may arise. The rational decisions presuppose the best possible outcome and also reduce chances of potential risks and biases in the decision making process. Despite its accuracy, most everyday life decisions are made by individual’s perceptions due to its high demand in time and bound rationality. The perceptual decision makings are quick-step thinking process and can be effective in everyday activities. However, these perceptual decisions can be impinged upon the perceptual errors or distortions, leading to failure in selecting right decisions. In economic view, these perceptual decisions can be employed by entrepreneurs or managers to increment their assets of the organisations. Therefore manager should concentrate on both rationality and perception to make more appropriate decision making. The rational decision making is a systematic process in identifying problems and generating most logical, effective choice to address the problem. To make rational decisions, the information must be sufficient and reliable, and low on risk level. The decision’s rationality depends on the specification of models, and different models impose different rational decisions. Managers evaluate these rational decisions and select the optimal decision. Marcel (2011, p. 371) states that a real-life decision problems...
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...ethical issues they will meet in two markets to make decisions. The essay will be mainly focus on using six pathways to make decision in China market. The right decisions will make investors invest on them and they can raise money from them. Main body Decision making can be made through six different ways. Throughput Model highlights the various pathways in which ethical reasoning can affect a decision may be helpful for future decision. The first pathway is P-D (perception-decision). The fashion designer of ABC Company is a British. As what he thinks, fashion is to pursue personal’s beauty. So the clothes he designs are tightly shape or sexy which can represent a beauty of human body. The company sell them to China. As a result, it does not receive an expectation marketing share. The reason is that the designer is based on its own perception (P) for fashion without considering Chinese traditional culture before making a decision (D). Clothing forming China is not as important as that in UK or US. Chinese pay more attention to the artistic conception not the character’s body. It can also be seen that Chinese and Americans have different values. Americans are more likely to realize their own value, while Chinese are more likely harmonious. As the information is incomplete, or inadequately understood, only based on perception, the company could not make cloths a differentiation. They will make a wrong decision and will have no competitive advantages in China...
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...Organizational Behavior As part of an organization, employers and employees are constantly posed with challenges of making the rational decisions so as to reach an optimal outcome for the business. However, research has repeatedly demonstrated that in the real world, most decision making in organizations are not completely rational. Person perception is the main issue in organizational behavior and decision making for the fact that based on M.J. Martinko et al.’s (2007) assertion the limited information or immediate impressions of employee performance could result in an inaccurate perceptual judgment made by the employers. In an attempt to explain the ways in which people form perceptions about each other, this essay will examine the influence of the attribution theory towards decision-making and illustrate three common biases and errors that distort the attribution formation through the application of three mini-case. This essay will also discuss the importance of attribution theory in relation to organizational behavior as well as decision-makers in organizations. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals perceive and infer causality (Robert E. Ployhart and Crystal M. Harold, 2004). Johns et al. (2007) also state that the attribution theory is an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviors refer to the behaviors which are under individual control while externally caused...
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...Perception and Decision Making Sharon P The controller introduced the office to the new employee; I had a feeling that she would not last a month in her new position. She was confident about her skills but she seemed overwhelmed by how we function in the office. When meeting new people within an organization you begin to watch, listen and learn how they are going to function. Working in a big company just by word of mouth you get a feel of the people that are going to be around you on a daily basis. Making quick judgments or selective perception of people could possibly bring down the morale of an organization. You not only hinder the ability of all people to work together, but because you already have bad feelings toward a person (s), you fail to work together and instead hinder yourself from being a better employee or co-worker. If we use the halo effect of perception one bad characteristic of a person could also cloud the way we work together. At the time of the first meeting, that person could have had outside factors that have either made them seem distant or even uptight. Now if the person seems to be the happiest person in the world on the first meeting and you think that they will be the best person to work with could also side swipe you when you find out that they actually have a really bad attitude when they do not get there way. The contrast effect would probably be one of the worst perception shortcuts that we could ever use in an organization. When we let...
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...4- Motivation 5- perception 6- Communication 7- Groups and teams 8- Managing change 9- Decision making 1-Organization structure topics to you use * basic elements of organization structure : span of control , centralization , formalization , departmentalization , authority * Organization decision model : Mechanistic model and organic model * Types of organization : boundary less organization and virtual organization 2-organization culture topics to use * Three layers of organizational culture model : Artifacts, values and assumptions * Hofsted’s four value dimensions : power distance , uncertainty avoidance , individualism and masculinity * Culture’s function * Organizational culture 3- Leadership: * Characteristics of effective leadership * Types of leadership : autocratic, bureaucratic , democratic , transactional and transformational leaderships * Leadership theories : Blanchard’s situation theory and path goal theory * Leadership model : fielder’s contingency model 4- motivation: * Motivation process * Theories of motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator hygiene theory , Vroom’s expected theory and Adams’s equity theory 5-perception: * The perceptual process: observation , selection and translation * Causes of perception : stereotyping , halo effects, similar to me errors , situational perception , needs and perception and attribution theory...
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...The Merger: Transition Plan I ORG 502 September 18, 2009 Transition Plan I The purpose of this Transition Plan is to document the process of changes that are necessary to make the merger-acquisition succeed for Merger’s Inc. First the discussion highlights issues that occur during a transition followed by utilization of motivation concepts. Next, this plan will discuss the importance of employee job satisfaction in relation to departmental performance. Lastly, a brief discussion will ensue regarding perceptions and their role in decision making. Expected issues with merger A number of problems will manifest before, during, and after the merger and acquisition process. One key element to be considered is job roles. “Some executives may have a bitter taste in their mouths about how negotiations unfolded or be resentful of the outcome, causing hard feelings about titles, roles, responsibilities and compensation” (Miles & Bennett, 2008, p. 60). In addition, rumors and cliques can be damaging to companies in the midst of a merger and acquisition; for example, “Cliques are harmful because they contribute significantly to information asymmetries within the top management team and slow down the team’s development” (Miles & Bennett 2008, p. 63). Rumors create misinformation and elevate uncertainty amongst all lines of employment from the top, down. Rumors must be contained and eliminated immediately. The selection process during and after a merger and...
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...Perception plays an important part in determining whether or not an applicant will get a job offer following an employment interview.The perceptual error that is affecting recruiters’ perceptions in this case is the halo perceptual error. The halo effect influences the interviewer’s perceptions of the applicant based the applicant’s answers to questions. The recruiter then develops a corresponding overall positive or negative impression of the applicant. According to Rosenweig (2007), applicants answers can and have been judged as either intelligent or unintelligent based simply on the name of the university they attended and how well known it is. Of course name recognition is not the only instance in which the halo effect can determine employment selection. Looks or attractiveness tend to lead to the halo effect in hiring too. Attractive candidates are perceived as having more favorable and agreeable qualities, they are trusted more and the expectations of them are higher. The unfortunate thing is that these halo errors can and have caused the right candidate to be overlooked while the wrong candidate is chosen due to nothing more than another person’s skewed perception. While there is actually nothing in the case study that deals directly with stereotyping in a technical sense, there is still conscious and unconscious stereotyping that occurs during the interview and job selection process. In an article by Elizabeth Umphress (2008), if selection decisions are made by someone...
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...Individual Perception And Decision Making Sources: Dalton,F.(2007). Confidently Make Decisions On Demand Retrieved: March 28, 2012 From: http://www,allbusiness.com/5844171.html Stelzer,L.(n.d). Management And Organization Behavior Retrieved: March 29, 2012 From: http://pirate.shu.edu/-stelzele/daymbalectures/perception.html PSY201(file/download). Psychology And Your Life Ch.1 Retrieved: March 27, 2012 From: My Adobe Reader file Perception is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. It is because of the perceptual process, that you become aware of the world around you. Perceiving is one of the brain’s two primary functions. The other is determining how you act in response to what you perceive. Your perception of your environment is influenced by your past experiences, your beliefs, and expectations. This is why each person’s perception of reality is different. An organization’s behavior can be impacted by one’s perception of other in many ways. Someone who may be higher up in the work place, may have a huge impact on the behavior in the organization. Managers are supposed to make the best decisions possible for the business. Every decision made by a manager will affect the company in some way. If the wrong decision is made, it way affect the products and employees of the organization. Some things that can impact a person’s perception may be time, work setting, and social settings. What individuals perceive...
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...Perception be substantially different from objective reality. It need not be, but there is often A process by which disagreement. For example, it's possible that all employees in firm may view it individuals organize and as a great place to work—favorable working conditions, interesting job assign- interpret their sensory mints, good pay, an understanding and responsible management—but, as most impressions in order to give of us know, it's very unusual to find such agreement. meaning to their. Why is perception important in the study of OB? Simply because people's environment. behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is beiiavioraily important. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION How do we explain that individuals may look at the same thing, yet perceive it differently? A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. THE PERCEIVER When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver. Have you ever bought a new car and then suddenly noticed a large number of cars like yours on the road? It's unlikely that the number of such cars suddenly expanded. Rather, your own purchase has influenced...
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