...2824 NON-ENGINEERED CONSTRUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES –AN APPROACH TOWARD EARTHQUAKE RISK PREDUCTION Anand S ARYA1 SUMMARY The paper first discusses some issues in regard to earthquake risk reduction of Non-engineered buildings, such as : Earthquake risk in developing countries and its management, the IDNDR – Yokoyama message emphasising on pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness, earthquake damage reduction initiatives taken such as preparation of building codes and guidelines and disaster mitigation for sustainable development. Then, the major causes of severe damage observed in nonengineered buildings in the past earthquakes are presently briefly and critical elements to be incorporated in new constructions are highlighted. Methodology for seismic retrofitting of stone houses developed, implemented and verified by the author in the field is introduced. Next, costs and benefits of earthquake prevention measures are indicated. Finally a practically feasible and economically viable scheme of earthquake resistant new building construction and seismicretrofitting of existing unsafe buildings is outlined. INTRODUCTION The non-engineered buildings considered in this paper are those which are spontaneously and informally constructed in various countries in the traditional manner without any or little intervention by qualified architects and engineers in their design. Such buildings involve field stone, fired brick, concrete blocks, adobe or rammed earth, wood...
Words: 11018 - Pages: 45
...Earthquake From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. For other uses, see Earthquake (disambiguation). [pic] An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor, temblor or seismic activity) is the result of a sudden release of energy in theEarth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device which also records is known as aseismograph. The moment magnitude (or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude) of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquakeepicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus orhypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at...
Words: 11888 - Pages: 48
...assessment of trilateral development cooperation. Introduction In a time span of the last 10 years, the scene has changed rapidly in international development studies. A number of new actors have appeared on the scene and are changing the attitudes towards and the setting of development, in particularly in Africa. To argue that changes on this scene is a novelty would be obscene, with possible references to the plethora of different development paths followed by individual states, the widely differing politics of international development and in particular the big shifts in the international paradigms surrounding aid and governance. The reasons for the current change on the international scene are many. First, and most relevant to this paper, there is the entry of “new” states on the scene. These are states that most often have risen to a middle-income level (e.g. China, Brazil, South Africa), and now are looking to either widen their altruistic reach, look out for geopolitical interest, gain political influence or to secure access to future growth markets and scarce resources – or maybe all of the above. It is worth to note, that they have all been present for a long time, but just recently have attained the interior economic welfare to increase their aid support (Rampa et al., 2012; Dreher et al., 2011; Wouters et al., 2012). Another very big driver of change is the entry of private financing into the field of development. Private companies, famous philanthropists and celebrities...
Words: 5950 - Pages: 24
...INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Ph.D. Professional Assessment Evaluation I Standard Bank´s expansion strategy in Latin America Andrea Valenzuela Rivas Abstract After the 2008 crisis, Standard Bank needed a strategy to continue with its grow being truthful to their emerging market presence vision. This paper analyzes the opportunity for the bank in a developing region, Latin America; considering the opportunities and challenges its countries face. Emerging markets have institutional voids that need to be filled, Latin America is no exception; it needs expert companies to provide value added services that bring customers and suppliers closer. For Standard Bank is crucial to identify itself as an aggregator and distributor, and provide innovative distribution and product development to improve its chances of success in Latin America. I. ‐ Introduction The 150 years history of Standard Bank has proven its vision to be a major competitive financial organization in emerging markets throughout the world. The bank is based in Johannesburg, South Africa and it has representation in 17 Sub Saharan countries and also in 16 countries that have an emerging market view (Standard Bank, 2009). Barriers for trade and investment have been coming down in the last 25 year and the volume for exports and investments have grown, forming a single, interdependent and global economic system. Countries around ...
Words: 4454 - Pages: 18
...2nd Edition Disasters and Development Disaster Management Training Programme GE.94-02894 Disasters and Development 2nd Edition Module prepared by: R.S.Stephenson, Ph.D. DHA Disaster Management Training Programme 1994 Disaster and Development This training module has been funded by the United Nations Development Programme in collaboration with the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator for the Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) in association with the University of Wisconsin Disaster Management Center. This material draws substantially on the work of Mary Anderson and Fred Cuny, and on United Nations Development Programme and World Bank Guidelines. The draft for this text was reviewed by Yasemin Aysan and Ian Davis, Oxford Polytechnic Disaster Management Centre and Gustavo Wilches-Chaux. Editorial services, including design, educational components and formatting, have been provided by InterWorks. Design consultation and desktop publishing have been provided by Artifax. Cover Photo: Destruction of a bridge by flood waters. VIZDOK photo The first edition of this module was printed in 1991. Utilization and duplication of the material in this module is permissible, however, source attribution to the Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) is required. 4 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 7 The relationship between disasters...
Words: 18124 - Pages: 73
...structure of the earth’s crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of the rigid lithosphere. Geomorphological hazard – an event causing harm to people or property, caused by Geomorphological processes e.g. plate tectonic movement. Francis Bacon 1620 As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912 other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. Robert Mallet 1870s Robert Mallet was a nineteenth century scientist who managed to measure the speed at which earthquakes spread. Alfred Wegner 1911 While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed fossils of identical plants and animals found on opposite sides of the Atlantic. Intrigued by this information, Wegener began to look for, and find, more cases of similar organisms separated by great oceans. Orthodox science at the time explained such cases by postulating that land bridges, now sunken, had once connected far-flung continents. But Wegener noticed the close fit between the coastlines of Africa and South America. Might the similarities among organisms be due, not to land bridges, but to the continents having been joined together at one time? As he later wrote: "A conviction of the fundamental soundness of the idea took root in my mind...
Words: 6295 - Pages: 26
...1. Ecosystems and How They Work - Sustainable Development In this assignment, you will investigate the biotic and abiotic structure and function of an ecosystem. Choose one of the following ecosystems: * Tropical rainforest * Grassland * Coral Reef * Estuary * Desert You will write a two to three page APA-style research paper about your choice of ecosystem including: * Where might this type of ecosystem be located? Give one specific example. * Describe the structure of the ecosystem: List both the abiotic components and biotic components * Describe the function of the ecosystem: How do the abiotic and biotic components interact in biogeochemical cycles? Describe both the carbon and nitrogen cycles * Describe disturbance and recovery: Describe one natural and one human caused disturbance to the ecosystem. Explain the damage to the ecosystem, including how the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem changed. * Explain how ecosystems recover naturally ... (More) Ecosystem Definition noun, plural: ecosystems A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. Supplement An ecosystem is made up of plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, minerals, water sources and the local atmosphere interacting with one another. Word origin: coined in 1930 by Roy Clapham, to denote the physical and biological components...
Words: 2080 - Pages: 9
...2011, the world was affected when Japan was struck with natural disasters (Earthquake and Tsunami). This sudden disaster sent everyone around the world into frenzy. It affected Japan’s ports, shipping and logistics. As a result of the natural disasters, ports in the northern area of Japan had to stop operations after the Tsunami washed away port facilities, leaving the area in tatters. Ports such as Hachinohe, Ishinomaki and Onahama were severely damaged and it would take months before operations can resume. It will take some time for Japan to rebuild itself as this is the worst disaster to hit the country since the Hiroshima/Nagasaki nuclear bombing during the World War 2. 1.2 Objectives of Project The team will be doing a research and critical analysis on how the crisis has affected Japan’s economy and how the revival of Japan will benefit the shipping economy. The areas of focus will be on the economic impacts of the various shipping markets and other factors contributing to the crisis and forecasting the future outcome in the shipping industry. We intend to go beyond the surface and dig deep into the crisis to fully understand how dealing with a crisis really works. This includes looking at past records as well as analyzing the situation in a chronological pattern – 1) Before the crisis, 2) During the crisis and 3) After the crisis. 1.3 Methodology and Scope To assist the team’s research, information will be sourced out from newspaper articles, books and internet...
Words: 10325 - Pages: 42
...Research paper Macroeconomics BBA2 Economy of Chile Group 10 Nazirabonu Alimardonova Krista Rebecca Bradshaw Romans Opengeims Vladislav Matievsky Edgars Butramjevs Contents Trend Comparison of Indicators - Chile 3 Chile Unemployment 3 Chile Inflation Rate 4 Export, Import and Balance of Trade 4 Government Budget Indicators and Government Debt to GDP 5 CPI and PPI 6 Specifics of the Country 7 Misbalance in the Economy 7 The Crisis of 1982 8 Investing in Chile 8 Future Economic Development 9 Trend Comparison of Indicators - Chile Chile is one of Latin America´s fastest growing economies, mostly due to rise in exports. Big chunk of Chile`s GDP contributes to mining (copper and other materials) 15.2% which is increasing with every year, thus; increasing the GDP. Second largest GDP by sector is business services which make 13% followed by manufacturing industries 11%. Values in Real GDP chart are adjusted for inflation and because of that, its Real GDP will appear lower as Nominal GDP. During the period from 1998 to 2005, Real GDP is higher than Nominal GDP which is an indicator of deflation. During 1999, Chile, like most of Latin America, faced a one-year downturn. Its domestic economy underwent a minor recession due to negative impact of the Asian crisis which triggered the crisis in Chile’s private sectors. This downside is reflected in the Nominal GDP. Another downfall of both Nominal and Real GDP...
Words: 3067 - Pages: 13
...Papers ................................................................................................................................. Keynote presentation Q Telemedicine support for the developing world Richard Wootton Centre for Online Health, University of Queensland, Australia Summary Telemedicine has been used for some years in the industrialized world, albeit with rather mixed success. There is also a considerable literature on the potential use of telemedicine for the developing world. However, there are few reports of the actual use of telemedicine there. A review identified five telemedicine networks providing second opinions; each network had been in operation for over five years. Although they have different aims and methods of operation, they exhibit some common features. In particular, none of them appear to be dealing with markedly increasing referral rates. Rough calculations suggest that only about 0.1% of the potential telemedicine demand from the developing world is being met. Possible reasons include the referrers being too busy and a perceived loss of control. If this analysis is correct, then the right strategy for future telemedicine in developing countries will be to concentrate on the construction of within-country networks that demonstrably alter health outcomes, can be shown to be cost-effective and sustainable, and will provide a model for other countries to copy. .............................................................. Telemedicine...
Words: 4021 - Pages: 17
...4,607 11,084 74 92,301 stores millions of euros in sales countries with sales presence employees A nnual Report 2009 6 14 16 Global Reporting Initiative Indicators Letter from the Chairman Inditex business model 18 IP 53 IC 54 Inditex Commitment 163 Inditex Performance 20 26 28 46 Summary of 2009 financial year Milestones for the year Commercial concepts International presence 56 66 124 136 Customers, shareholders and society Corporate Social Responsibility Human Resources Environmental dimension 4 Inditex Annual Report 2009 164 LD 309 Legal Documentation 167 233 296 303 Economic and financial report Corporate governance report Activities Report Audit and Control Committee Activities Report Nomination And Remuneration Committee 308 Verification of the audit of GRI indicators 5 G lobal Reporting Initiative Indicators in 2002. Using this guide, Inditex With transparency as the fundamental principle in its relationship with society, Inditex has followed the Global Reporting Initiative indicators since it published its first Sustainability Report attempts to provide detailed, organised access to the information on its activity to all its stakeholders. Within the general indicators, specific indicators for the textile and footwear sector have been included, identified in the following way: Specific indicator for the sector Specific indicator comment for the sector 6 Inditex Annual Report...
Words: 42810 - Pages: 172
...of Management & International Studies examine current trends and recent developments shaping today’s global marketplace. The articles cover a wide variety of topics ranging from technology, innovation and brand building to infrastructure, entrepreneurship and social impact. A section on consumer markets looks at the popularity of e-cigarettes in France and elsewhere, efforts by Japanese firms to expand their businesses into Asia, new trends in French gastronomy, changes in Japan’s traditional food-consumption habits, and how a sector of the Chinese population is spreading, and spending, its newfound wealth. The report offers an analysis linking market-driven strategies with social impact in Peru and Colombia, as well as an article describing South Carolina’s embrace of innovative research. Other articles look at the Russian government’s attempt to reboot the city of Skolkovo as an innovation hub, the mixed success of innovation efforts in China, and the growing threat of cybercrime to businesses across the world. The challenges of infrastructure and planning are addressed in analyses of transportation in areas of Latin America, deficiencies in Brazil’s infrastructure, and real estate’s impact on Peru’s emerging middle class. Business and politics underpin a number of economic forces, as noted in articles on corruption and protest in India, social unrest in Brazil, the potential of the gemstone tanzanite to help develop Tanzania’s economy, and growing frictions between China and...
Words: 56733 - Pages: 227
...Report of the Joint Study on the Possibility of a Canada-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement March 2012 Contents Introduction and Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Overview of Bilateral Economic Relations ....................................................................... 5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Overview............................................................................................................................... 5 Trends in Bilateral Trade in Goods ...................................................................................... 7 Trends in Bilateral Trade in Services ................................................................................... 9 Trends in Foreign Direct Investment ................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Analysis of the Economic Effects from a Canada-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 3: Analysis of Major Areas of an Economic Partnership Agreement ................................. 14 3.1 Market Access (including Rules of Origin) .......................................................
Words: 9267 - Pages: 38
...Microfinance aims to bring out the skills of the poor and allow them to propel themselves out of poverty through providing financial services with which they can protect assets and grow microenterprises. MFIs have developed many innovative financial products to offer their clients beyond credit, such as microsavings, money transfer vehicles, and microinsurance. Microfinance is a growing industry throughout the developing world and comprises commercial banks, regulated banks, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and nonprofit organizations (NPOs). With approximately 17 million impoverished, there is a large market for the microfinance industry to capture; yet, in Colombia, it is not nearly as well established as in neighboring countries. Peru and Bolivia, for example, are among the world’s most competitive and innovative microfinance markets (The World Factbook). A NOTE ABOUT COLOMBIA Capital and largest city | Bogotá, D.C 4°35′N 74°4′W | Official languages | Spanish | Recognised regional languages | 68 ethnic languages and dialects. English also official in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. | Legislature | Congress | • | Upper house | Senate | • | Lower house | Chamber of Representatives | Independence from Spain | • | Declared | 20 July 1810 | • | Recognized | 7 August 1819 | • | Current constitution | 4 July 1991 | Area | • |...
Words: 4623 - Pages: 19
...2009 Corporate Responsibility Report IBM Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 letter from the chairman Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer our company IBM basics The role of the ibmer A world of global citizens employees Investing in the IBMer ibmers in service Corporate Service Corps enters its third year communities Engagement, expertise and sustainable service environment Environmental sustainability, inside and out supply chain A holistic approach Governance Managing risk, maintaining trust public engagement Collaborating for societal progress 2009 performance Data summary 1 4 6 10 14 18 24 32 36 40 44 Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer It was at the height of the economic crisis in 2008 that IBM introduced the idea of a smarter planet. To some, this might not have seemed the most propitious moment to launch such an ambitious strategic initiative. However, we strongly believed there was an opportunity to address exactly the problems and challenges that were then gripping the world. Now it is nearly two years later and events have, if anything, strengthened this belief. The idea of a smarter planet is speaking powerfully to forward-thinking leaders and citizens around the world. It is opening up a growing global dialogue and generating thousands of innovative ideas. Hundreds of our clients have seized upon new capabilities to build smarter systems, and are achieving measurable benefits for their...
Words: 19145 - Pages: 77
