... Acid-Base Reactions Purpose: The purpose of this set of laboratory experiments is to study the correlation between acids and bases by measuring and comparing their pH level. This can then be used to further evaluate the neutralization of acids with a base, such as stomach acid with calcium carbonate, antacid tablets. Data: Part B-1: Test pH of Laboratory Chemical Solutions Name Chemical Formula Calculated pH of 0.010 M Solution Laboratory pH Test results (0.010 M) Sodium Chloride NaCl 7 7.07 Ammonia 〖NH〗_3 10.62 10.15 Sodium Acetate 〖NaCH〗_3 〖CO〗_2 8.88 7.24 Hydrochloric Acid HCl 2.0 1.71 Ammonium Chloride 〖NH〗_4 Cl 5.63 6.58 Acetic Acid 〖CH〗_3 〖CO〗_2 H 3.38 3.33 Sodium Hydroxide, Lye, or Caustic Soda NaOH 12.0 11.68 Ammonium Acetate 〖NH〗_4 〖CH〗_3 〖CO〗_2 7.0 7.69 Part B-2: Test pH of paired Acid and Base solutions: Compound Names Compound Formulas Measured pH of Equal volumes of Solutions Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide HCl+NaOH 4.58 Ammonia + Acetic Acid 〖NH〗_3+〖CH〗_3 〖CO〗_2 H 9.05 Part B-3: Test pH of common Household items Household Item Name: Test pH: Lemon Juice 2.07 Ammonia 11.53 Mouth Wash 4.04 Vinegar 2.02 Part C- Testing Effectiveness of Antacids Acid Solution Antacid Test #1 pH result Test #2 pH result Diluted 20 mL of HCl solution to simulate Stomach Acidity none 2.45 Control Value 2.45 Control Value Diluted 20 mL of HCl solution to simulate Stomach Acidity 0.20 grams of Topcare Brand...
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...hydroxide ions (OH-) in an aqueous solution. As for acids, the difference in strength of bases directly relates to the degree in which hydroxide ions are formed by the base in water. Like strong acids, strong bases are also dangerous chemicals. Weak bases are found in many everyday items. When feeling the consistency of a base, it feels slippery because it degrades the fatty acids and oils in the skin on contact. However, due to the possibility that an acid or a base could be very dangerous to human tissue, never experiment with an acid or base by tasting or touching it. To determine if a substance is an acid or a base, a pH scale may be used. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance. The equation for pH is: pH = -log [H+]. The logarithm for pH is based on a scale of 10. As pH is a negative logarithm, the pH of a substance increases as the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. For example, a pH of 2 is 10^2 times, or 100 times, more acidic than a pH of 4. On the pH scale, a pH greater than 0 and less than 7 is acidic, a pH of 7.0 is neutral, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. In addition to the concentration of hydrogen ions, bases can be measured by the presence of ion called a hydroxide ion (OH-). For bases, the pH value increases as the amount of hydroxide ions in...
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...cabbage juice and have set up workstations in the classroom for you to explore acids and bases. You will use your observations to classify some common household items as acids, neutral substances, or bases. Whenever we work with chemicals, it is necessary work carefully and to wear aprons and goggles. How does it work? Red cabbage contains a pigment molecule known as an anthocyanin. This same pigment gives many other items in nature a bright red color. Apples, plums, poppies, grapes, cornflowers, and red maple leaves in the fall all contain anthocyanins. The color you see is dependent upon pH, or relative acidity of its surroundings. pH Scale pH Scale When the pH for a substance is 7, we say it is neutral. If the pH is lower, it is acidic. If it is higher, it is basic. The further the pH is from 7, the more acidic or basic the substance. Our stomach contents are typically at a pH 1 to 2 because of hydrochloric acid that is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach. Acid is important in our stomachs for helping break down the food we eat. What Now? You will test some solutions that are known to be acidic, neutral, or basic. You will use this information to determine the colors you would expect at various levels along the pH scale. Once you’ve established a pattern, you will be testing common household substances to determine if they are acidic, neutral, or basic. Aprons and goggles are a must! Also, please have color crayons or colored pencils handy...
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...1 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) TWA = Time-Weighted Average Volatile Organic Compounds = (VOCs) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC). WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System MSDS stands for: Material Safety Data Sheet IRPTC stands for: International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy = three-drug cocktail treatment for AIDS OTC means over the counter SSRI = Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors CFC = Chlorofluorocarbon 1% = 104 ppm = 107 ppb conversion N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) = 46.06 g/mol d= st m/s km/hr 1 cm3 =1 ml Micro =1 µ g = 1 x 10 -6 g NANO =1 n g = 1 x 10 -9 g The largest vol of these is 1.0 L 1000 mL 1.0 × 106 µL >>1.0 × 104 cm3 Chemicals causing malformation in newborns are: Teratogenic Chemicals causing changes in DNA are known as: Mutagens A concentration of 21.0 ppm for a gas in air is equal: 2.10 × 10-3 % A concentration of 51.0 ppb for a gas in air is equal: 5.10 × 10-2 ppm Based upon TLV-TWA which poses the most risk: ( answer is the least) Sulfur dioxide (2 ppm) Carbon monoxide (2.5 × 104 ppb) >>Ozone (100 ppb) Nitrogen dioxide (3.0 × 10-4 %) A worker is repeatedly exposed to a concentration of 2.50 × 10...
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...operating assets and are included in the property’s operating budget. Cleaning supplies comprise the chemical necessary to perform myriad cleaning jobs throughout the property and the nonchemical utensils needed to apply, scrub, rub, cleanse, wipe, etc. the chemical onto all types of surfaces. There are several hundred manufacturers of cleaning chemicals, each of which markets and sells countless products. The responsibility of selecting and using the right chemicals rests with the executive housekeeper. Housekeeping Chemical The three major purposes of chemical used in the housekeeping department are to remove dirt, to destroy harmful microorganisms, and to preserve and beautify furniture, fixtures, and surfaces. Chemical cleaners are manufactured to remove soils from surfaces through chemical action. The stronger are chemical is, the better it will get the job done. The strength of cleaning chemicals is measured on the pH scale. In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity and basicity of a solution; a low pH indicates a high concentration of hydronium ions, while a high pH denotes a low concentration. The scale goes from 1 to 14,1 indicating a very acidic solution very alkaline solution, and 7 a neutral solution. For example, a very acidic solution should near pH 1; pure water is neutral, giving a pH of 7; and a solution highly alkaline should be to pH 14. Cleaning chemical that have been enhanced with alkalis or acids to strengthen cleaning powers can be dangerous to humans...
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...Chemical Reaction of Baking Soda and Lemon Juice CHM/110 August 2, 2012 Chemical Reaction of Baking Soda and Lemon Juice Baking powder and lemon juice are relatively versatile substances used in society’s daily lives. For example, the two have commonly used as natural cleaning solutions and cooking ingredients as well. The two products alone deemed as beneficial in households because they are inexpensive and are natural substances with healthier outcomes. Mixing lemon juice and baking powder makes a chemical reaction that results in what is virtually an outstanding cleaning paste, which uses to clean an entire house. Several useful purposes for the two substances endured and their results are impeccable. Useful Purposes: Lemon Juice and Baking soda Lemon juice is a multipurpose natural substance used in areas such as the following: Cleaning Solutions Flavor Nutrition Hair Dye “As a cleaning solution, lemon juice can rid hard water deposits and soap scum”, according to housekeeping.about.com (housekeeping.about.com, 2012). An inexpensive solution, no doubt, which is often already a product of one’s household. Cutting a lemon in half and sprinkling baking soda on all except the peeling, gets dishes moderately clean without the use of other un-natural cleaning solutions, such as dishwashing liquids that has to be purchase more often due to the quantitative usages. Society has been adding lemon product for flavor for centuries. Products of modern...
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...headache, eyesight and diarrhea in children. Keywords: Milk adulteration; Synthetic milk, detection, urea 1. Research Scholar, Faculty of H.Sc, Sri. A.K.A.P.G. Collage Varanasi. 2. Head, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sri. Agrasen Kanya Autonomous P.G. College. Parmanandpur, Varanasi. 3. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institule of Technology B.H.U. Varanasi. Corresponding Author Email: sheel_bhu@yahoo.co.in 1 Introduction Liquid milk is an essential nutritional food for infants as well as the aged. Adulteration of natural milk with a chemically synthesized milky liquid (synthetic milk) is a matter of serious concern. The dairy industry employs various checks these tests commonly include determination of fat and total solids by chemical or physical analyses; estimation of sediment by forcing milk through filter pads and noting the residue left; determination of...
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...money. The ground tablets were placed in an Erlenmeyer flask along with a base, a pH indicator, and water. Hydrochloric acid with a pH of two was slowly released into the mixture using a burette. The observable difference that indicated the desired change in pH was a colour variance of the liquid, created by the indicator. The quantity of hydrochloric acid needed to bring the basicity of the mixture to the right pH was noted, and the procedure was repeated with the other antacid. The results showed that the Tums brand could neutralise more acid, however the Equate brand has a lesser cost per gram. A calculation revealed that the Equate brand was the better choice, since overall it could eliminate more hydrochloric acid than the Tums brand per dollar. Key Terms: Chemical reaction: A reaction in which the ionic or molecular structure of a substance is changed to fulfill the substance’s need of a full valence shell of electrons. pH: Scale used to express how acidic or basic a solution is. The scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. Any pH lower than 7 is acidic, and any pH higher than 7 is basic. Antacid: A medicine that neutralises the acidity of your stomach. Titration: As being most commonly associated with reactions between acids and bases, a titration is a process by which a solution is being added to another solution (the addition of the new substance is then accurately measured). pH Indicator: A substance...
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...internal pH in order to survive – even in the event of environmental changes. Many naturally occurring biological, geological, and man-made chemicals are capable or stabilizing the environment’s pH. This may allow organisms to better survive in diverse environments found throughout the earth. In this investigation, you will test a number of substances using pH paper and a pH electrode to determine pH values of household substances. You will also examine the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. Objectives In this experiment you will: • Add an acid to a material and note the changes in pH • Add a base to a material and note the changes in pH • Work with classmates to compare the ability of different materials to test pH [pic] Figure 1 Materials Computer Vernier computer interface LoggerPro Vernier pH sensor Paper towel Wash bottle with distilled water Goggles Beaker 24-well plate pH paper Procedure Part 1: pH tests using pH paper 1. Obtain and wear goggles. 2. Notice the 24-well plate is labeled with A-D for the rows and 1-6 for the columns. 3. Have ONE group member go to the back lab bench and fill the wells halfway with the various household substances. 4. Take a piece of the pH paper and touch it to the substance in well A1. 5. Observe the reaction and record the results in the data table provided. 6. Compare the color of the pH strip to the key on the side of the pH container...
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...pH meter: Vital tool for food processing A pH meter is defined as a device that measures the pH level of a liquid solution by means of knowing the voltage amount of two electrodes submerged in a solution. The use of this tool is never new to us. It is commonly utilized in science laboratory activities in school to know the acidity and basicity of household materials people see everyday. However, our perception of its application is only limited by the idea that pH meters are mere “laboratory equipment” used in school. Many overlook its importance especially in food production. People, who consume food everyday do not know that these “mere tools”, called pH meters, are vitally needed in the food processing industries. How are pH meters used in food processing? Knowing the pH level and monitoring it all throughout the process of food manufacturing is a critical step in maintaining the production of high-quality foods. Making sure that the proper pH range is achieved during the physical and chemical reactions undergone by the food in the whole duration of the process is vital. Improper interpretation of pH tests can cause a huge drawback in the production of food. Incorrect measurement of pH level in jelly production for an instance, affects the consistency of the jelly and thus the product quality as a whole. Yogurt production, as an example, is generally dependent on the pH level for if ever, the proper pH level is not reached, discoloration (Yogurt becoming yellow) and...
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...Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration,sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria,algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain. The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards will typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants for the use that is to be made of the water. It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating...
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...operating assets and are included in the property’s operating budget. Cleaning supplies comprise the chemical necessary to perform myriad cleaning jobs throughout the property and the nonchemical utensils needed to apply, scrub, rub, cleanse, wipe, etc. the chemical onto all types of surfaces. There are several hundred manufacturers of cleaning chemicals, each of which markets and sells countless products. The responsibility of selecting and using the right chemicals rests with the executive housekeeper. Housekeeping Chemical The three major purposes of chemical used in the housekeeping department are to remove dirt, to destroy harmful microorganisms, and to preserve and beautify furniture, fixtures, and surfaces. Chemical cleaners are manufactured to remove soils from surfaces through chemical action. The stronger are chemical is, the better it will get the job done. The strength of cleaning chemicals is measured on the pH scale. In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity and basicity of a solution; a low pH indicates a high concentration of hydronium ions, while a high pH denotes a low concentration. The scale goes from 1 to 14,1 indicating a very acidic solution very alkaline solution, and 7 a neutral solution. For example, a very acidic solution should near pH 1; pure water is neutral, giving a pH of 7; and a solution highly alkaline should be to pH 14. Cleaning chemical that have been enhanced with alkalis or acids to strengthen cleaning powers can be dangerous to humans...
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...★★★★ Saftiuc Paul-Alexandru B1 The name of the hotel is Heartbreak Hotel & Resort, and you can find the hotel in Brasov, a city situated on the central part of Romania. The hotel has 4 stars, and is regarded as one of the greatest hotels in the city, the type is one resort,because it is a seasonal hotel. The Hotel has 3 floors, with 150 rooms, and 5 elevators. This hotel is famous for its services that the hotel offers in the Housekeeping department. The following housekeeping areas in the hotel are: the front desk area, lobby area, game rooms, exercise area, management offices, and public restrooms.The duties in the hotel for the housekeeping department are room inspection,training for the entire staff, inventory control ( linens, cleaning supplies,furniture, ),housekeeping reports and in-house and out-house laundry. In each room, every maid has a 30 minutes for cleaning the room, and there are 3 shifts / day in which the maids has to clean the room. (every floor has at least 10 maids). The laundry in the hotel is one in-house, and one of the reasons why the hotel is dotated with a in-house laundry is that the GM provides greater control of where the inventory will be laundred. What housekeeping meaning? Housekeeping is the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of a home. It is one of the many chores included in the term housework. Housecleaning includes activities such as disposing of rubbish, cleaning dirty surfaces, dusting and vacuuming. It may also involve...
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...study is household recreation. The high level deliverables of the project include a single summer season of safe and healthy family fun in the water, including appropriate levels of water sanitation and safe levels of appropriate chemicals. Since the pool has already been constructed, this WBS concerns only pool maintenance. The resources required for this project are minimal and include $300 in common pool maintenance products available at home improvement and pool specialty retailers. This project requires labor equivalent to roughly three hours per week aggregated over a three-month period. Body This generic WBS was used to maintain the pool, and it was effective in organizing maintenance efforts and ensuring timely testing. A scheduling system was devised through the use of a disposable weekly checklist and countdown timer. This was marginally effective, as sometimes, workers did not strictly adhere to timetables despite the aforementioned tools. Project status reports describe the completeness of various recurring tasks and assign percent completion to these tasks. An informal status reporting system was used for pool maintenance and was effective, as workers were always informed as to whether previous work had been completed, and whether to proceed with their own assigned tasks in proper succession. Outline Work Package 1: Alkalinity (TA) –ongoing, 3.5 months -Test twice-weekly using test strips (range 80-150 ppm) Test TA before testing for pH Dip...
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...water for certain chemicals. Introduction Many areas have water containing impurities from natural or artificial sources. These impurities may cause health problems, damage equipment or plumbing, or make the water undesirable due to taste, odor, appearance, or staining. Those impurities which cause health problems should be attended to immediately; other problems caused by water impurities can be corrected if they are a nuisance. Before beginning any treatment plan, have water tested by an independent laboratory to determine the specific impurities and level of contamination. This will help you select the most effective and economical treatment method. (Ross, Parrott, Woods, 2009) The reason why we conducted this experiment is to test the filtration to remove oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent has on soil before it reaches groundwater. These chemicals go to our local water supply, but first it goes through the soil. Materials and Methods The materials and methods section should provide a brief description of the specialized materials used in your experiment and how they were used. This section needs to summarize the instructions with enough detail so that an outsider who does not have a copy of the lab instructions knows what you did. However, this does not mean writing every little step like “dip the pH test strip in the water, then shake the test strips,” these steps can be simplified to read “we used pH test strips to measure water pH”, etc....
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