...The ‘information’ that determines this is located on long, threadlike structures called chromosomes, which are only found in the nucleus. The cell cytoplasm – this is a ‘jelly-like’ substance found outside of the nucleus. This is where most of the chemical reactions performed by the cell take place. These chemical reactions are controlled by specialized proteins called enzymes. Mitochondria – these are small oval shaped structures located in the cell cytoplasm. This is where the energy releasing chemical reactions take place. Cells that are active, have a lot of mitochondria; e.g. muscle and liver cells. While cells that are less active, only have a few mitochondria; e.g. skin cells and fat cells. A collection of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function, is known as a tissue. There are 4 basic tissue types found in the body; -- epithelial, -- muscle, -- nervous and – connective. Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue found in any covering or lining in the body; e.g the outer layer of the skin (epidermis) or the inner lining of the digestive tract and other body ‘tubes’. There are two basic types of epithelial tissue; -- simple (a single layer of cells) and – compound or stratified (multilayered). Simple epithelial tissue is found in areas where a very thin membrane is required. This allows the exchange of...
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...Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more pliable this increases the range of movements in your joints. Synovial fluid is secreted as...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...Published in the Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2005-2006 -- Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C. Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems instead of sensory challenges to more discreet portions of the body. Conclusion: For chiropractic patients who are not responding to discreet...
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...most common form of diabetes affecting millions of people every year, and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States according to medicine world. Org. Diabetes can affect many aspects of a person’s life including mental and physical health, but the good news is that it is treatable. Many Americans with type two diabetes learn how to combat this disease with a healthy life style. Type two diabetes is a life long disease that affects an individuals health. Patients with this disease do not respond well to insulin, the hormone that allows the body to convert blood glucose into energy or store it in the cells to be used later. The problem is insulin resistance, although insulin can attach normally to receptors on the liver and muscle cells, certain mechanisms prevent insulin from moving to glucose in these cells. As a result body makes more insulin, this is not bad in the beginning stages but through later stages of diabetes insulin resistance increases and blood glucose levels rise above a safe level. If blood glucose remains high for years, blood vessels and nerves throughout the body may be damaged, this leads to an increased risk for eye, heart, blood vessel, nerve, and kidney illness (medicineworld.org). Therefore, patients with this disease learn how to manage glucose levels through healthy eating habits. Some healthy eating habits experts at diabetes.com list include, trading high fat food for low fat choice each week, curb your hunger by drinking a glass...
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...WALKING 1. How many times you walking in a day? (hours) Below 2 6 – 8 2 – 4 Others _____________ 4 – 6 2. How many distance you walking in a day? (meters) 0 – 200 800 – 1000 200 – 400 Others _____________ 600 – 800 3. At what part of your body feel the pain mostly while walking in a day? Ankle No pain Knee Others______________ Waist 4. How long do you need to rest the body from muscular paint? ½ hours two 2 hours 1 hour Others_____________ 5. What is other activity that you do to overcome the muscular pain? Massages Exercise / Cool down Go to spa / Sauna Massage oiling Sleep Others____________ BENDING FORWARD 1. How many times per hours your body bending forward? 1 – 5 times 10 – 15 times 6 – 10 times More than 15 times 2. For how long your body bending? (average) State: hours minutes 3. Which part on your body experience muscular pain? Waist Back ...
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...Basic Human Body Structure Units And Their Functions In: Science Basic Human Body Structure Units And Their Functions 1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their functions are as follows: • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells Cells have been identified as the simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life. A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of living matter and cells can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a varity of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval, and square, cells also have many different function. A group of cells is called a tissue and the study of the structure, form of cells and tissue is called histology. Tissues Tissue is a group/organisation of a number of similar cells, not all identical but from the same origin, that carry out a similar function, which also consists of varying amounts and varity of non-living, intercellular substance between them. It is the level between cells and organs. There are four types of tissue: Epithelial – tissue that is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all the body surfaces and are the main tissue found in glands. Epithelial tissue performs a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory reception. Connective - tissue that binds structures together, and forms a framework and support...
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...Fast Track to a Flat Belly Thanks to 5 decades of research and nearly 90 studies, scientists have zeroed in on the best moves to flatten your belly. The secret is to really fatigue your abs -- not an easy task, because they’re used to working all day to keep you standing tall. But we created a routine that, when combined with regular cardio, does it in just four moves. How do we know for sure? We had nearly a dozen women test the program as part of our Prevention Fitness Lab. All our testers lost serious inches from their stomachs in weeks -- and you can too! Start now for an all-around leaner belly. 10Minute Workout! Lose up to 4 pounds and 3 inches in 7 days with this incredibly effective, easy-to-follow routine PROGRAM AT A GLANCE 3 DAYS A WEEK: Do the Slim Belly Workout moves on 3 nonconsecutive days to tone your midsection. 5 DAYS A WEEK: Do 30 to 40 minutes of cardio, such as brisk walking, swimming, jogging, or bike riding, to burn off belly fat. You should be breathing hard but still able to talk in short sentences. EVERY DAY: Watch portions and fill up on whole grains, vegetables, fruits, lean pro- tein, and healthy fats to maximize results. Aim for 1,600 to 1,800 calories spread evenly throughout the day. To keep tabs on your eating, go to prevention. com/healthtracker. THE EXPERT: Tony Caterisano, PhD, exercise scientist and professor in the department of health sciences at Furman University, designed this workout. Written by Marianne McGinnis...
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...My Personalized Nutrition and Exercise Plan Dietrich Collins University of Phoenix Dr. Nicole Nearor July 14, 2013 My Health/Nutrition Target My nutritional health has been a very important part of my life since 2001 when I discovered I have Crohn’s disease. The food I consume affects my life in serious and immediate ways. Throughout this course I have learned various ways to help improve my dieting and better my overall health with different foods, ways of cooking foods, and supplements to help provide nutrients my body needs. Having Crohn’s disease can often make eating fruits and vegetable very painful. Although I have a chronic illness, I plan to find a pain free way to incorporate more fruits, vegetables, and exercise to provide my body with the total nutrients it needs. Changes/No Changes From My Original Healthy Eating Plan My previous eating habits consist of a lot of pasta, meats, and bread because they do well with my digestive system. I have currently added more dairy and leafy vegetables to supplement my areas of deficiency. After completing the Food Tracker a second time I was still very deficient in my amount of fruit intake. Even with my adjustments I am still under my recommended calorie intake. In fact my total average calorie intake went down from 2906 to 2738 for a three day period. My results were still over the limit in saturated fat, and under the limit in magnesium, potassium, and several vitamins. These results are the essential...
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...www.reach.ind.in Please circulate to all your friends, colleagues, relatives, associates and just about everyone on your mailing list. Let them gain too! Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise & Fitness Nutrition & Calorie Management Stress Management Ear Nose Throat Teeth www.reach.ind.in Exercise & Fitness 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stamina (Cardio) Exercises Strength Exercises Mobility Exercises Back Exercises Yoga Weight Training www.reach.ind.in Stamina (Cardio) Exercises Walking: Excellent cardiovascular benefits for the advanced age groups.. Should be done briskly with swinging of the arms. Comfortable shoes must be worn. May be done morning or evening for 30-60 minutes.. Jogging: Suitable for younger age group below 50 years. 30 minutes is all that is required and may be done continuously, or jog and walk in between when fatigued. The pace of jogging is equal to that of a brisk walkrun on soft or grassy surface. Wear comfortable clothes and breathe freely. www.reach.ind.in Stamina (Cardio) Exercises Swimming: For those who know how to swim, 20 minutes of continuous swimming is sufficient. Alternately swim the length of a pool 10-20 metres, rest at the end for 30 seconds, swim back. 10 such lengths is good. Use any stroke you know. They are all of almost equal cardiovascular and muscular benefit. Cycling: For any age group. Minimum time 45-60 minutes of continuous controlled fast cycling. Cycling up slopes gives added benefit. Ordinary cycles are good enough...
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...water just by sweating. To prevent dehydrating, it is a good idea to drink one glass of water for every twenty minutes of exercise. If you know you are prone to sweating a lot, you should be sure to drink even more. Drinking water during exercise is extremely important. However, it is just as important to drink water before and after a workout as well. If you are planning on a tough workout session, you should drink 3-4 glasses of water in the 3 hours before you start sweating. If your muscles are not hydrated when you begin working out, they will be more prone to cramping and injury. Dehydration is also linked to muscle soreness, so be sure your muscles are nice and hydrated before you start. After your workout, you will want to rehydrate your body with even more water. The optimal time for this is within the first two hours after you exercise. At a minimum, you will want to consume one cup per hour. By drinking water in this key period, you can help your body recover and stave off muscle soreness. Plus, you?ll feel more energized for the rest of the day as dehydration from exercise can cause fatigue. Of course, water it not just necessary when you are working out. It helps our body function in everything we do. For one, water is...
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...LSeven Steps to A More Youthful Life By Al Sears, MD When you were young, you probably said you never wanted to get old. I can understand why. As you age, you are ever more likely to get cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, deafness, blindness, incontinence, osteoporosis, arthritis, and impotence. Aging conjures up fears of becoming a weak and feeble invalid, a burden to your loved ones because you can no longer take care of yourself. Imagine though, if you could live to a ripe old age of 100 or so, yet retain the same body you had at say, 35. Imagine if you recaptured all the energy, strength, and resistance to disease that you had when you were young. Fortunately, medical science is currently discovering how and why the human body ages. Within the next few decades, it looks like science will learn how to put an end to the suffering of old age. And right now, there is enough known to significantly stall or even reverse certain aspects of the process of aging. In this report, I’m going to show you some very advanced tools you can use to slow down the rate at which you age. The more slowly you age, the more youthful you remain. This can not only extend your life but also save you from suffering from “old age” disease and disability. It will also help you look and feel years younger. How and Why You Age When I lecture on Anti-aging, I have learned from the audience to clarify one thing first. Anti-aging is not the same thing as life...
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...Japan Abstract The term “congenital myopathy” is applied to muscle disorders presenting in infancy with generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia followed by delayed developmental milestones. The myopathy has been differentiated diagnostically on the basis of their morphologic characteristics and includes nemaline myopathy, central core disease, myotubular (centronuclear) myopathy and congenital fiber type disproportion. In most of these disorders, there are 3 distinct subtypes: severe infantile, benign congenital and adult onset forms. The mode of inheritance and gene loci are variable, although each disorder shares the common clinical features including facial and prominent neck flexor weakness and preferential respiratory muscle involvement. All mutations identified in nemaline myopathy are localized to the actin filament components, suggesting that the disease is related to sarcoplasmic thin filaments or Z-protein abnormalities. On the other hand, X-linked myotubular myopathy has mutations in a family of tyrosine phosphatase (myotubularin gene) and central core disease in ryanodine receptor gene. In all these disorders, the common pathologic features are small muscle fibers with type 1 fiber atrophy and predominance, which account for the small muscle bulk and generalized muscle weakness. INTRODUCTION NEMALINE MYOPATHY The term congenital myopathy is applied to muscle disorders presenting with generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia from early infancy with delayed developmental...
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...exact location of the spines most especially the the intermascular spines. Total number of spines 196-208(don’t be silly. don’t count the spines. I just put it for illustration purposes:-). Place fish in the shallow tray. With the end of the mosquito forceps, start removing the spines. 1. Rib bones. The bones are located in the belly cavity. They are visible and superficially embedded thus easy to pull out. 2. Dorsal intermascular spines. Make a superficial slit from head to tail along the dent of the dorsal muscle. Pull out the embedded intermascular spines one at a time.The spines on the head portion are branched spines while the rest are unbranched. The spines on the tail portion are very much attached to the muscle tendon, making it difficult to remove. It is necessary to make a horizontal slit on this portion for easier removal of these spines. Lateral intermascular spines. Area located in-between the dorsal and ventral muscles. Pull out first the large arch-shaped spines at the base of the operculum. Proceed puling out the...
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