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Planimeter

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Submitted By annemiek
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Kaleidoscoop – de Planimeter

George Green:
De werking van de planimeter berust op de stelling van Green. Daarom gaan we nu kort in op de bedenker van deze stelling.
George Green(1793-1841) werd geboren in Nottingham. Hij was een Britse wiskundige en natuurkundige en publiceerde in 1828 ‘An essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism’. Daarin introduceerde hij potentiaal functies, de zogenoemde ‘Green functions’ en een bewijs voor de later zo genoemde stelling van Green.
Op achtjarige leeftijd ging George naar de ‘Goodacre’s Academy’ in Nottingham. Hij was bijna volledig autodidact en ging na een jaar school in zijn vaders molen werken. Op dertig jarige leeftijd werd George Green lid van de ‘Nottingham Subscription Library’. Dit was een cultureel centrum voor mannen en Green’s essay uit 1828 werd slechts gelezen door diens leden. Één van hen, Edward Bromhead, was een wiskundige en introduceerde George in academische kringen. In 1833 ging Green dan ook naar de universiteit van Cambridge waar hij vier jaar later afstudeerde. Hij bleef bij de universiteit en publiceerde nog 6 andere documenten, onder andere over optica, akoestica en vloeistofdynamica. In 1840 keerde hij in een zieke toestand terug naar Nottingham waar hij een jaar later overleed. Green’s werk raakte in vergetelheid en werd in 1946 herontdekt door Lord Kelvin.

De planimeter:
Een planimeter is een instrument dat veel gebruikt werd in de techniek voordat de computer uitgevonden werd. Met een planimeter kan de oppervlakte van een willekeurig gebied bepaald worden door met een stift langs de omtrek van het gebied te lopen. De planimeter berekent de oppervlakte met behulp van de stelling van Green door eerst de kringintegraal uit te rekenen. Een kringintegraal wordt als volgt genoteerd waarbij f de functie is en ds de lengte tussen twee gekozen punten:
[pic]
Je spreekt van een kringintegraal als het om een enkelvoudige en gesloten kromme gaat.
Een planimeter meet de oppervlakte door bij een bepaald punt op de omtrek te beginnen. Dit punt bevindt zich in het midden van de loep die aan het apparaat vast zit. De beginwaarde wordt afgelezen en vervolgens wordt de omtrek van het gebied gevolgd. Eenmaal terug aangekomen bij het beginpunt wordt er opnieuw afgelezen. Het verschil tussen begin- en- eindstand is een maat voor de oppervlakte van de figuur.
Er zijn verschillende soorten planimeters. De meeste gebruikte is de poolplanimeter waar wij later uitvoerig bij stil zullen staan.

De poolplanimeter:
De poolplanimeter, uitgevonden door Jacob Amsler, is de meest gebruikte planimeter.
Deze bestaat uit een meetarm waarvan één uiteinde is voorzien van een loep met een punt in het midden. Hiermee wordt het oppervlak afgetast. Aan het andere uiteinde zit de meetinrichting welke dient als ‘elleboog’. Deze is weer verbonden met de draaiarm ofwel poolstaaf. Het andere uiteinde hiervan is een vast draaipunt(de pool). Het meetwieltje aan de meetarm zorgt ervoor dat het wieltje alleen kan draaien in de richting loodrecht op deze arm. Het wieltje meet de totale verplaatsing van de arm in de richting loodrecht op de arm.
Evenwijdige verplaatsing geeft geen resultaat. Verder zit er bij de planimeter nog een controleliniaal waarmee de oppervlakte van een cirkel berekend kan worden. Hierbij wordt de loep in de opening van de controleliniaal geplaatst (deze zit met een scherpe punt vast op het blad) en kan er een rondje beschreven worden. Daarnaast kan de oppervlakte van eenzelfde cirkel berekend worden met de bekende formule O=r2. Deling van deze oppervlakte door de maat van de oppervlakte gevonden met behulp van de planimeter, levert onze factor v. Daarom heet dit onderdeel dan ook een controleliniaal.

De planimeter ziet er als volgt uit:

Legenda:
1. Pool
2. Poolstaaf/draaiarm
3. Meetarm
4. Loep
5. Meetinrichting
6. Meetwieltje/meetrol
7. Telschijf

De meetinrichting bestaat uit de meetrol en de telschijf. Hiermee kan afgelezen worden welke afstand afgelegd is. De eenheid waarin dit gebeurd is de noniuseenheid(NE). De meetrol bestaat uit 100 delen. Dit zijn 1000 noniuseenheden(1 noniuseenheid per 1/10 deel). De telschijf geeft aan hoeveel volledige omwentelingen de meetrol gemaakt heeft. Deze loopt van 0 tot 9 en gaat daarna weer naar 0. Na een omwenteling van de telschijf zijn we dan ook 10x1000=10000 noniuseenheden verder. Bij het aflezen van de meetrol moet geschat worden. Dit vanwege het feit dat de noniuseenheid heel klein is.

We hebben al eerder aangegeven hoe de oppervlakte van een gebied gemeten wordt met behulp van de planimeter. Het verschil tussen begin- en- eindstand is in noniuseenheden. Dit noemen we N. Dit is een maat voor de oppervlakte omdat N nog vermenigvuldigd moet worden met een factor v, welke bepaald wordt door de lengte van de meetarm. In formulevorm: v=L/20, waarbij L de lengte van de meetarm is in mm, en O= v . N in mm2.
Omdat de planimeter veel gebruikt wordt bij het meten van gebieden op een landkaart, kunnen we beter in andere eenheden (m2) werken. Nu gebruiken we als factor V: V= L/(20.(1000/n)2), waarbij L opnieuw de lengte van de meetarm is en n de schaal van de kaart. (Stel 1:1000 dan n=1000).

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