...Broadway formed a new kind of entertainment that helped shape American culture throughout challenges and trials. From how it started, to how it was shaped by war and depression, all these things helped created the image of bright lights and celebrities on Broadway. “New york is a place where you can really come across something very miraculous by accident,” said Michelle Young, author of “Broadway.” However, this culture wasn’t always as brilliant and glamorous as it is now....
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...economics, nor the middle class; rather, the success and stability of a democracy is formulated vis-à-vis it’s institutional factors. (Magagna 2/18). As actors, states are indeed rational and thus adhere to cost-benefit analyses in terms of bargaining power. In this analysis of political instability, it is evident that the sources are as follows: the potential benefits of transition exceed the costs of bargaining, fragmented party support creates a democratic deficit, linkage between democracy and redistribution, and the integration of violence unravels the social peace democracy needs to survive. These aspects of the degradation of democracy and consequential transition are most observable in post-war Germany and the modern world. In 1918, Germany was a strong world power in the midst of a war-torn Europe, ravaged by a period of great instability and a destabilization of empires of old. In this atmosphere, Germany had formerly reigned supreme, leading to a schism of power...
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...greatest economic depression during this time; the citizens elected Roosevelt over his Republican competitor, Herbert Hoover, because they strongly believed he had the skills required to combat the depression more effectively. Immediately, Roosevelt launched into “The Hundred Days”, which was the passage of several bills seeking to halt the current economic plague. These momentous first hundred days in office were the kick start to his promise of a “New Deal” for the American people; the basis of which was to stabilize the economy and recover from the losses, provide relief and jobs to those that were suffering and to reform the current economic structure with a reboot in capitalism (Renshaw). “Roosevelt was candid in admitting that the initial thrust of the New Deal was experimental. He would see what worked and what did not, abandoning the latter and persisting with the former until the crisis was overcome”(N.P, Freidel - Britannica). The essence of the flurry of legislature produce by Roosevelt can be summarized as security measures. Through the creation of the organizations and acts such as, but not limited to: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) a...
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...James Petz The Tunisian Revolution: The Beginning of the Arab Spring In Tunisia and other Middle Eastern countries, revolutions have broken out. The Tunisian revolution, or the “Jasmine Revolution,” was the start of the Arab Spring, or the collective term for these modern revolutions in the Middle East. I chose to study and write about the Tunisian Revolution because I am very interested in Middle Eastern and modern studies. In my contemporary global studies class, we briefly studied modern revolutions, but I would like to research more on this topic. These revolutions are still causing chaos today, which is part of the reason it is so interesting to me. To start my research, I came up with a few questions about the revolutions, which guided my research. These questions were: Why did the citizens start to revolt? What is happening during the aftermath of the revolution? What effect does this revolution (Tunisian) have on other countries? Why has Tunisia succeeded while other countries have not had the same success? These questions were very helpful when it came to doing research. While doing my research some websites were helpful, when others did not have quite the same usefulness. The two best sources that I used for my research were Britannica and Aljazeera. These sources had great insight on the revolution in Tunisia, especially the Aljazeera article “Political Violence and the Efforts to Salvage Tunisia’s Revolution.” Aljazeera has even sent field agents...
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...Labor Unions in the United States Posted Mon, 2010-02-01 17:21 by Anonymous Gerald Friedman, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Unions and Collective Action In capitalist labor markets, which developed in the nineteenth-century in the United States and Western Europe, workers exchange their time and effort for wages. But even while laboring under the supervision of others, wage earners have never been slaves, because they have recourse from abuse. They can quit to seek better employment. Or they are free to join with others to take collective action, forming political movements or labor unions. By the end of the nineteenth century, labor unions and labor-oriented political parties had become major forces influencing wages and working conditions. This article explores the nature and development of labor unions in the United States. It reviews the growth and recent decline of the American labor movement and makes comparisons with the experience of foreign labor unions to clarify particular aspects of the history of labor unions in the United States. Unions and the Free-Rider Problem Quitting, exit, is straightforward, a simple act for individuals unhappy with their employment. By contrast, collective action, such as forming a labor union, is always difficult because it requires that individuals commit themselves to produce "public goods" enjoyed by all, including those who "free ride" rather than contribute to the group effort. If the union succeeds, free riders...
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...Cycles of immigration have defined U.S. history and demographics for centuries. This was no different in the 20th century, when anti-immigrant sentiment and nativist movements rose post-World War I. Whereas the most familiar manifestation of this sentiment may lie in the in the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed quotas to limit immigration based on national origin, 1924 also saw the establishment of the U.S. Border Patrol. This signaled a less-discussed shift in immigration patterns, as the U.S. began a decade’s work of unconstitutional deportation of Mexican and Mexican-American citizens known rather euphemistically as the Mexican Repatriation of 1929-1936. Given the rise of nationalism in both Mexico and the U.S. at the time, these observations...
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...list the horrors they went through, including: being beaten with canes, watching a mother and baby be shot and killed, being forced to watch a rape, being forced to rape others, becoming so numb to the act of killing they eventually think it is their own professional job, being told to fire a gun or be shot, being raped, and being tortured for helping others try to escape (Denov 286-89). This is not by far a complete list, but shows a small portion of the trauma these children go through on a daily basis. While employing children to fight has long been frowned upon, there is one group that stands out in its “extreme culture of violence” and “indiscriminate brutality”: the Revolutionary United Front, or RUF (Rosen 489). A rebel group that fought in Sierra Leone’s civil war between 1991 and 2001, the Revolutionary United Front utilized open murder and intense cruelty to its advantage, creating immensely loyal troops, even when those commonplace horrors were used on the children they employed (489). Children who fought with the RUF in Sierra Leone were taken from their families when they were between four and thirteen-years-old (489). They were employed for a few months to eight years, and taught various forms of combat and ways to kill, including weapons and physical training (489). These techniques (taking children at a young age, isolating them, and training them as soon as possible) are similar to every group that employs child soldiers: that method is not unique to one particular...
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...Review of Keynesian Economics, Inaugural Issue, Autumn 2012, pp. 1–4 Statement of the Co-Editors Economics and the economic crisis: the case for change It is widely recognized that economic crises can sometimes trigger enormous change, with regard to both economic theory and the politics of governance. Today, the global economy is struggling with the fall-out from the financial crash of 2008 and the Great Recession of 2007–2009. The economic crisis that these events have generated, combined with the failure of the mainstream economics profession, has again put the question of change on the table. The economics profession stands significantly discredited owing to its failure to foresee the recession and the financial crash, its repeated over-optimistic forecasts of rapid recovery, and the lack of plausibility surrounding its attempts to explain events. Reasonable people do not expect economists to predict the daily movements of the stock market, but they do expect them to anticipate and explain major imminent economic developments. On that score, the profession failed catastrophically, revealing fundamental theoretical inadequacies. This intellectual failure has prompted us to launch the Review of Keynesian Economics. At a time of journal proliferation, some may wonder about the need for another journal. We would respond there is a proliferation of journals, but that proliferation is essentially within one intellectual paradigm. As such, it obscures the fact that the range...
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...Guide and Graphic Organizers – Unit 5: The Modern World, 1914 CE – present 1. World War I Students are required to know the causes, major events, and consequences of WWI 1) Causes a) Imperialism i) No new lands to expand into – some nations didn’t have many colonies (Germany, Italy) ii) Rivalries as nations competed for colonies iii) Sometimes armed conflict in colonial lands for control over resources b) Nationalism i) Pride in one’s nation, want one’s nation to be the best and most powerful ii) Fostered conflict as nations competed to be the best iii) Justified imperialism, militarism iv) Caused disruptions in multi-ethnic nations (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire); rebellions, revolts against foreign rule c) Militarism i) Build up of a country’s military; keeping a large standing army ii) Nations expanded their militaries as a show of power iii) Arms race: each nation needed to have a standing army because their neighbors had standing armies d) Alliances i) Bismarck: German chancellor behind alliance system in Europe ii) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy allied; France, Great Britain, Russia allied 2) Events a) Assassination of Archduke Frantz Ferdinand: Serbian terrorists kill the Austrian duke and his wife as they honeymooned in Sarajevo i) Austria demands Serbian submission ii) Russia offers to back Serbians in defying Austrians iii) Austria and Germany declare war on Serbia and Russia (along with Russia’s allies) b) Schlieffen Plan i) Germany knows...
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...poem and its relevance to history. T.S. Eliot’s poem, The Waste Land, was published in October of 1922. The 1920’s and 1930’s are often known as the interwar period. The decades were profoundly shaped by the dislocations of World War I and then the mounting crisis that led to World War II. These were decades of considerable dislocation in the West. Revolutionary regimes in several societies provided another source of change. New, authoritarian political systems were another response to crisis, particularly after the Great Depression, in several parts of the world. All of this occurred even as resistance to European imperialism was mounting (Davies 938). In addition, the 1920’s was marked by major patterns. One of the first major patterns, Western Europe recovered from World War I incompletely, particularly in economics and politics. Cultural creativity was important, and several social developments marked real innovation. But political and economic structures and European diplomacy as well, rested on shaky foundations. World War I quickly shattered the confidence many Europeans had maintained around the turn of the twentieth-century. Although the ultimate effects of World War I involved Europe’s world position, the war also brought tremendous dislocation within Europe. Though some of the damage was quickly...
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...Were Republican ideas the main reason for the fact that there was a Republican president and a Republican majority in congress from 1921-31? From 1921 to 1931, the American political scene was dominated by the Republican Party. This spell of success came after the 8 years of presidency served by the Democrat, Woodrow Wilson. The first Republican president of this period was Republican senator of Ohio Warren G. Harding who was elected president in 1920 by a landslide. The second president of this time was Calvin Coolidge. Like Harding, he was an economic conservative who lacked charisma but made up for it with a strong reputation for personal respectability. The republican who succeeded Coolidge, was Herbert Hoover. Hoover’s economic ideology differed from that of his predecessors, Harding and Coolidge. He believed neither in a traditional laissez-faire approach nor in economic planning and state direction. Instead, he favoured the idea of voluntary cooperation between the private sector and the government. I believe that Republican ideas were the main reason for Republican domination of government between 1921 and 1931. Harding and Coolidge believed in a laissez-faire style of government meaning that it was not the function of government to interfere in people’s lives by enacting legislation unless America’s vital interests were threatened. So, for example, businesses were left alone to organise their own affairs and workers were free to bargain for their wages at the work...
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...4 factors you have to have to make an Industrial Revolution and that America had were: 1) willing investors, businessmen, excited about the potential for industry in the United States. 2) abundant natural resources 3) a huge flow of hard-working immigrants 5) US's self-determination to prove itself in front of the world, especially in front of England. (There existed some strong feeling of resentment toward England since the Revolutionary War. ) All these factors were the strong basis for industrial growth in the U.S. * Here are two separate pieces from 2 separate websites on this subject and you could check both websites for more indepth stuff for your project. Good luck. The Labor Movement in the Public Eye American public opinion during the late 1800s was marked by mistrust and uncertainty. It appeared to the American people that the labor unions were fighting for better working conditions one minute, and the next it appeared that they were leading a revolution against business and government. The Government took an anti-labor stance in response to the public outcry against labor-based extremism and violence. The Unions' contributions to society were often over-shadowed by the violence used to bring about necessary changes in the treatment of the common working American. The Unions used strikes to improve conditions that they felt were demeaning to the working class. These strikes were often peaceful, but sometimes they turned violent at Haymarket Square, Homestead...
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...Revolution of the late 1800s, the world zoomed into the Electronic. Age in the mid-1900s, then into the present Cyberspace Age. In just over 100 years, humans went from hand-cranked telephones to hands-free mobile phones, from the first automobiles to inter-planetary space vehicles, from local radio broadcasting to international news coverage via satellite, from vaccinations against polio and smallpox to laser surgery. Social, political, and environmental changes There has been migration across the globe, allowing different cultures, languages, skills, and even physical characteristics of different races to intermingle like never before. The 20th century also suffered through two World Wars, and several regional wars in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. There was the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the Asian economic crisis of the 1990s. Considered the modern-day plague, AIDS has afflicted millions the world over, while millions more continue to live in hunger, disease, and poverty. Environmental destruction has also become a major concern. Effects on the world of art The art movements of the late 19th century to the 20th century captured and expressed all these and more. Specifically, these were the movements known as impressionism and expressionism. While earlier...
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...Summary of post war coalition 1918-1922 The problems of post war reconciliation * Demobilisation * Health facilities * Unemployment * National insurance& pensions * Housing * Set against grim economic circumstances – high inflation and falling demand in British goods. The Anglo Irish question * Legacy of the Easter rising 1916 * IRA VS The Black and Tans * The Anglo Irish treaty * Treaty was major achievement, but essentially a compromise. * Mutual bitterness remained between LG and IRA. * Civil war in the New Ireland. * End of the 1918-22 coalition * It fell because 1) Policy failures – economic (Geddes axe) ,social, foreign affairs, 2) LG corruption ( using power of patronage to sell honours on a commission basis) 3) Conservative had labour doubts. 4) The coalitions decline in reputation. 5) Foreign affairs (chanak) 6) Conservative abandoned LG – (Carlton club meeting, Baldwin described LG as a dynamic force. Summary of the conservative government 1922-24 * A government burdened by debt. * Chamberling’s housing act (1923) was the only major measure * Baldwin fought elections on the protection ticket * 1923 election left labour as the larger opposition party. 1) Decline in liberals. * Split between Asquith and LG during war created a breach within the labour party – never properly healed. * Liberal values such as freedom of individual, been compromised by restrictive Gov. measures...
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...The Sniper Analysis War is a devastating topic, which brings forth much action and devastation. Because of this, Liam O’Flaherty made his short story “The Sniper” based around the Irish Civil War. During the time this piece of literature was written, the Irish Civil War was still in process. This event occurred after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922, therefore ending the Irish War of Independence. In this war, the Irish Republicans fought against England to gain their independence. The Irish Free State was established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. After the treaty was signed, the Free Staters and the Republicans had broken out in dispute. The Free Staters supported the treaty while the Republicans did not. While fighting against...
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