...taser guns prevent of decrease police shootings? Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference between the recidivism rate of officers carrying taser guns and incidents of police involved in shootings. Non-Directional Research Hypothesis: The recidivism rate between officers carrying taser guns is different from the recidivism rate of police involved in shootings. Directional Research Hypothesis: The relationship between officers carrying taser guns is higher than the recidivism rate of incidents of police involved in shootings. 2) Which of the following is NOT a key point on sampling? (3 Points) A) The population must be clearly defined B) The property of interest must be clearly defined C) The findings must be statistically significant D) The sample must be representative of the population 3) What is the definition of sampling bias? Give an example of when a sample is biased. (5 Points) • Sampling bias is a consistent error that arises due to the sample selection. For example, a survey of high school students to measure teenage use of illegal drugs will be a biased sample because it does not include home schooled students or dropouts. 4) What are the three primary sources of data? Briefly discuss the pros and cons of each. (5 Points) 1. Write Records: a. Pros are that, for example with arrests, records are kept and...
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...Community Corrections Research Project Ethan Ray CCJS 201 Introduction to Corrections 20 April 2015 What is community based corrections? “Community based corrections are sanctions imposed on convicted adults or adjudicated juveniles that occur in a residential or community setting outside of jail or prison. The sanctions are enforced by agencies or courts with legal authority over the adult or juvenile offenders. Community corrections programs are generally operated by probation agencies (correctional supervision within the community instead of incarceration) and parole agencies (conditional, supervised release from prison).” (National Institute of Justice, 2015) These community based corrections are most of the time for lower level offenders. These offenders have committed crimes, but are not harsh enough crimes to be put into a prison where they are under constant security. These individuals in these programs may have just got out of prison, or have charges against them that only required the supervision or a probation officer. They may also be able to get help with drug and alcohol problems, grief and bereavement issues, and depression or self- esteem issues. These programs are offered and the Federal, State, and local levels. We will be discussing a program that is at the State/Local level. I currently reside in the state of Florida so I have decided to do the community corrections of Florida as a whole. This way we can take a look at every aspect that the Florida...
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...Placing restrictions on citizens with felony convictions may appear to be a solution to the increasing crime rates in cities across America; however, in the long run these programs are more hurtful than helpful to society overall. While such laws and policies are essentially designed to reduce the occurrence of crime, they ultimately lead to greater recidivism rates because those with prior convictions are prevented from forward after their time is served. As some criminological theories argue, many people make the decision to commit a crime based on their financial situation. If those individuals are released from jail and find themselves in a position where they are even less likely to obtain a job, receive financial assistance from the government,...
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...support the privatization of jails. Pros: • Privatization lends itself for prisons to be run at lower costs. • Privatize prisons don’t have the red tape to cut through, therefore they run more efficiently. • Privatized prisons have a reason to make sure that prisoners get the help that they need which leads to better recidivism Cons: • Transparency into prison life is not guaranteed. • Could result in higher cost depending on contracted agreements for prison needs • Living conditions could be compromised B. Privatization of Public...
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...Running head: DETERRENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 DETERRENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 Deterrence in Criminal Justice The theory of deterrence says that punishment for a crime will dissuade people from committing crime. There are two types of deterrence : general deterrence and specific deterrence. General deterrence is defined by Siegel (2011) as “a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh it's benefits.” (p. 95). In other words, general deterrence uses the punishment of one person's crime to teach the rest of society that this is what will happen to you if you commit this crime or any crime like it. It is meant to scare others so that they will not commit crime. Siegel (2011) defines specific deterrence as “the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.” (p. 99). This form of deterrence is geared at stopping the offender from re-offending by making their punishment as harsh and unpleasant as possible. Today in society, the main concern with the criminal justice system is deterrence. The question is, what types of deterrence do we currently use and do they work? In this paper, we will overlook a few forms of deterrence that are currently used in the American Criminal Justice System. The most frequently used form of deterrence is imprisonment. This is also the oldest form of deterrence...
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...with many obstacles and constant relapses with psychotic episodes. She was clearly a danger to society as she was not able to control her impulses. With multifaceted complex diagnoses Ms. Jones was not able to fully understand what was happening at the time when she began to become a danger to others. The state that examined her clearly recognized Ms. Jones to be legally insane. So then which defense, an acquittal by reason of insanity (NGRI); Guilty, But Mentally Ill (GBMI), or Guilty Except Insane (GEI), should be given to Ms. Jones and why. NGRI In order to know what defense would work best all defenses need to be looked at in detail. It is important to understand the meaning by the defense and if they fit the case and what the pros and cons are to each decision. The NGRI states that...
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...ABSTRACT “As the judge enters the courtroom to take the bench, the court officer loudly proclaims: ‘All Rise!’ These two words inspire a sense of awe and respect for our judicial process. But what if the command, ‘All Rise!’ represented a promise — a promise that the court will lighten the burden of people whose problems have become too difficult to overcome alone? What if ‘All Rise!’ became a pledge by the court to look beyond the chaos and wreckage in peoples’ lives caused by addiction and to see their potential? What if ‘All Rise!’ offered the promise to provide the treatment and other tools needed to help people permanently change their lives? When an addict rises out of addiction and crime, we all rise” (West Huddleston, 2011). I thought that was very well put. In this paper, I will touch on the history of drug courts, how they work, and the benefits to the American taxpayers as well as society itself. HISTORY In 1989, the first Drug Court came to be and was located in Miami-Dade County, Florida The Miami-Dade Drug Court ignited a sudden national transformation that has changed our justice system. Ten years later, 492 Drug Courts were in full swing. As of June 30, 2012, 2,734 Drug Courts were in service in every U.S. state and territory. Millions of lives have been changed, thanks to Drug Courts, and they are continuing to spread all over the country and the world. This year, 2,734 Drug Courts will serve over 136,000 people (National Association of Drug Court...
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...Juvenile Crime & Violence Seneta Turner Special Issues 02/21/2013 Chris Matthews 2 Abstract In order to have a better understanding of the juvenile crime and violence, we must look at all aspects of sanctions and how the youth facilities are being overcrowded with violent as well as non-violent offenders. There must be a policy set where the two must be housed separately in order for reform programs to work in every aspect of the juvenile court systems as well as corrections. I’m proposing only to get a grant to house these juveniles in a separate facility. 3 Statement of the Problem The rapid growing violence committed by juveniles is at all-time high, Juveniles are now being trialed as adults awaiting to be transferred over to adult prisons when reach the age 18 years old. The problem that exist with the juvenile courts is that a policy must be enforced that allows violent youthful offenders to be housed at a facility that offers more reform programs in order to prepare them for adulthood. According to (www.justicepolicy.org) Most of these youthful offenders are from single parent homes or even foster care. Approximately 93,000 young people are held in juvenile justice facilities across the United States. Seventy percent of these youth are held in state funded post adjudication residential facilities at an average cost of $240.99 per youth. With states facing serious budgetary constraints it is an opportune...
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...Microeconomics In My Daily Life Throughout my life, I have always been reading and hearing about economic issues and concepts, but I never thought about the impacts of economic models on my personal life. Before learning about microeconomic concepts, I always thought that a course in the field of Economics, would teach me theories that only apply to the economy of a nation as a whole and not to an individual’s life. However, there were a lot of concepts throughout this course that I found relative to my personal life. Among all the concepts that I have learned in the Microeconomics course, “Opportunity Cost”, “Sunk Cost”, and “Supply and Demand” have the most impact on my daily life. “Choice and Opportunity Cost” is one of the most important concepts of Microeconomics that I found it relative to my everyday life. Similar to many other students, limited time during the school semester, forces me to make choices about what to study, when to study, and how to estimate the opportunity cost of every choice. Applying opportunity cost concept in my day-to-day life helps me better schedule my study time. For instance, I usually choose to study during weekdays because the opportunity cost of studying on these nights is lower than studying on Friday or Saturday nights, when usually more exciting events are happening. On the other hand, if my alternative on weekend is to stay home and organize my closet and do my laundry, I would choose to study, because to me, the value of studying...
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...Institute of Justice and the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) worked together with the Office of Correctional Job Training and Placement (OCJTP) to explore ways to find funds from Federal, State, and local governments, businesses, and industries to help find jobs for offenders. (Sexton, G 1985) All of this work is being done to help them find jobs when they are released. The pros of this is that the firms are provided with stable and motivated work force, they have dependable employees who are not late and told they are held up in traffic. Having them reduces their overhead. This is an alternative to having “off shore” operations. This decreases offender’s idle time and this reduces the amount of fights. Manufacturers and the offender’s are proud to be able to put the USA label on their goods. Doing the work motivates good behavior and good work habits in the offenders and teaches them a skill for their release. Some of the manufacturers have reported the offenders to be more experienced and even more educated than the people who apply locally for the job positions. (Sexton, G 1985) Cons are that the goods are not permitted to be sold across the state boundary line unless being sold overseas. They have a rapid turnover in offenders working sometimes due to them being released or being transferred. Some of the local people that this is unfair competition as this is training people who will be released and take away local jobs. Some of the local people are against...
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...This highlights another weakness and/or con of the theory as not all of those who have been labelled resort to accepting a label and thus a life of crime. For most ‘offenders’ like Vusi, who was proven innocent or even those wrongly prosecuted, they would eventually want to continue with their lives without the critique and judgement from others who do not have a clear idea of the circumstances in their general lives. They would ideally choose to forget the ordeal. However, where there is a label and stigma in place; that proves to be difficult as they are constantly reminded of their so-called “wrong doing”. Employers favour those without any criminal records or history with the wrong side of the law” (Mingusa and Burchfield,...
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...restoration. Restorative justice aims for a preventive response that looks to understand crime as a social context and it challenges society to examine the root causes of violence and crime in order that the cycles may be broken. This approach is examined of the assumption that crime has it origins in social conditions and also recognises that offender themselves have often suffered harm. Therefore the aim of restorative justice is to promote healing in the community where people are affected by crime. (Maiese, 2003) Q7) The sex offenders register in New South Wales should not be made available for public inspection. The release of this has both positive and negative effects. If it is released to the public many factors will incur such as: Pros: There will come extra Safety to community along with more awareness, It is informative for society, this would assist in stranger danger knowledge, it can be seen as the public right, the deterrent effect and it provides extra safety. However the negative impacts include: Negative: It can create Moral panic, although the offender has committed crime they have the human right to privacy, It creates vigilantism in the community, this could cause the offender not to get rehabilitated because the community may ban the offender from everything, increases of the identity being leaked, this will creates stereotypes and it may lead to property value loss. Although the release of the sex offenders register would ultimately have good positive effects...
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...James Fondren 12/1/14 Criminology Dr. McGovern Deterrence Theory The deterrence theory has been a long study theory since 17th century, starting with Thomas Hobbes and then in more depth by Cesare Beccaria in 1764 when he published Dei Delitti e delle Pene (On Crimes and Punishments).Deterrence theory has continue to be study in more and more depth over the years by sociologist and criminologist and more recently the study of deterrence of specific crimes and using imprisonment times to deter crimes as well. The deterrence theory main idea is that punishment for crimes can be used as a threat to deter people from offending. There’s two parts of the deterrence theory, specific and general deterrence. Specific deterrence is focused fully on the individual; it instils fear in the specific individual being punished. This type of deterrence refrain the individual from future violation of the law. General deterrence is the Criminal Justice system making examples of specific criminals. The criminal isn’t the main focus but the criminal act and its punishment is received in a public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in future. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, best known for his work on political philosophy. Hobbes published Leviathan in 1651, which is the foundation of later Western political philosophy. In Leviathan, Hobbes describes men as neither good nor bad, he assumed that men are creatures of their own desire who want certain things and who...
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...6/28/13 CCJ/HIS 4700 History of Corrections The earliest forms of the American Correctional Systems were similar in many ways with those practiced in England. Up until the 1780s, punishment by imprisonment was unknown in Europe or the European colonies. Punishments for criminal behavior tended to be public events which were designed to shame the person and deter others; these included the ducking stool, the pillory, whipping, branding, mutilations and the stocks (woodfin.org 2013). Corporal punishment was inflicted almost exclusively on the lower classes, since the rich were usually able to pay fines instead. At the time the sentence for many other offences was death. Colonialists never considered the possibility of rehabilitation; their aim was to frighten the offender into law abiding behavior. Unlike today where prisons are viewed as instruments of punishment, this has not always been the case. The common jail dates back hundreds of years, but was used solely as a means of detention, a temporary place for the prisoner until acquitted, fined, or subjected to corporal punishment (Schamalleger, F. 2010). Pennsylvania was determined to be different from other colonies. Founder William Penn brought his Quaker values to the new colony, relying on imprisonment with hard labor and fines as the treatment for most crimes, while death remained the penalty only for murder. In 1790 Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Jail became the first prison by the Pennsylvania Quakers. In the...
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...Alternatives to Imprisonment 1 Alternatives to Imprisonment Brandi Phillips-Moorhead Corrections and Penology Professor Jordan September 30, 2012 Alternatives to Imprisonment 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….2 Abstract…….....................................................................................3 A look at why we Imprison Convicts………………………………………….4 Drug Courts and Drug Treatment Programs………………………………4 - 5 Probation…………………………………………………………………………………5 - 6 Fines and Restitution……………………………………………………………….6 -7 Community Service………………………………………………………………….7 Home Confinement…………………………………………………………………7 – 8 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………9 - 10 Alternatives to Imprisonment 3 Abstract In the following research paper we are going to discuss imprisonment. We are going to discuss why people are incarcerated as well as talk about different alternatives to imprisonment. We will then touch on benefits of each alternative as well as the negative aspects. ...
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