...Protein Article Research Brittnie Parkinson SCI 241 June 22, 2014 Stephen Murray Protein Article Research Protein is considered to be an organic compound that is made up of large molecules composed of long chains of amino acids. Protein is an essential part of all living organism especially as structural components of body tissues like muscle, hair, collage, along with enzymes and antibodies. Since Proteins are made up for amino acids, there are 20 that can be combined together to make all different types of proteins. Since our own bodies cannot make some amino acids, they are considered to be essential amino acids. Within the essential amino acids there are complete protein source and incomplete protein source. A complete protein source provides all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein source is also known as a high quality protein. They are animal-based foods such has meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and cheese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oct.). An incomplete protein source, also known as complementary proteins are made up of two or more protein sources that when combined provides enough amounts of all the essential amino acids. Proteins are made up of chains of smaller building blocks called amino acids, which are chemically linked to each other. When our bodies digest the proteins in food, it is broken down into amino acids, which in turn are absorbed by the blood capillaries and transported to the liver. Amino acids are then synthesized...
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...Protein Article Research Protein is an essential part of a healthy diet. It is made of different combinations of 20 different amino acids. Protein is found in every cell, tissue, and organ of the body. It is important to consume an adequate amount of protein because our bodies are constantly using the protein we digest to make more amino acids. Some amino acids cannot be produced by the body and it is essential that our diet contain them. There are different types of protein and they are labeled according to the amount and type of amino acids they contain. The first is known as a complete protein source. Complete protein sources contain all of the essential amino acids. They are also known as high quality proteins. The other is known as an incomplete protein source. This is a protein source that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Proteins can be consumed in conjunction in order to make up all of the essential amino acids. This is called complementary proteins. ("Center for Disease Control and Prevention", n.d.). Finding the proper balance of protein is extremely important for overall health. Eating a diet high in protein poses many health risks. The risk factor for heart disease and cancer is increased when a diet contains too much protein. Animal proteins contain a higher fat content which leads to higher cholesterol which plays a large role in heart disease. Research shows that people who consume a high amount of protein tend to have a higher...
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...By Introduction: Objectives: 1. Maintain primary lung epithelial cells. 2. Perform dose dependant studies on primary lung epithelial cells by treating with 0-20nM uPA for 28 hr and 48hr. cell apoptosis and cell proliferation assay will be done for all concentration of uPA 3. Determine uPA, uPAR, PAI-1 and p53 expression in Beas2B cells after the treatment with uPA using western blot. Cells will be treated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20nM concentration of uPA and bleomycin (40ug/ml) and the condition media, lysates and membrane proteins will be analyzed. B-actin will be used as loading control for analysis of gels. PROPOSED METHODS OF STUDY Cell culture and Maintenance The human bronchial epithelial (Beas2B) or primary small airway (SAE) cells will be cultured and maintained in LHC-9 medium supplemented with PSN antibiotics at 370C. The cells will be fed for every 48hrs until it grows as monolayers and reach 80% confluency. Then cells will be subcultured in 100 mm plates and 6 well plates by detaching them using trypsin-EDTA(Trypsin 0.5 g/L; EDTA 0.2g/L), collecting them in 4ml of LHC-9 medium, centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm at room temperature and re-suspending the pellet in 4ml of LHC-9 medium. Cells will be cryopreserved for future use using cryoprotectant medium consisting of fresh LHC-9 medium and...
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...Protein is found in every cell, muscle and tissue of our body and is also present in many of the foods that we eat daily. Protein is a major component of all muscles, tissues and organs and is vital for practically every process that occurs within the body such as metabolism, digestion and the transportation of nutrients and oxygen in the blood. The protein in our body is essentially the same as the protein in our food, except that it is structured differently. (Unknown author- (2001-2010) Protein - an introduction to protein in the diet) Based upon chemical composition, proteins are divided into two major classes: simple proteins; which are composed of only amino acids, and conjugated proteins; which are composed of amino acids along with additional organic and inorganic groupings, also known as prosthetic groups. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press) Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins. Amino acids are chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which combine together into different structures to form the various types of protein that the body needs. The body requires 20 different amino acids, 8 of which are referred to as essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by the human body. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by body but this does not mean they are less important because they are. The body is capable of producing enough protein to meet the demands for...
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...* * * * * * * Protein Research Article * SCI 241/Nutrition * Your name goes here * School name * Instructors name, Faculty * date * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins * Proteins are complex molecules, chains of amino acids are proteins. Proteins are responsible for regulating our organs and body tissues, we must have them in order for our bodies to have structure and for our bodies to function properly.20 different amino acids work together to form a particular protein. The National Institute of Health shares that “The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function” (nih.gov, 2013).Messenger proteins(Immunoglobulin G) are responsible for sending signals assisting in biological transactions among the different cells, bodily tissues and our organs. Enzymes (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase) interpret genetic information that our DNA holds, and they are responsible for chemical reactions within the body’s cells. Antibodies (Growth Hormone) bond with and protect the body from foreign particles. The structural components grace us with bodily movement. The transport/storage team (Ferritin) protein binds and delivers to our cells minute molecules and atoms. (nih.gov, 2013). * * Amino Acids * Amino Acids safeguard our cardiovascular functions because they produce...
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...Checkpoint Computer Comparison Samantha Lorance CIS/105 May 24th, 2013 Jake Hornsby Check Point Computer Comparison When most people imagine computers, they do not see what makes up the computer system. Most state-of-the-art systems have the same components as a personal computer to meet any requirements you may have. Although state-of-the-art computers offer a larger memory and storage capabilities, my personal computer offers some of the same components and had quite a hefty price tag on it for these particular bonus features. I purchased my Apple Mac OSX specifically for school. My mother thought I was insane for spending as much as I did, but it was the best available for what I needed. It is a compact Computer with the built in processor, wireless keyboard and mouse, 2.7 GHz quad-core Intel Core i5 processor with 6MB L3 Cache, 1TB hard drive, 8gb of 1600MHz DDR3 memory, 21.5 Inch screen LED backlit display with ips technology. ("Apple - os," 2013) Despite what you would think, as an online student, the lack of mass storage and how my computer looks is not important to me. I want to have a computer that offers the necessary capabilities and allows me the opportunity to receive an education. A new state-of-the-art system can also allow a user the same portability as a personal computer, but with a higher price tag. A new state-of-the-art computer system has Intel Core Dual P8400...
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...A person cannot survive without amino acids in their diet, which is why they are so important. They perform many metabolic functions that are vital to the body, and are the reason amino acids are so important for athletes. The usual intake of amino acids comes from foods like seafood, meat, and legumes. Some people, mainly athletes will use an amino acid supplement to further their intake. The amount intake of amino acids for a regular person is 1.2 grams whereas for an athlete or body builder, it is approximately 2.2 grams. Amino acids help with the building of muscles. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) can help gain muscle tissue which in turn helps build bigger muscles. Amino acids also help in the building of stamina. Cross country runners for instance take a high amount of amino acids to prevent damage to muscle tissue since it is an extremely strenuous activity. Recovering from fatigue quicker by the intake of amino acids is another reason athletics take them. Amino acids actually slow the production of lactic acid, which causes fatigue. Besides physically fatigue, amino acids also help with mental fatigue. Serotonin in the brain can actually make a person lose willpower. When taking amino acids, it slows the production of serotonin. These are the many reasons why it is important for an athlete to take almost doubled the amount of amino acids of a non-athletic person. Fitness Builds Health. (2007). Vitamins: Amino Acids for Stamina and Muscle-Building...
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...In the article, “The Beginners Guide of Using Protein Powder”, St Pierre says, “Workout supplements are often viewed as a male-dominated industry, but protein powders are also effective for women.” Men would take these AD’s out of context because of the feminine look it has (3). They would most likely look to the depths of how women have different nutritional needs than men as proven by Paz Etcheverry in the article “Protein Supplements: The Good, The Bad, and & The Ugly.” Etcheverry says that the “Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), protein supplements, like any other supplement, are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)” (2). This means that supplement manufacturers do not need to register their products with FDA and they do not need FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements.” He would view this as evidence that women are a health hazard, and protein shakes should be removed. Many attempts of propaganda sometimes use everyday people or celebrities to convince society that they should be thinking as a common person and that the product advertised can benefit their standards. In the...
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...SCI/241 Week 5 Misty Bagwell Protein Article Research Protein is a part of every cell, tissue, and organ that is in a person’s body. The proteins in a body are constantly braking down and being replaced. With the proteins that are in found in our foods that we eat and they are digested into amino acids in our bodies that are used to replace the proteins that are in our bodies. Proteins are known to be made up of amino acids and there are about 20 different amino acids that join to make different types of proteins. But not all amino acids can be made by a person’s body and this is known as essential amino acids. There are two types of proteins and those proteins are a complete protein source and an incomplete protein source. With a complete protein source, it provides all of the essential acids that a body needs. These proteins are also can be called high quality proteins and they can be found in animal-based foods. With an incomplete protein source, it is low in one or more of the essential amino acids that a body needs. There are risks that are associated with protein deficiency and overconsumption. These risks can increase a person’s risk of getting osteoporosis. There has been research done and it shows that women who are on a high protein diet based on meat have a higher rate of loss on their density compared to the women who don’t. A high protein also puts strain on a person’s kidneys, it also may contribute to cancer, and it also can cause damage to a bodies...
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...Biochemistry Task 2 October 17, 2015 (Yatherajam, 2015) (Yatherajam, 2015) Organic Compounds. Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API Notes D organic chem.htm Polypeptides (n.d.) Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/chapter5section5.rhtml Pepsin Enzyme: Structure, Function, and Important Facts. (2014, September 25). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/pepsin-enzyme-structure-function-and-important-facts.html There are four forces, both bonds and interactions, which help stabilize or hold together a tertiary structure. These four forces include hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds. Hydrophobic interactions are the weakest of the four forces and they occur between nonpolar amino acids. According to Borges (2014) these hydrophobic interactions occur in amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine. The amino acids involved in hydrophobic interactions are amino acids which are not capable of hydrogen bonding. The next force is hydrogen bonding, which occurs between polar or charged amino acids like tyrosine and aspartate, according to Borges (2014). At the oxygen level the amino acids share their hydrogen atom with one another, one hydrogen atom becomes the donor and the other the recipient. The hydrogen bond is stronger that...
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...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types...
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...non-soluble. Sugars can also be single or simple sugars.Carbohydrates can be found in a wide variety of foods such as pasta, wheat and grains, rice, potatoes, fruits and sugars. Carbohydrates are broken down into energy by the digestive system, in the form glucose. Carbohydrates provide energy in our bodies needed for various purposes such as the synthesis of biochemical macromolecules, transportation and muscle concentration. PROTEINS Protein is the major structural component of cell which is made up of several elements which are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen(C, H, O, N). They are essential for growth, repair and maintenance of body tissues. There are animal and non-animal food sources which are rich in proteins such as meat, fish eggs beans and lentils. When consumed, proteins are broken down by digestive system into amino acids which are sometimes referred to as building blocks of proteins. Proteins consist of a long chain of amino acids and when linked together, they become a polypeptide chain. There are twenty different amino acids present in protein and only eight are known as the essential amino acids and the other twelve are non-essential. The eight essential amino acids must be present in the diet as they cannot be synthesized in the body but can modify the eight into twelve non-essential ones. FATS (lipids) Fat is...
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...Cystatins are small human proteins that mainly function as protease inhibitors and are found throughout the body. Proteases are enzymes that begin to break down proteins. They can function intracellularly and extracellularly in order to inhibit their target cysteine enzymes (Ochieng, 2010). This allows the proteins to maintain the balance of protease inhibitors versus the proteins and regulate any damaging activity by the proteases. By sustaining the balance between proteases and cystatins found in the body, immunomodulatory functions, which are any factors that cause change within the normal immune system, not related to protease inhibition, can be regulated. This is very important because impairment in inflammatory responses can cause...
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...toxic substance known as alpha amanitin is released into the body’s system. This toxin prevents protein production and leads to cell death (Santi, Luca, Caterina Maggioli, Marianna Mastroroberto, Manuel Tufoni, Lucia Napoli, and Paolo Caraceni, 2012). RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing mRNA, is the enzyme directly affected by alpha amanitin. Alpha amanitin blocks RNA polymerase from working properly within the cell (Hudon-Miller, 2013). Without RNA polymerase, mRNA is not transcribed from DNA. Without mRNA, ribosomes cannot complete translation to form polypeptides, also known as proteins (Hudson-Miller, 2013). Proteins provide the necessary means to keep cells functioning accordingly. The liver and kidneys are the organs targeted by this toxin as they are the filtering system of the body and this toxin will enter their cells (Hudson-Miller, 2013). With RNA polymerase inhibited, no ability to produce proteins, the ultimate effect of this toxin has been reached and cell death occurs. References Hudon-MIller, S. (2013). Death cap mushroom. Retrieved from http://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=45c5aef2-370e-43eb-ad9c-40f073926331 Santi, Luca, Caterina Maggioli, Marianna Mastroroberto, Manuel Tufoni, Lucia Napoli, and Paolo Caraceni. "Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning." International Journal of Hepatology. 2012.Article ID 487480 (2012): 6 pages. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/487480>. ...
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...or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can...
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