Free Essay

Pseudo Code

In:

Submitted By mprandosk
Words 1559
Pages 7
Pseudocode: An Introduction
Flowcharts were the first design tool to be widely used, but unfortunately they do not very well reflect some of the concepts of structured programming. Pseudocode, on the other hand, is a newer tool and has features that make it more reflective of the structured concepts. Unfortunately, the narrative presentation is not as easy to understand and follow.

RULES FOR PSEUDOCODE 1. Write only one stmt per line
Each stmt in your pseudocode should express just one action for the computer. If the task list is properly drawn, then in most cases each task will correspond to one line of pseudocode. EX: TASK LIST: Read name, hourly rate, hours worked, deduction rate Perform calculations gross = hourlyRate * hoursWorked deduction = grossPay * deductionRate net pay = grossPay – deduction Write name, gross, deduction, net pay PSEUDOCODE: READ name, hourlyRate, hoursWorked, deductionRate grossPay = hourlyRate * hoursWorked deduction = grossPay * deductionRate netPay = grossPay – deduction WRITE name, grossPay, deduction, netPay

2.

Capitalize initial keyword
In the example above, READ and WRITE are in caps. There are just a few keywords we will use: READ, WRITE, IF, ELSE, ENDIF, WHILE, ENDWHILE, REPEAT, UNTIL

3.

Indent to show hierarchy
We will use a particular indentation pattern in each of the design structures: SEQUENCE: keep statements that are “stacked” in sequence all starting in the same column. SELECTION: indent the statements that fall inside the selection structure, but not the keywords that form the selection

LOOPING: indent the statements that fall inside the loop, but not the keywords that form the loop EX: In the example above, employees whose grossPay is less than 100 do not have any deduction. TASK LIST: Read name, hourly rate, hours worked, deduction rate Compute gross, deduction, net pay Is gross >= 100? YES: calculate deduction NO: no deduction Write name, gross, deduction, net pay PSEUDOCODE: READ name, hourlyRate, hoursWorked grossPay = hourlyRate * hoursWorked IF grossPay >= 100 deduction = grossPay * deductionRate ELSE deduction = 0 ENDIF netPay = grossPay – deduction WRITE name, grossPay, deduction, netPay

4.

End multiline structures
See how the IF/ELSE/ENDIF is constructed above. The ENDIF (or END whatever) always is in line with the IF (or whatever starts the structure).

5.

Keep stmts language independent
Resist the urge to write in whatever language you are most comfortable with. In the long run, you will save time! There may be special features available in the language you plan to eventually write the program in; if you are SURE it will be written in that language, then you can use the features. If not, then avoid using the special features.

SELECTION STRUCTURE
We looked at this in Chap 2: yes amount < 1000

no

interestRate = .06

interestRate = .10

The pseudocode for this would be: IF amount < 1000 interestRate = .06 ELSE interestRate = .10 ENDIF // the “yes” or “true” action // the “no” or “false” action

Some selections are of the “do it or don’t” (one sided) variety. For example: The pseudocode for this is: average < 60 ? IF average < 60 DO SendWarning ENDIF

yes

DO SendWarning

no

It is considered poor form to have a 1-sided IF stmt where the action is on the “no” or ELSE side. Consider this code: IF average < 60 NULL ELSE DO GivePassingGrade ENDIF This could (and should) be rewritten to eliminate the NULL “yes” part. To do that, we change the < to its opposite: >= as follows: IF average >= 60 DO GivePassingGrade ENDIF

NESTING IF STATEMENTS
What if we wanted to put a little menu up on the screen: 1. Solitaire 2. Doom 3. Monopoly and have the user select which game to play. How would we activate the correct game? READ gameNumber IF gameNumber = 1 DO Solitaire ELSE IF gameNumber = 2 DO Doom ELSE DO Monopoly ENDIF ENDIF
READ gameNumber

yes

gameNumber =1? yes

no

DO Solitaire DO Doom

gameNumber =2?

no

DO Monopoly

We must pay particular attention to where the IFs end. The nested IF must be completely contained in either the IF or the ELSE part of the containing IF. Watch for and line up the matching ENDIF.

LOOPING STRUCTURES
One of the most confusing things for students first seeing a flowchart is telling the loops apart from the selections. This is because both use the diamond shape as their control symbol. In pseudocode this confusion is eliminated. To mark our loops we will use these pairs: WHILE / ENDWHILE REPEAT / UNTIL START Count = 0 The loop shown here (from the last chapter) will have the following pseudocode: count = 0 WHILE count < 10 ADD 1 to count WRITE count ENDWHILE WRITE “The end” no Count < 10 yes Add 1 to count

Write “The end”

Notice that the connector and test at the top of the loop in the flowchart become the WHILE stmt in pseudocode. The end of the loop is marked by ENDWHILE. What statement do we execute when the loop is over? The one that follows the ENDWHILE.

Write count

STOP

Sometimes it is desirable to put the steps that are inside the loop into a separate module. Then the pseudocode might be this: Mainline count = 0 WHILE count < 10 DO Process ENDWHILE WRITE “The end” Process ADD 1 to count WRITE count We often use this name for the first module. Initialization comes first The processing loop uses this module Termination does clean-up Go thru these steps and then return to the module that sent you here (Mainline)

START Count = 0

This time we will see how to write pseudocode for an UNTIL loop: count = 0 REPEAT ADD 1 to count WRITE count UNTIL count >= 10 WRITE “The end” Notice how the connector at the top of the loop corresponds to the REPEAT keyword, while the test at the bottom corresponds the the UNTIL stmt. When the loop is over, control goes to the stmt following the UNTIL.

Add 1 to count

Write count

no

Count >= 10 yes Write “The end”

STOP

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Pseudocode Disadvantages It’s not visual There is no accepted standard, so it varies widely from company to company Pseudocode Advantages Can be done easily on a word processor Easily modified Implements structured concepts well Flowchart Disadvantages Hard to modify Need special software (not so much now!) Structured design elements not all implemented Flowchart Advantages Standardized: all pretty much agree on the symbols and their meaning Visual (but this does bring some limitations)

HOW WE STORE AND ACCESS DATA
What happens when we execute READ stmt? READ name, hoursWorked, hourlyRate, deductionRate The computer stores all program data into memory locations. It knows these location by their addresses. It is perfectly able to understand code like: READ 19087, 80976, 10943, 80764 but we would have a hard time with it. So we name our storage locations using words that are descriptive to us. Every language has its own (different) set of rules about how these names are formed. We will use a simple style: variable names will start with a lowercase letter they will have no spaces in them additional words in them will start with a capital names must be unique within the program consistent use of names The READ statement tells the computer to get a value from the input device (keyboard, file, …) and store it in the names memory location. When we need to compute a value in a program (like grossPay) we will use what is called an assignment stmt. variable = expression Be careful to understand the difference between these two stmts: num1 = num2 num2 = num1

The WRITE stmt is used to display information on the output device (screen, printer). To display words, enclose them in quotes. A variable’s value will be displayed. So if the variable name currently contains John Smith, then the stmt WRITE “Employee name: “, name will output like this: Employee name: John Smith

CALCULATION SYMBOLS
We will often have to represent an expression like the one that computes grossPay. To symbolize the arithmetic operators we use these symbols grouping ( ) exponent ** or ^ multiply * divide / add + subtract There is a precedence or hierarchy implied in these symbols.

ORDER OF EXECUTION
( ) ** / * + equations in parenthesis exponentiation division and multiplication addition and subtraction

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Note: when operators of equal value are to be executed, the order of execution is left to right. Examples: AREA = R2 SUM = A2 + B2 PERIM = 2(L + W) A A C B C B

A C B

A BC

D 2 B

C

D B C

2

value = 100*2/5-3 = 200/5-3 = 40-3 = 37 value = 100*2/(5-3) = 100*2/2 = 200/2 = 100 value = 100*((2/5)-3) = 100*(.4-3) = 100*-2.6 = -260

SELECTION
When we have to make a choice between actions, we almost always base that choice on a test. The test uses phrases like “is less than” or “is equal to”. There is a universally accepted set of symbols used to represent these phrases:

> < >= < =

=

LOGICAL OPERATORS: AND, OR, NOT
AND: if any of the conditions are false, the whole expression is false. ex: IF day = “Saturday” AND weather = “sunny” WRITE “Let’s go to the beach!” ENDIF

OR: if any of the conditions are true, the whole expression is true ex: IF month = “June” OR month = “July” OR month = “August” WRITE “Yahoo! Summer vacation!” ENDIF

NOT: reverses the outcome of the expression; true becomes false, false becomes true. ex: IF day “Saturday” AND day “Sunday” WRITE “Yuk, another work day” ENDIF

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Pseudo-Code Structure

...Pseudo-code is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. It uses the structural conventions of a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. Pseudo-code typically omits details that are not essential for human understanding of the algorithm. The programming language is augmented with natural language description details, were convenient, or with compact mathematical notation. The purpose of using pseudo-code is that it is easier for people to understand than conventional programming language code, and that it is an efficient and environment-independent description of the key principles of an algorithm. Pseudo-code resembles, but should not be confused with skeleton programs, including dummy code, which can be complied without errors. Flowcharts and Unified modeling Language charts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudo-code, but are more spacious on paper. A sequence structure is represented in pseudo-code as a line of instruction. A pseudo-code statement representing sequence would typically contain text very similar to what is found within the rectangle of the flowchart. The sequence control structure simply lists the lines of pseudo-code. The concern is not with the sequence category but with selection and two of the iteration control structures. A good example is; if age greater than 17, display a massage indicating you can vote else display a message indicating...

Words: 765 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Intro to Programming Pizza Pi Iii Pseudo Code

...* Declarations * Constants are needed for * The minimum size a user can enter * 12 * The maximum size a user can enter * 36 * The # of slices in a small pizza * 8 * The # of slices in a medium pizza * 12 * The # of slices in a large pizza * 16 * The # of slices in an extra-large pizza * 24 * Variables are needed for * A Boolean for whether or not the program should exit, set to false by default * A Boolean for whether or not the input passed validation, set to false by default * A String for what the user inputs * An Integer for what the pizza’s diameter is, assuming it passes validation * Input * Ask the user for input and then read it * If the user input is the number 0, the exit variable is set to true and the loop is broken * Check if the input is valid, to be valid it must meet these parameters * Input must be above the number 12 * Input must be below the number 36 * Input must be a number * If the input is not between 12 and 36, tell the user and loop back to the initial prompt * If the input is not between a number, tell the user and loop back to the initial prompt * If validation is passed, the validation variable is set to true and the loop is ended * Processing and Output * If the validation...

Words: 341 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

This Is Wonderful

...Consumer Information FCC Notice This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If interference generated by this unit is suspected, call Brink’s Customer Care at 1-800-445-0872. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: ♦ Re-orient the radio/television antenna; ♦ Move the television or receiver away from the unit. ♦ Plug the unit and the TV/radio receiver into different outlets, i.e. not on the same circuit breaker. ♦ Contact Brinks Home Security or an experienced TV/Radio technician for additional suggestions. ♦ Review additional instructions on www.mybrinks.com. This equipment complies with FCC Rules, Part 68. On the outside of this equipment is a label that contains, among other information, the FCC Registration Number and Ringer Equivalence Number (REN) for this equipment. If requested...

Words: 10912 - Pages: 44

Free Essay

Content Analysis

...collected. * Many respondents presented more than one thought or feeling. In some cases they described a sentence to capture the imagery in the pictures. * In such cases all individual thoughts and feelings were captured for coding process * Coding Scheme: - The coding scheme that was obtained is as below (in alphabetical order). Please observe the ads you would find how the below codes were developed. SNo | Code | 1 | Adventure sports | 2 | Business | 3 | Celebrity testimonial | 4 | Dance | 5 | Do’s and Don’ts | 6 | Fashion | 7 | Food | 8 | Festivales | 9 | Food | 10 | Handicrafts | 11 | History | 12 | Hospitality | 13 | Nature | 14 | Natural Landscape | 15 | Monuments | 16 | Music | 17 | People | 18 | Public Awareness | 19 | Religion | 20 | Shopping | 21 | Spirituality | 22 | Sports | 23 | Wellness | 24 | Wildfire | * Theme generation: - Seven themes were identified based on the coding schemes. The list of themes are as below Sno | Code | Theme | No of Ads | 1 | Fashion | Culture(that broadly describes the codes presented in previous column. | 15 | 2 | Festivals | | | 3 | Dance | | | 4 | Food | | | 5 | Handicrafts | | | 6 | Hospitality | | | 7 | Music | | | 8 | People | | | 9 | Religion | | | | | Flora | 9 | 10 | Nature | | | 11 | Natural Landscape | | | 12 | Wildlife | | | | | | | 13...

Words: 294 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Case Study: How ICD-10 Impacts Healthcare

...The World Health Organization established the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to standardize medical records. ICD-10 is an update that reflects changing needs in medicine. The code offers increased detail and flexibility. However, implementing the code presents medical establishments with several challenges. The biggest challenge is finding common ground between the two frameworks. How ICD-10 Impacts Healthcare A presentation published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services explains that the World Health Organization created ICD-9 in 1979 to reflect current medical advances and establish universal coding procedures. [1] The system outlines the diagnoses, procedures and terminology used by caregivers. Medical organizations...

Words: 937 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Unit 9 Vs Icd-9

... ICD-9 has approximately 13,000 codes that are V.S. ICD-10 has about 68,000 codes and are 3 3 to 5 digits. to 7 digits long. ICD-9 first digit is either E or V or numeric ICD-10 first digit is alpha; 2nd and 3rd are numeric; 4th thru 7th are either ICD-9 lacks detail...

Words: 720 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Hsc300 Unit 3 Assignment

...Shelly reviewed the updates made to the Carrier Form Codes. • The Carrier Services and Agent Reporting Agreement were updated effective June 15, 2015 to allow the settlement of carrier form codes. • Based on carrier request and ARC approval, ARC will update our form code table in alignment with the carrier’s form code range to prevent transaction errors and duplicate usage in IAR. • Testing may need to be performed. • Carriers should initiate their requests through ARC’s Carrier Help Desk or Shelly Younger. The preference would be to begin with Shelly Younger. • ORION is a multi-year project which will modernize the current settlement system. Work will occur in five phases. • Phase I – Foundation for Travel Agency, Carrier and Credit...

Words: 578 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Environmental Scie

...“Environmental Sci-Math Camp” (February 16, 2013) Theme: “Utilizing our Scientific and Mathematical Competencies for an Environment-Friendly Community” Registration:……………………………………………………………………………… 6:00-7:00 Program:……………………………………………………………………………………. 7:00-8:00 * Prayer Lester Marcaida * National Anthem Remo De3lovino and Jeffrey Lonceras * Exercise (Bear Dance) SAST,YES-O, and Math Club * Yell Campers * Opening Remarks Mr. Casipit and Mrs. Rossel Garcia. Flag, Poster and Slogan Making:………………………………………………….. 8:00-9:00 * 1 participant/group Ice Breaker:………………………………………………………………………………… 9:00-9:30 * Rubber Band/Head Count Scrapped Art and Logo Making:…………………………………………………. 9:30-10:30 * 1 participant/group Word Puzzle, Rubik’s Cube, Sudoku:……………………………………….. 10:30-12:00 * 1 participant/group Tagis Talino:…………………………………………………………………………… 10:30-12:00 * 4 participant/group Lunch (Command Bracelet and Trivia):……………………………………….12:00-1:00 Ice Breaker:………………………………………………………………………………….1:00-1;30 * Ingatan si Mother Egg/Head Count Obstacle Race:………………………………………………………………………………1:30-2:30 Energizer:……………………………………………………………………………………...

Words: 850 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Piramid of Giza

... Strayer University Code of conduct in a business is extremely important. It sets boundaries in a work environment that keeps ethical behavior regulated. The Cheesecake Factory is one organization that has a code of conduct in place that is detrimental to the success of its business. Some of those key aspects are Compliance with the law, Non-Solicitation and Non-Raid and Non-Disparage Issues. These codes that are put in place uphold ethical behavior and also protects the organization itself. Compliance with the law is extremely important. This code states: “We expect staff members to comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws,regulations, rules and regulatory orders at all times. Neither a supervisor nor any other staffmember has the authority to direct another staff member to break any law or to conducthim/herself in a manner that is counter to the Code of Ethics”. The Cheesecake factory put this code in effect to make sure that their employees hold up their duties as law abiding citizens. In this they also stated that they do not tolerate sexual harraasement or drugs, which is very important now a days with everything going on. This should and I’m sure it is a basic code of conduct whether it be a business or a school. When we are jobs giving service to the world we must keep in mind that our responsibilities to law and order do not change. The Non-Solicitation code of conduct ensures that customers have a comfortable no...

Words: 981 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

?? Yu Su

...window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"5c680aaa66","applicationID":"3969032","transactionName":"YFVaZEpRXURTARYKXVkffF9MflZDcQ0MF0BYXFRVSh9gXkYHTTBbQ1V8VUxRWltB","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":22,"ttGuid":"929511F7D923232","agent":"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-768.min.js"}window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(e,n,t){function r(t){if(!n[t]){var o=n[t]={exports:{}};e[t][0].call(o.exports,function(n){var o=e[t][1][n];return r(o||n)},o,o.exports)}return n[t].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;op;p++)u[p].apply(s,t);return s}function a(e,n){f[e]=c(e).concat(n)}function c(e){return f[e]||[]}function u(){return t(n)}var f={};return{on:a,emit:n,create:u,listeners:c,_events:f}}function r(){return{}}var o="nr@context",i=e("gos");n.exports=t()},{gos:"7eSDFh"}],ee:[function(e,n){n.exports=e("QJf3ax")},{}],3:[function(e,n){function t(e){return function(){r(e,[(new Date).getTime()].concat(i(arguments)))}}var r=e("handle"),o=e(1),i=e(2);"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=window.NREUM);var a=["setPageViewName","addPageAction","setCustomAttribute","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","noticeError"];o(a,function(e,n){window.NREUM[n]=t("api-"+n)}),n.exports=window.NREUM},{1:12,2:13,handle:"D5DuLP"}],gos:[function(e,n){n.exports=e("7eSDFh")},{}],"7eSDFh":[function(e,n){function t(e,n,t){if(r.call(e,n))return e[n];var o=t();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return...

Words: 1521 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Balaji Courier Express

...Balaji Courier Express (BCE) Round -1 • A training course structured around theory, group exercises and a simulation, where you will be running and operating a realistic business situation. • We will represent typical operational processes in a service business. • We will exaggerate the reality of operational business, helping you to identify common symptoms of inefficiency. • We will teach you a selection of the powerful tools that we use in Lean Six Sigma. • Do not adapt the process you have been instructed to perform. • Exercise is split in Round 1 and Round 2. • No procedural changes are allowed until Round 2, when you will be briefed on what you can do. • In Round 1, we will establish a baseline for process performance. • By all means ask questions for clarification, but you may not always get an answer. Sound familiar? • Spell out your assumptions. • Refer respective computers for related data. • You may find yourself confused and frustrated with the process. We hope you do! It will act as an incentive to change and improve the business! • [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] You are all employees of Balaji Courier Express. Established in year 2000, BCE has central Hub is at Aurangabad (Corporate Office) and three Regional offices are at Nagpur, Solapur, Mumbai. BCE’s spread is through 5 area offices namely Thane, Pune, Dhule, Beed and Kolhapur. Also, each taluka place has got a zonal office (400 outlets). ...

Words: 772 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Summary

...Alphabetic index’s which provides an index’s of disease descriptions in alphabetical list of terms and their corresponding codes. The alphabetic index’s consists of parts which are: indexes of disease & injury, external causes of injury, table of drugs, table of neoplasms & chemicals. The tabular list is a structured list of codes divided into chapters based on conditions & body systems. Tabular list consists of categories, subcategories and codes and when many times a specified code is not available for a condition then it is put through tabular list for the code to be specified. Tabular list descriptions are listed in more than one manner as well as made up of 21 chapters of disease, description and their codes. The first part Alphabetic index’s use and purpose is to organize the list of indexes of disease descriptions in alphabetical list of terms and their corresponding codes plus helps the medical staff member better locate the description matching the code. However tabular list is a category of codes which allows the medical staff to better identify or locate the right code to fit the description or term of condition. First I would like to list all the financial loses Of ICD-10 which are accurate payment for new procedures, rejected claims & fraudulent claims. Cause of error, longer time to figure how to translate term to right code as also...

Words: 451 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Bbt1

...recently purchased a small outpatient clinic that is approximately 50 miles from the hospital. Currently about 20-30 patients are seen daily by one provider at the clinic. The hospital does have a contract with several different businesses to provide care for workers injured at work. So let’s analyze my current staff: * 3 coders who take care of the hospital coding (1 of these coders does the coding for the outpatient clinic attached directly to the hospital as well) * 1 front office employee- this employee answers phones, takes care of patient paperwork, filing, etc. * 1 employee at the outpatient clinic that handles billing, coding, front office duties, and is attending college as well to get her RHIT certification A2. a. Code look-up software: This is software that is put into place to help coders...

Words: 1828 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Healthcare Coding and Compliance Task 1

...incidences a numerical (sometimes alphanumeric) value that is universal across insurance companies to collect payment for services rendered. Inpatient Coder- An inpatient coder is an individual that initiates requests for payments and reimbursement for procedures performed on a patient during a hospital stay on behalf of the medical facility. Inpatient Coders will deal more with ICD-9(10) or Diagnosis Codes than with CPT Procedure Codes. Inpatient coding could be considered to be more complex than outpatient coding because of the vast possibilities of different diseases, encounters and procedures. Outpatient Coder- An outpatient coder is an indiviual that initiates requests for payments for procedures performed either in a doctor's office or hospital outpatient department. Any procedure performed that does not require for the patient to stay more than 24 hours is considered outpatient. Outpatient coders typically deal more with CPT Procedure codes versus ICD 9(10) Diagnosis Codes. Outpatient coders that operate within doctor's offices are usually exposed to the same codes on a regular basis which is why many inpatient coders start off in an outpatient setting. Front Office Clerk The front office clerk is a job title that can differ in many different office settings. In this particular scenario, the front office clerk is responsible for basic clerical duties as well as processing health record requests and filing. In this position the clerk should be able to be HIPAA compliant...

Words: 2216 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Nt1330 Unit 1 Assignment

...emergency room report that I am not authorized to access or is beyond the scope of my work. It is my job to retain a secure environment and privacy of patients at work, and it doesn’t matter if the patient is a good friend of mine. I truly believe because Alice is my acquaintance I have to respect her privacy and confidentiality even more. Alice on the other hand, can inform me about her medical condition and stay at the hospital. Unless she gives her authorization, just out of curiosity I can’t access her medical information and visit her in the hospital. By doing so I would be violating the ethics and core values of the HIM profession. I have to adhere to standards of ethical conduct, as prescribed by State and Federal laws and follow AHIMA code of ethics. If I come across Alice’s information by mistake it is my foremost duty to inform the manager or the superior about the situation honestly. Accessing information about Alice, who is a friend, may seem like a small circumstance but, each wrong action grows into a much larger problem down the line. Moreover, Alice may feel that her privacy and confidentiality are violated and report about the situation to others. If these types of scenarios are handled in the...

Words: 552 - Pages: 3