...self-criticism). The depression worsened until it reached the severe level in March, 1997.The major stressors in Ann’s life are social ones. Since her divorce she has withdrawn from friends, family, and co-workers. She has dated several times since her divorce but each date has been a “one-night stand,” which leaves her feeling rejected and defective. Psychodynamic therapy helps patients explore their unconscious feelings and conflicts which have caused emotional suffering, learning through insight the patient develops the internal psychological resources to deal with the psychological issues that have occurred recently or at an early age. Emotional perspective, pathological behaviors and short-term therapy is among many benefits of this therapy. Ann’s depression gradually reduced over a four-month period after the therapy started, until she was in full remission. She remained in therapy to work on lingering...
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...the news, he refuses to acknowledge the situation, which corresponds to Kubler-Ross’s stage of “Denial”. Later, Tex becomes very difficult, lashing out at his family, which corresponds to Kubler-Ross’s stage of “Anger”. Thus, Peter’s description of Tex’s experience goes along with the first two of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying. General Perspective of the Concept Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying theory falls under the general perspective of developmental approaches to psychology. Like several other developmental theories, it is a stage theory. Kubler-Ross proposes that there are five stages to the process of dying: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. This is a true stage theory which holds that persons go through this series of stages in this particular order. At first, the dying person tries to evade the reality of the diagnosis (denial). As the reality of the diagnosis sinks in, the dying person tends to lash out at family and caregivers (anger). Subsequently, the dying person develops the hope that death can be postponed or delayed, often by making promises to God (bargaining). Her last two stages are depression and acceptance. Quote #1 – Name of Person Here Psychological Concepts in Quote Identify the psychological concept or concepts in the quote using correct terminology from the course. If the concept is closely associated with the writings of a particular theorist (such as Bandura,...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGY ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY SSCI206 – 1204A UNIT 1 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT Abstract Understanding how psychology has evolved since its origin is crucial in the overall understanding of the entire subject. There are many perspectives to look at when dealing with psychology. Three of these perspectives will be discussed in this paper; behaviorism, humanistic, and psychodynamic. Although these perspectives are different, there are some similarities between the three. This paper will go more in depth with these three perspectives and explain some of the similarities and differences between each. The Evolution of Psychology The Behaviorism perspective of psychology involves rewards or punishments that are associated with specific behaviors. (Editorial Board, 2011). Behaviorism has had a major influence on psychology. Animal training and parenting techniques stem from this perspective. Today, psychology pays more attention to inner emotions and though in people. There are four methods that include negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. The first, negative reinforcement is strengthening a particular behavior by stopping it or avoiding it altogether. This means taking away something undesirable in order to influence behavior. A parent could use this technique to get their child to clean their room. Depending on the age of the child, the parent could let their child skip naptime once for cleaning their...
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...therapy. Four major forms of therapy include the psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic therapy. The form of therapy used may depend upon the type of disorder a person may exhibit. Disorders are analyzed in order to determine which type of therapy is needed for treatment. Extensive research has gone into understanding the different types of therapy and how they are used to benefit society. Therapists have analyzed the human psyche to better understand the human personality and how best to help the individual. The past, present, and future are areas in which these diverse psychological therapies are used to treat individuals. Whether or not treatment is effective, may depend on the individual. The psychodynamic therapy brings unresolved conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the past to the present allowing the patient to deal with such problems more effectively. In addition, therapists are challenged in finding ways to help the patient understand the unconscious (Feldman, 2010, p. 430-431). According to therapy.com (2010), the psychodynamic therapy focuses on a person’s personality while addressing issues of past and present relationships. According to research, this form of therapy focuses on parts of your personality and although it can treat many mental health conditions, it can be helpful for treating depression related to personality aspects or interpersonal relationships, both past and present (Overcome Depression, 2010). How we think and feel has an...
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...Henry Z 04/21/10 Smith Pd. 2 Behavioral, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, biological, and cognitive perspective each has its own cause of anxiety and treatment for reducing these anxieties. Behavioral anxiety can be caused from trauma. Trauma is when an extremely distressing experience that causes emotional shock and may have long-lasting psychological effects. For example, someone getting raped. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic anxiety can be caused by the three interacting systems that Freud theorized: id, ego, and superego. The id is a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. For example, a infant crying out for satisfaction. The ego is the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that among the demands of the if, superego and reality. For example, being constrained by the law because one knows it is bad to break it. The superego is the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations. For example, someone with a strong superego may be virtuous. Biological anxieties can be caused by a lack of serotonin which leads to depression. Depression is a state of unhappiness and hopelessness. Cognitive anxiety is caused from depression. Specific treatment techniques used for reducing anxiety used by professionals for each of the four perspectives: reward/punishment, free association, drugs/medication and cognitive therapy. Reward/punishment...
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...SSCI206-1205A-21 Dr. Joanna Oestmann American Intercontinental University – Online November 18, 2012 Abstract This paper is going to discuss three of the various perspectives of psychology. It is going to explain their origins, how they are practiced, and have evolved over time. As with any form of science, there are many different theories and perspectives to Psychology. Among these forms are Cognitive, Functionalism, Psychodynamic and many others but the three that are considered to be the 'forces' of psychology are Behaviorism, Humanistic and Psychoanalysis. The Humanistic approach began as a movement in the 1950's meant to take a healthy, or holistic, method to understanding the nature of what it is to be human. This perspective addresses values important to humans: love, compassion, creativity, etc. It is considered the third force of Psychology, the first being Behaviorism and the second being Psychoanalysis. The founders of the Humanistic theory were Abraham Maslov and Carl Rogers. They concerned themselves with the psychological well-being of a person, it focused on being able to realize your full potential or 'self-actualization'. This concept had a huge impact on psychology as we know it today because it concerned itself with areas of human behavior that other theories ignored. "The humanistic perspective values the integrity of each individual" (Editorial Board, 2011). It is believed that you could lose yourself because you become preoccupied with the notion of...
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...the field of psychology than what the public may be aware of. The four main perspectives concerning psychology is divided by schools of thought. Each of the four schools of thought is based on different studies and assumptions where the causes and treatments are concerned, in reference to psychology. The main four schools of thought are psychodynamic, the behaviorist, cognitive, and the evolutionary. The Psychodynamic Perspective The school of psychodynamic was “founded by Sigmund Freud ( HubPages Inc, 2011),” and evolved from Freud’s theories that all people have “powerful unconscious motives that underlie their conscious intentions. (Kowalski, R. & Westen, D. (2009)” A few of the issues that Freud and his followers focused on was repressed issues from one’s past, and helping people bring foreword these past issues so they may be dealt with by using reason, helping people face the nature of their problems. Freud believed that people can be totally unaware of their subconscious motivations and process that affect their conscious thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and intentions. The psychodynamic perspectives believe that how people act is determined by how thoughts and feelings interact in their minds. Freud also suggested that people make unconscious compromises within our competing motives that are the basic of most internal conflicts. The school of psychodynamic use case studies where the information gathered from these studies, after interpreted...
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... 35. D 36. B 37. D 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. Depression comes in many forms and most that have depression need treatment to overcome it and live healthy lives. The many forms of depression range but a few are postpartum, seasonal, recurrent, and melancholic. These disorders are all different forms of depression that have different ways of being treated. The first disorder is Postpartum Depression; this is a serious disorder that happens after a woman goes through child birth. This is was more serious than the baby blues. This happens after birth when hormones and physically changing can be too much on top of caring for a baby and getting back into work and other daily things. This type of depression is more sever, long lasting and can prevent you from giving your baby the attention it needs. The second disorder is Seasonal Depression; this disorder is the type of depression that usually occurs in the winter and it is usually because there is a lot less sunlight then in the spring, fall, and summer. This depression doesn’t go away during the other months but it usually lifts from the person during these months. Most people who have SAD are given light therapy but are not fully treated with this alone. They usually have to be on medication and psychotherapy as well. The next disorder is Melancholic Depression; this is a disorder that actually may be caused biologically. This depression is described by the combination of psychical agitation, insomnia, and...
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...Psychological Perspective Paper Introduction Psychology is the study of human and animal behavior. There are various perspectives within psychology and the upcoming paragraphs deal with 6 psychological perspectives: Behavioral, Cognitive, Biological, Developmental, Psychodynamic, Sociocultural and Evolutionary. Psychological Perspectives All six perspectives seek to explore and examine human behavior and makes use of varying techniques in order to do so. Each perspective tries to search for answers to different questions, which exist about behavior. Each of these perspectives is different hence they have there own reasoning and explanation. Among the perspectives of psychology, many have been accepted some whereas others have had difficulty in being accepted. Behavioral Behavioral Psychology is a branch is psychology that claims that all behavior is learned through conditioning. The field is also known as behaviorism. The idea behind it is that all people acquire their behavior by interacting with their environment through classical condition or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is the involuntary, or automatic, response to a stimulus (i.e. fight or flight response) where as Operant conditioning is that of a learned behavior through positive/negative reinforcement (consequences) or positive/negative punishment. (What Is Behavioral Psychology, 2011) Cognitive Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how...
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...Answer any five of the following questions. 2. What is the General Adaptation Syndrome, explain with an example. Scientist Hans Selye (1907-1982) introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome model in 1936 showing in three phases what the alleged effects of stress has on the body. In his work, Selye - 'the father of stress research,' developed the theory that stress is a major cause of disease because chronic stress causes long-term chemical changes. He observed that the body would respond to any external biological source of stress with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s internal homeostasis. This initial hormonal reaction is your fight or flight stress response - and its purpose is for handling stress very quickly! The process of the body’s struggle to maintain balance is what Selye termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other stressors can greatly influence your normal metabolism. Selye determined that there is a limited supply of adaptive energy to deal with stress. That amount declines with continuous exposure. Going through a series of steps, your body consistently works to regain stability. With the general adaptation syndrome, a human’s adaptive response to stress has three distinct phases: ALARM STAGE - Your first reaction to stress recognizes there’s a danger and prepares to deal with the threat, a.k.a. the fight or flight response. Activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system (SNS) and the adrenal glands...
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...Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured". Psychoanalysis Assumptions · Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind. · Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden) disturbances. · Typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma. · Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it. How can we understand the unconscious mind? freud's couch Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a Freudian theory. In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions...
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...to interpretation defining what is normal is a tall order. Interpreting the meaning of research data is a matter of perspective and is often open to debate. Everyone perceives things through their own concept of the world and since no two people experience the world in the exact same way the definition of normal varies from person to person and culture to culture. In this paper we will examine the field of abnormal psychology, a few common disorders, and the varying methods of therapy from the differing psychological schools of thought. Normal vs. Abnormal Psychology “Defining what is abnormal depends on how one first defines what is normal” (Davis & Buskist, 2008, p. 237). Psychology in general terms is the study of the mind. We study mental processes and human behavior to better understand the human condition. In trying to study the mind and understand the processes of thought there is much overlap from other disciplines; to fully understand behavior we must gain an understanding of all that goes into the process. There are biological, neurological, and evolutionary components to cognition and reaction. There is also a strong philosophical aspect to appreciating the idiosyncrasies of human behavior. In modern psychology there are four main schools of thought: psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Psychodynamic theory is based on emotions (subconscious) dictating behavior. Behaviorists believe that environmental stimuli are the...
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...The pain is severe enough and persistent enough to interfere with the person’s daily functioning (APA, 2000, p.234). The pain may be associated with psychological disorder such as anxiety or depression. The pain may have a physical cause, but it is more severe and long-lasting than would normally be the case. There are often specific stressors in the patient’s life that may be the source of the disorder (NKU, 2011). The psychodynamic components of somatoform pain disorder, suggest that the development of these illness results from unconscious emotional distress. According to the psychodynamic theory, individuals suffering from somatoform pain disorder utilize physical pain instead of their psychological pain. Psychodynamic theorists suggest that when an individual has this pain disorder they are actually unconsciously saying that they are in emotional pain and need help. Psychodynamic interventions aim to help individuals with this illness through psychotherapy. Therapists using psychotherapy hope to open the event or experience in which is responsible for producing this illness in the individual. Cognitive and/or behavioral theorists explain that the presence of the somatoform pain disorder in individuals derives from emotional distress in individuals just like the psychodynamic theory does. This is a direct result from an emotional distress in the individual that, in return, creates a mirage of physical pain that is in all actuality psychological pain. A cognitive...
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...much I always smile because I’m optimistic about life. I look at life as if something bad comes along, no need to dwell on it you can’t take it back so just move-on and improve what you did wrong if it’s possible. Strong is another trait I like to associate with myself because through all I have been through I made it and I’m still standing. I don’t let thing phase me very much because I’ve been through a lot so I’ve felt pain before and depression and all other worthless feelings so I have repressed that and won’t allow myself to feel it again. I am determined, strong-minded, outspoken, thoughtful, caring, and the most important, honest. Honesty is the most honorable trait to me because I feel being honest with someone can get you so much farther in life. My motivations in life is my background, I don’t want to go back to my past or where I’m from so I am determined to get away and I need a degree for that. Each of the perspectives play into my personality but the one that I would say really explains me is the Psychodynamic. Psychodynamic is where your inner conflicts or things that happen to you influence your behaviors. I’ve grown to be more secure; I don’t trust many people and stay more to myself due to the things that go on in my life and even around me. Biological Approach is somewhat related to my personality because I have suffered...
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...Describe and evaluate therapies derived from either the psychodynamic or the cognitive-behavioural models of abnormality. /30 marks Psychodynamic therapies were suggested by Sigmund Freud at the start of the twentieth centaury. Freud started off with the main therapy witch is psychoanalysis therapy. This therapy is based on neurotic problems that develop during the oedipal stage. The conflicts were suggested to be repressed memories and thoughts that the immature ego can not handle. The role of the psychoanalyst was to recover these repressed memories that was causing the patients undesirable behaviour, these memories would then be talked and discussed with the therapist in the safety of their surgery. Freud suggested the key to unlocking these thoughts was for the surgery to be the right situation for them to come out and develop. This therapy technique is said to be the principle on what all other psychodynamic therapies work on such as word association, free association, dream analyses and psycho drama. Free association is another such psychodynamic therapy, in this therapy a patient is required to lay down and get into the right atmosphere by being relaxed to allow the free flow of thoughts to come to mind. The first thoughts that enter the patients mind must be recalled to the practitioner because these thoughts are supposed to represent unconscious drives and desires . This aims to recall underlying thoughts that you may not be aware you are thinking about. Patients...
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