...Name Impression Influence on Employment Opportunities Tracy M. Sysk Saint Leo University Introduction A person’s name has been found to have a significant influence on other’s perception of their characteristics. This may be due to the impact of first impression phenomenon that can occur such as in the case of seeing a name on a resume. An individual with a perceivably attractive name may be more apt to gain employment than one with a less desirable name (Gueguen & Pascual, 2011). Upon first impression, judgments are made about personality traits such as friendliness, attractiveness, intelligence, and honesty or even reliability (Mahrabian, 200I; Steel & Smithwick, 1989; Aura & Hess, 2008). So, what makes one name more desirable than another? Coleman, Hargreaves & Sluckin (1980) determined that one particular psychological aspect determining name likeableness is familiarity based on commonality (Karlin & Bell, 1995). Albert Mahrabian (1990) developed an approach he used to measure attractive versus unattractive name connotation (additional idea or emotion connected with a word): the Name Connotation Profile model. The four evaluation traits of the NCP model are: 1- “Successful” indicating competence, 2 – “Moral” indicating trustworthiness, 3 – “Popular/Warm/Cheerful” indicating likeableness, and 4 – “Masculine/Feminine” indicating culturally accepted norms for gender. Mahrabian (1997) also compared name attractiveness impressions between genders...
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...A History of Modern Psychology University of Phoenix Flaur Conde Psy 310 The History of Psychology is something that is important to many psychologists everywhere. The history is celebrated by many centennial celebrations that started in 1979 (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 2). In the 1960’s when the history of psychology caught interest research of psychology’s past became prominent (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 2). History is important, because it lets people know where they came from, and what mistakes were made, and what discoveries were made, and how we can apply the past to future learning (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 3). One of the forerunners to the beginning philosophy to psychology is Rene Descartes. The Renaissance gave him a great stage to start with, because it had already started the changing of thought, made science more accepted, and made the approved teachings of the church mundane. Descartes wanted to search for a system where all information could be united (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 32). He believed that knowledge can be found through reasoning, and wouldn’t accept any truth unless it could not be doubted (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 32). In the Discourse on Method, Descartes explained his four rules for being able to reason so one could come up with the truth (Goodwin, 2008, pg. 33). The first one is what I stated previously is he would accept information as truth unless it was un-doubtable. The second rule he would take information and break it down to the first stages. The third rule is that...
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...PS 102 Assignment #2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the shortcuts we use in social cognition? Illustrate your answer with empirical studies. The majority of us care about what people think of us and nearly all of us care about understanding other people and their behaviour. Social Cognition is something that explains both these processes. (Fiske & Taylor 2013) Social Cognition is concerned with how we think about the social world and in particular how we select, interpret, and use information to make judgements about the world. (Sanderson 2010) Sometimes there is unlimited information available for an individual to make a life decision. This makes it time consuming and complex, causing people to take shortcuts to make decisions/judgements. On the other hand, there might be very little data available for a person to make a judgement about someone or a life decision. This would also lead to people taking shortcuts in social cognition. While these shortcuts are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to many errors and biases. In 1974, Tversky and Kahneman detailed heuristics which are mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems with limited data and make judgements quickly. Heuristics are integral in daily life to save time and reduce the complexity of operations. An example of a relatively simple heuristic is reading the headlines of a newspaper on a busy day and deciding which articles to read. (Fiske & Taylor 2013) There are various...
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...For SBS 338 (Social Psychology) Fridays – Ocean Hall 86B Spring 2015 Notes: This calendar is a week-by-week summary and is intended to be a general guide for both teaching and learning, hence, it is subject to modification. Assignments will be posted on a weekly basis. Students are required to refer to the iLearn cover pages for detailed instructions and links to all teaching and learning materials including all course deliverables (exams, article review and group project). Coupled with suggested learning materials students are expected to be self-directed in researching and reviewing other materials on iLearn. See also the “Readings” folder in order to access instructional readings materials for each exam. It is not recommended that students go beyond these materials. January 23 Meet. This is our first day of class. We will review the course syllabus, instructional strategies as well as all “deliverables” (exams/reviews/group presentations) and expectations (how to do well in this class and also how to be officially dropped for classroom disruption) found in Topic 0. Dr. Arias will present a lecture on the “Degrees of Degrees” and also the “It Factor” as a means of demonstrating the connectivity between one’s college education, and landing professional positions ranging from high tech corporations to non. 30 Meet. Dr. Arias will introduce and overview of social psychology by grounding theories and methods founded in social psychology to real life applications...
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...Multicultural psychology is developing as a necessary training for individuals working in human services, especially in psychology. Race, sex, color, or even religions are often an important part of training in multicultural psychology, but with new issues these basic factors need expansion. Obesity is a common factor many Americans struggle with as more than two-thirds of the population deals with, but training on is severely lacking for human services workers (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). Mapping the human gene will also bring new information but also fear and unknown problems. Obesity Psychologists must work to maintain awareness on bias and perception to ensure appropriate assistance is provided to every client. The issues of race, color, or even age many view as elements an individual has no control over but obesity appears to be a choice. The views of many are that an individual who is obese or overweight is that way by choice or laziness resulting in a negative bias that can prevent therapeutic treatment (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). Viewing an individual as obese also lends to beliefs of he or she is unintelligent, less productive, but caring (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). The views of others can have long-term effects on an individual and create low self esteem as well as issues such as binge eating and depression. In a situation in which a therapist maintains these views it can exacerbate these issues taking a therapeutic relationship and creating a harmful one (Pascal...
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...Person Perception - The psychological processes by which we form impressions of other people and formulate judgements about them. Social cognition is the study of how people process social information about other people it includes how we perceive other people and the impressions we form of them. Also how we interpret the causes of their behaviour and the attitudes we have about them. Central Traits are personality characteristics that have a greater impact on the formation of impressions about other people because they correlate highly with other traits allowing more inferences to be drawn about a person Impression formation An active process (or set of processes) through which we seek to know and understand others (Baron &Byrne, 1997, p38) First impression refers to the influence of information that came early rather than late in a social encounter. This is also known as the primacy effect (Asch, S. E (1946) Forming impressions of personality, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 258-290). Asch found that initial information carries greater weight than subsequent information. An example of such; a person we have just met makes an initial intelligent comment but subsequently says several things that sound not so intelligent. The early intelligent comment would carry a disproportion influence on the impression we have of this person. Physical attractiveness heavily influences first impressions. People immediately assume that handsome and beautiful people...
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...June 13 Performance Management by Prof Lise Saari 08 Fall Halo Errors in Performance Management Systems - Anita Rajendran Performance Appraisals are the backbone of Human Resources and a crucial aspect of the entire Performance Management System (PMS) but also the most difficult to implement. The effectiveness of a Performance Appraisal can be seriously impacted by the common errors that raters make. Halo is one such error and can be defined as "the influence of a global evaluation on individual attributes of a person" (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977, p. 250) or "the influence of a rater's general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities" (Lance, LaPointe, & Stewart, 1994, p. 339). The article tries to understand the background and research done into halo error and whether there is clear evidence to suggest that there is a positive or negative link to rating accuracy due to Halo error. It attempts to see if there are ways in which an organization can effectively utilize these research findings to counter halo error or whether any experiments done are effective only in a laboratory setting. Finally review on whether this aspect of the performance appraisal can be incorporated into an actual performance appraisal system. Individual Research Paper – Halo Error in Performance Management Systems Introduction and Background 3 What is Halo Error – The underlying research and theory 3 Deep Dive 5 How to counter the halo error or reduce error? 5 Effective use...
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...HISTORY AND SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY Albert Alexander PSY/310 January 15, 2014 Jacqueline Burnett-Brown, ABD During the years 1850 and 1950 Leta Stetter Hollingworth was a woman who made significant contributions to the field of psychology. As a married woman she was expected to take care of the home working was not an option. Discussing her background, perspective, and contributions in depth will give understanding to why she was a pioneer in the field of psychology. Were other women pioneers or was she the only during this time? The plains of northwestern Nebraska would be the birthplace as well as the place Leta Stetter Hollingworth, a very important woman in the field of psychology, would be laid to rest. Born on May 25th 1886, near the town of Chadron in Dawes County, her parents were Margaret Elinor Danley and John G. Stetter. Her mother was a very sweet, soft spoken and petite woman who died after giving birth to her third child. Her father owned entertainment halls and bars. He was also a rancher and a peddler, just to name a few. He was a charming man, but was so irresponsible that he left his three daughters with their grandparents for ten years after the death of his wife. Leta was a sensitive child, also mature for her age, she showed her maturity by keeping a journal of thoughts that she would have. Her father remarried when she was twelve years old, that’s when Leta and her sisters went to live with him and his new wife in Valentine, Nebraska. This living...
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...Research Topic IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT Narrated By Serhat Turken Business Project Course – Individual Study OUTLINE * Abstract * Definition of Impression Management * Historical Background of Impression Management * Interactions with other Social Sciences * Impression Management Strategies and Tactics * Daily Life and Impression Management * Business Life and Impression Management * Conclusion * Bibliography Abstract Impression management, the process by which people control the impressions others form of them, plays an important role in interpersonal behavior. All kinds of organisations consist of individuals with variety of personal characteristics; therefore, those are important to manage them effectively that identifying the behavior manner of each, interactions among them, and interpersonal relations on the basis of impressions given and taken. This essay presents the impression management concept in an explanatory view that examined in six chapters – Definition of impression management (IM), Historical background of IM, Interactions with other social sciences, Impression management strategies and tactics, Daily life and IM, and Business life and IM.- Each section discusses the related area with the examples and quotes...
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...settings. The first study was done to look at whether rejected boys are able to make a better impression on unknown peers when they are led to think that they will be liked. The subjects of this study were 76 black male third graders from ten schools in Durham North Carolina. Twenty rejected students and 18 popular students were identified and were the entry subjects and 38 average students were the hosts. The study took place in a group of rooms, including one with a one way mirror for video-taping. Two separate meetings took place. In the first meeting, the boys were grouped with others they did not know. They spent time learning names and answering questions about activities they liked. The next session was a peer group meeting and it occurred the next week. The group consisted of two of the hosts and two popular and two rejected boys. They were told they would be playing a game. They were randomly assigned to either a control group or experimental group. The first entry boy assigned to the experimental group received three communications that were to make them believe the hosts liked him and were looking forward to seeing him again. The control group did not receive these communications. They were just interviewed and told them to play with them if they wanted. A new game was started for each subject. When it was time for the second subject to join the host, the expectancy induction was done right before he joined the host instead of when he first arrived....
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... There are a lot of different ways that we as individuals evaluate people. A few of the ways that we figure people out are by impression arrangements, attitudes, and our acknowledgements. Impression arrangements are frequently assembled through our first impressions, which contain their gestures, clothes, gender, presentation, tone and manner of communication, and various other things (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Physical manifestation frequently gives an indication of who and what the individual is. The way a person communicates can disclose to you about their assurance and what their disposition is about. How do these factors play a role in our expectations of other people? These particular assessments execute into our expectations by producing notions and stereotypes. Stereotypes are ill-advised common sense, and notions are biased ideas we have about individuals. We acquire to assume specific individuals to sustain definitive jobs and common functions. Our perceptions are generally correct, but it is not wise to knuckle down off of assumptions. As the old saying goes, you are not able to criticize a book by its cover. The elements we make the most of to evaluate individuals have to be used with considerable diligence due to the fact they may be untrue and unreliable. What are the disadvantages of these expectations? The first reaction can be a disadvantage due to the fact that notions that are pre-conceived and stereotypes that happen to be incorrect...
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...Musical Influences in Advertising How music modifies first impressions of product endorsers and brands Mark F. Zander University of Freiburg, Germany accepted by ‘Psychology of Music’, London Ms 113 1 0. ABSTRACT The ability of music to create differentiating effects on subjects' impressions of product endorsers and brands of an advertisement were examined based on the theory of 'musical fit'. Subjects (N=132) listened to one of three versions of a radio commercial in which the music varied in each version. The music selections differed in style, tempo, rhythm etc. but matched product and message of the commercial in terms of 'musical fit'. After listening to the commercial, subjects rated the endorser's personality via the external version of a personality inventory. Impressions of the brand were measured using semantic differentials. The results concur with previous findings: depending on musical style, music can lead to significantly different impressions of the endorser as well as the brand without affecting general evaluations of the product. Based on sex interesting differences concerning music perception and its impacts were found. Self-critical annotations and suggestions for practitioners and future studies are discussed. Keywords: Music, advertising, musical fit, product endorser, brand, impressions, evaluation, different musical styles 2 1. INTRODUCTION Today music in multimedia is a tried instrument that influences perceptions in many ways....
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...Some Inherent Difficulties in thePerformance Appraisal Process and Proposed Solutions The performance management cycle begins with objective setting where the appraisee ought to be oriented about performance expectations for the given performance period. Throughout the period, performance is measured officially through the performance appraisal exercise, where the appraiser is given the chance to give performance feedback through an interview. The performance management system is meaningfully linked to rewards based on outcomes or results. Following all these, modifications are implemented to objectives and activities, including the drafting of an individual development plan for closing competency gaps (Clark, 1998). Types of Performance Appraisal Systems Traditionally, employee performance has been evaluated solely by supervisors. Recently, however, organizations have realized that supervisors see only certain aspects of an employee’s behavior. For instance, a manager might see only 30% of his staff’s behavior; the rest is observed by customers, peers, and support staff in other parts of the organization. Furthermore, the staff might behave differently around her supervisor than around other people. Consequently, to obtain an accurate view of the staff’s performance, these other sources should provide feedback. The buzzword for using multiple sources to appraise performance is 360-degree feedback (Gruner, 1997). Sources of relevant information include supervisors, peers...
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...Behavior from a Social Psychological Perspective Social psychology is the study of human behavior in the social situations. There are many different topics that are studied by social psychologists. They can include different behaviors such as attitudes, aggression, prejudice, pro-social behavior and self-identity. The goal of social psychology is to study the behavior of individuals to learn more about how people form impressions of others, interpret the behavior of others and behave in social situations. Social psychology also looks at a range of social topics. Leadership, group behavior, social perception, nonverbal behavior, aggression and prejudice are to name a few. Social psychology is not just about looking at social influences. Social perception and social interaction are vital to understanding social behavior. Social Psychology began to become more to the forefront after World War II. Other events just after like the Holocaust for example, caused Psychologists to start to ask themselves the effects of society on human behavior, according to an article by, Kendra Cherry titled, “What is Psychology?” (Cherry, 2012) The term social psychology was first used in the 1860’s. In 1908 the first textbooks on the subject were published. Floyd Allport in 1924 wrote a modern textbook and was regarded as the rebirth of social psychology. Kurt Lewin was called the father of social psychology. He was one of the first researchers to study organizational development and group...
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...perception of a negative or undesirable trait in individuals, brands, or other things influences further negative judgments about the traits of that individual, brand, etc. If a person "looks evil" or "looks guilty" you may judge anything he says or does with suspicion; eventually you may feel confident that you have confirmed your first impression with solid evidence when, in fact, your evidence is completely tainted and conditioned by your first impression. The hope that the halo effect will influence a judge or jury is one reason some criminal lawyers might like their clients to be clean-shaven and dressed neatly when they appear at trial. The phrase was coined by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1920 to describe the way commanding officers rated their soldiers. He found that officers usually judged their men as being either good or bad "right across the board. There was little mixing of traits; few people were said to be good in one respect but bad in another."* The old saying that first impressions make lasting impressions is at the heart of the halo effect. If a soldier made a good (or bad) first impression on his commanding officer, that impression would influence the officer's judgment of future behavior. It is very unlikely that given a group of soldiers every one of them would be totally good or totally bad at everything, but the evaluations seemed to indicate that this was the case. More likely, however, the earlier perceptions either positively or negatively affected...
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