...Pulmonary embolism is a serious and potentially life threatening condition. When the blood supply to the lungs gets clogged with a clot pulmonary embolism can happen. It can happen even in healthy people. Sudden blockage of blood vessel artery in the lungs can cause pulmonary embolism. Usually it is a blood clot. Most cases the clots can be small but it can still damage the lungs. If the clots are big enough it can be deadly. Quick treatments will reduce the risk for future problems (Lung disease, 2011). Most common of the symptoms are sudden shortness of breath which are a sharp chest pain that is worse when you cough or take a deep breath, a cough that brings up pink and foamy mucus (Lung disease, 2011). Anxiousness, sweating, light headed, tachycardia or palpitations are some other general symptoms that can occur (Lung disease, 2011). Most cases pulmonary embolism is caused by a clot that breaks loose and travels to the lungs. Having clots in deep veins like in deep vein thrombosis can cause pulmonary embolism (Lung disease, 2011). More than 300,000 people are affected by pulmonary embolism each year (Lung disease, 2011). Any diseases that can form a clot in the body can lead to pulmonary embolism. Some of the factors that can increase the risk for pulmonary embolism includes, being inactive for long periods of time. This mainly happens after surgery or major illness, sitting in long flights or cars (Lung disease, 2011). As mentioned in the article of lung diseases about...
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...Nick Klepper Professor Walker English 101, Sec. 30 21 April 2014 What is a Procrastinator? For centuries the word procrastinator has been used with one who usually likes to be an irresponsible person and one who is lazy. And most of the time it is very easy to recognize one when it’s right of front of you. So the question I have always asked myself is what really makes a procrastinator, and how do you know if you are one? A procrastinator is one who puts off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness. And really that explains the gist of what one actually is. But that still leave people wondering if they actually are one. Similar terms that come to mind to describe one include such synonymous as postpone or prolong and adjectives such as lazy or irresponsible. But people that are procrastinators may not even be lazy at all, it’s just that they prefer to delay things as much possible because they work better under time constraints and under pressure. It’s funny because some of the greatest people ever to live where procrastinators and they still ended up doing great things in life and helping the better of this country. It seems though that in most cases a procrastinator will end up completing every task like everyone else just in a more stressed time frame. There is always that saying of, “it doesn’t matter how you finish the race as long as you cross the finish line.” This saying is absolutely perfect to describe procrastinators and there...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease also referred to as COPD is the name that identifies a group of lung diseases. These diseases consist of bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma. An individual can have COPD for years and not know it. When the disease is in the early stages the symptoms are not completely mature and are barely discernible. As the disease matures and progresses the symptoms become more noticeable. Although millions of individuals are living with COPD, this disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States; and smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollutants, occupational dust, chemicals, and genetics are factors that can cause the disease for which there is no cure; however numerous treatments are available to help live an active and healthy life (COPD Foundation, 2010). Many people who have COPD are undiagnosed with the disease. Undiagnosis could derive from several reasons, which may include no health insurance, afraid to seek medical attention, or belief that the symptoms are of another illness such as a cold that will not go away. However, most cases of COPD are undiagnosed because of a lack of education concerning the disease. Many communities and employers fail to educate the public concerning diseases like COPD.I was surprised to find that the Dobbins...
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...| Pulmonary Fibrosis | University of South Dakota NursingPathophysiology 351 | | Amanda J Neugebauer | 10/21/2013 | | Abstract Diseases of the lung are an increasing problem in today’s population. The likely hood that healthcare professional will deal with lung disease in their practice setting is very possible. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that can present as many different health problems and affect multiple systems of the body. Through this reviewed of pulmonary fibrosis, I will discuss the epidemiology, genetic and cultural component, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and current research for pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiology In the United States 132,000 to 200,000 people are affected by pulmonary fibrosis. It’s estimated that over 50,000 pulmonary fibrosis patients are diagnosed in one year, at the same time 40,000 patients are dying from the disease in the United States. The researchers cannot develop a good profile for pulmonary fibrosis, but found equal in the urban and rural areas of the United States. As the population lives longer researchers believe that the population of the pulmonary fibrosis patients will increase ("Pulmonary fibrosis foundation:," 2013). Genetic and Cultural Component Pulmonary fibrosis effects are most commonly men between ages of fifty to seventy. This population group is even at higher risk if they have a history of smoking. The medial age of survival is three years after diagnosis...
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...Obstructive Pulmunary Disease A. Hallmarks 1.Airflow limitation 2.Irreversible type disease: (COPD) Emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis,bronchiolitis 3.Reversible Type:Hyper-reactive airway disease, Athma, chronic inflammatory disease B.Airflow reduction REduced bronchiole Tone elevated air trapping FEV1 is reduced Emphysema: low elastic recoil of bronchiles, low air flow, low airway tone, pressure drive of air is low Asthma:Bronchoconstriction with higher resistance Residual volume and Residual Capacity along with Total lung capacity elevated Emphysema: effects create greater work of breathing and dyspnea Chest xray shows flattened diaphragm, lower intra-thoracic pressure and shortened muscle fibers also hyperlucency Greater air trapping Airway narrowing due to low elastic recoil Decreased driving pressure for air flow reduced FEV1 reduced FEV1/FVC RV, TLC and FRC elevated Hyperinflation reduced alveoli with loss of surface area Ventilation to Perfusion mismatch creates hypoxemia Low Diffusion capacity Genetic link: Alpha 1 antitrypsin reduction Alpha 1 is made in liver , then travels to lung helps reduce the degradation of Elastin which helps the elasticity recoil of bronchioles Pathogenesis : Inflammatory( neutrophils, cytokines, macrophages Oxidant: lipid peroxidation with active proteases Neurogenic: Beta 2 adrenergic effects of...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health and Physical Education Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease There are many kinds of chronic illness and each with it on characteristics, symptoms, causes, some chronic illness affect people of any age or ethnic background, and others are more likely to appear in a particular age or ethnic group. Some are present at birth while others develop later in life. Some chronic illnesses are caused by environmental factors such as exposure to pollutants. The definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the most common lung diseases which makes it difficult to breathe and causes damage to the lungs over many years, usually from smoking that leads to a combination of two diseases, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. Chronic Bronchitis are airways which carry to the lings become inflamed and make a lot of mucus, and a long term cough with mucus. Emphysema involves destruction of the lungs over time, and the air sac are damaged and loses their stretch and less air gets in and out of the lungs. The lifestyles factors that leads to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is smoking, air pollution, genetics, age, occupational dust and chemicals. Smoking, COPD, and the immune system. “Although the immune system is designed to protect the body from harm, it may actually worsen the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” according to University of Cincinnati...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | INTRODUCTION We are doing a case study on medical, nursing, pharmacological management of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). We took a COPD patient and assessed the patient for clinical manifestation, the medical, nursing, pharmacological care given to the patient. In our case study we will include the care Hawwa is receiving now and the care we can add to daily routine to help her recover faster. Hawwa Ismail is admitted to Medical ward with diagnosis of COPD. She is 145cm tall, slim, with dark complexion. She is 79 years old. She said that she has difficulty in breathing, she cannot sleep in night time ,she do not feel like eating food and she was having cough. Physical assessment revealed BP 138/47mmHg right arm in lying position, pulse 84 regular and strong, and breathing pattern was irregular labored, tachypnic at 40 breathes per minute,SpO2 99% in room air and temperature 360C (96.80F).Her facial color and lips are ruddy, but nails are clean ,pale and clubbed. She has a little barrel chest, uses accessory muscle to breathe. She has prolonged expiration. While auscultating lungs, diminished breath sound in most of the lower lobes and a small wheezing sound in right lower lobe was noted. PERSONAL DETAILS PATIENT NAME: Hawwa Ismail ADDRESS:Iruvaige/R.Inguraidhoo GUARDIAN: NAME: Abdul HameedHussain CONTACT NO: 7772099 AGE: 79yrs SEX: female NATIONALITY: Maldivian LANGUAGE: Dhivehi RACE: Asian ...
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...Pulmonary Function Testing Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a "preventable, treatable disease" with "airflow limitation" that is "progressive" and "not fully reversible" (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013, p. 445). The paper will review COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies that can be implemented into a clinical setting. A case scenario will be utilized as an example of this application. COPD: Diagnosis, Management, and Preventions Strategies According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2017), consideration for the diagnosis of COPD is based on clinical findings that include "dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production" and a "history of exposure to the risk factors" (p. 1). According to Buttaro et al. (2013), some of the risk factors include "age, smoking history, a family member with COPD, occupational exposures, and poor nutrition" (p. 445). When all of these factors are present, further exploration into the progressive nature and associated characteristics of these symptoms must be considered. Spirometry can confirm the diagnosis of "persistent airflow limitation" and is defined as "FEV1/FVC < .70" (GOLD, 2017, p. 1). Once confirmed, the degree of limitation can be categorized and an individualized treatment plan developed. Management...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is commonly called COPD. COPD is a widely growing cause of disability and mortality in the world every day. COPD was the 6th leading cause for 4% of deaths in the world in 1990 and by 2020 it is projected to increase to 7% and move up to the 3rd cause for deaths in our world. (Lundback, 2003) Causes of COPD can include exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutions, occupational hazards, infections and also with the leading cause of cigarette smoking. With the correct treatment it can be lived with. COPD is a preventable and treatable disease with some effects that may aid to severity in some patients and is not reversible. This is a lung disease that leads to harder breathing. There are two forms of COPD including Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis and Emphysema. Its pulmonary component is characterized by the limit of airflow that is not reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to gases. Airflow is limited because of a mixture of small airway disease, parenchymal destruction or emphysema, and in many cases because of increase in the airway response or asthma. After witnessing a grandmother with COPD having trouble breathing on her own after 2 weeks out of heart surgery and still on the ventilator only through an incision in her neck now, I see the severity of COPD first hand. The risk of getting COPD varies in many ways including genetics, tobacco smokers...
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...PULMONARY REHABILITATION HOME RECOMMENDATIONS CREATED FOR: Medications: It is important to take your medications as directed for maximum benefit. Your prescriptions should provide you with an adequate supply for a month, with one refill. It is important for you to see your primary physician for further follow-up and prescription refills. Two vaccines are very important for people with chronic lung disease: 1. Pneumococcal Vaccine You should have this vaccine as recommended by your physician. 2. Influenza Vaccine You should plan to have this vaccine every year in the fall. Oxygen Therapy: Your oximetry level at rest was _ % without supplemental oxygen. While walking at a comfortable pace using pursed-lip breathing your oximetry was _ %. These values indicate that supplemental oxygen is not needed at this time. Keeping Your Airways Clear: Prevention of lung infections will be very important for you because it may cause further damage to your lungs. It is unlikely that you will be able to avoid infection entirely, but you can have less frequent infections and minimize their negative effects by taking the following precautions: • Avoid smoke and breathing other inhaled irritants into your lungs. • Avoid people who have respiratory infections, and stay away from large crowds in the fall and winter (flu season). • Get your flu shot each fall. • Build up your immune system and resistance by getting enough rest and sleep;...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Bertha Mitchell September 16, 2014 HCT 101 Professor Joe Gravely COPD an acronym that we hear a lot. But what is it? What causes it? Is there a cure? By medical definition COPD stands for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult. (Walsh) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is known to cause chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both are It is commonly caused from smoking cigarettes. Both can severely damage It can cause a person life threatening problems; heart failure, wheezing, coughing, are just a few. COPD can destroy the airway by becoming inflamed and swollen. In addition a person can experience episodes of coughing up mucus, which will cause the alveoli to weaken and loose elasticity. . There are three types of inflammation that are common with COPD: panacinar, ceniacinar, and distal acinar emphysema. Out of the three panacinar emphysema is the most severe, rendering most people unable to work. They experience severe coughing throughout the day and are more susceptible to contract infections. Ceniacinar is not as severe. Most people are able to work, but still will experience episodes of uncontrollable coughing. Distal acinar emphysema is quite rare. COPD is a progressive disease which will worsen over time. COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the third leading cause of death in the United States. Currently, millions...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease that affects 14 percent of our population that is over the age of 40 years old (Casey, 2016). COPD happens when airflow is decreased, or limited, which impairs the gas exchange in the alveoli, which are the sacs within our lungs. This is considered a progressive disease that continues to get worse over time and this disease makes it hard for a person to breathe (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.). This illness can produce wheezing, mucus and chest tightening. This paper will discuss some of the factors that could cause COPD and three health promotion ways to help manage and control some of the symptoms while educating the patient and their family. Factors that cause...
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...My case study is on a patient by the name of LaToya. LaToya is a fifty-one year-old black female. She was admitted to the medical-surgical department where I work, with a diagnosis of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. She has a 66 pack-year history, meaning she smoked the equivalent of 365 packs of cigarettes for 66 years, and occasional drug and alcohol use. LaToya is divorced and lives alone in an older apartment building. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease that limits your airflow. COPD may include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. Chronic bronchitis is the production of increased mucus caused by inflammation. Bronchitis is considered chronic if you cough and produce excess mucus most days for three months in a year, two years in a row. Emphysema is a disease that damages the air sacs and/or the smallest breathing tubes in the lungs. COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe and the symptoms will get worse over time. Most cases of COPD occur as a result of long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and the airways. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. One of the greatest challenges for LaToya is to stop smoking. According to the Center for Disease Control (2012), the most important step a smoker can take after getting a COPD diagnosis is to quit. Not only will it make breathing easier, but it will cut down on the risk of severe...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD; Emphysema) Pathophysiology Abakyereba Kwansemah June 4, 2014 Abstract D.Z.is a 65-year-old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension (HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports productive cough with thick yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and tiredness. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102° F, SaO2 88%. Admitting diagnosis is chronic emphysema with acute exacerbation. Admitting orders includes: diet as tolerated; out of bed with assistance; oxygen (O2) to maintain SaO2 of 90%; maintenance IV of D5W at 50 ml/hr.; intake and output (I&O); arterial blood gases (ABGs) in AM; CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel (BMP), and theophylline (Theo-Dur) level on admission; chest x-ray (CXR) q24h; prednisone 60 mg/day PO; doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h x10 days, azithromycin 500 mg IV piggyback (IVPB) q24h x2 days then 500 mg PO x 7 days; theophylline 300 mg PO bid; heparin 5000 units SC q12h; albuterol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) in 3 ml normal saline (NS) and ipratropium 500 mg by nebulizer q4-6h;...
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...Pulmonary tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs. Causes Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). You can get TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. The resulting lung infection is called primary TB. Most people recover from primary TB infection without further evidence of the disease. The infection may stay inactive (dormant) for years. In some people, it becomes active again (reactivates). Most people who develop symptoms of a TB infection first became infected in the past. In some cases, the disease becomes active within weeks after the primary infection. The following persons are at high risk of active TB: * Elderly * Infants * People with weakened immune systems, for example due to AIDS, chemotherapy, diabetes, or medicines that weaken the immune system Your risk of catching TB increases if you: * Are around people who have TB (such as during overseas travel) * Live in crowded or unclean living conditions * Have poor nutrition The following factors can increase the rate of TB infection in a population: * Increase in HIV infections * Increase in number of homeless people (poor environment and nutrition) * The appearance of drug-resistant strains of TB Symptoms The primary stage of TB does not cause symptoms. When symptoms of pulmonary TB occur...
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