...For sustained fight against rural poverty and inequality; and for the realization of poverty and inequality free Ethiopia, there is a need to design pro-poor and location specific poverty and inequality reduction policies and strategies in the country generally, and this is an on-going effort since fifteen years ago. Due to fact that the country is differentiated with diverse socio-economic settings, and agro-climatic zones, it is hardly possible to use poverty and inequality assessment results carried out elsewhere in the country for other areas. Regional vulnerability, poverty and inequality analysis results are seldom used by other districts as the households may differ in their socio-cultural contexts and livelihood strategies being...
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...Carbon Credit How company’s Generating profit An Interactive Research Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH by Aamir Malik(B 43) Anuj Dubey(B 55) MBA (G) 2013-2015 October 2013 __________________________________________________ INDEX S.No | Topic | Page No. | 1. | Acknowledgement | 4 | 2. | Abstract | 5 | 3. | Introduction | 5-6 | 4. | How carbon credit Trading works | 7 | 5. | Global Scenario | 8 | 6. | Analyzing Indian Scenario | 9 | 7. | Benefits for India | 10-11 | 8. | Financing Up port in India | 11-12 | 9. | Business Mechanism and Carbon exchange | 12-13 | 10. | CDM process and carbon Trading | 14 | 11. | Accounting and Tax treatment In different Countries | 15-17 | 12. | CASE 1: Buddhil Hydro Electric Power Ltd. | 18-20 | 13. | CASE 2: Greenply Industries Ltd. | 21-22 | 14. | CASE 3: Reliance Power | 23 | 15. | Future Of Carbon Trading | 24-25 | 16. | Conclusion | 26 | 17. | References | 27 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Ms. Lakhwinder Kaur Dhillon Mam for their guidance and constant supervision...
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...The Establishment of Emissions Trading Climate change is becoming an increasingly pertinent issue in Saskatchewan and can largely be attributed to high concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions. The province of Saskatchewan is especially vulnerable to a fluctuating climate given the dependence of its economy on the agriculture industry; therefore, an effective policy mechanism must be implemented as soon as possible in order to mitigate future harm. One third of Saskatchewan’s greenhouse gas emissions are produced by oil and gas extraction and refining, and by mining (1). The next leading producers of greenhouse gas emissions are the energy generation sector, the transport sector, and the agriculture sector. Coal and gas are the two main sources of energy production in Saskatchewan and are both responsible for a large portion of the province’s total emissions (1). Technological innovation is required in order to make alternative, less polluting sources of energy efficient enough to further develop. Saskatchewan’s economic dependence on the sectors that are largely responsible for its greenhouse gas pollution is the most sensible explanation as to why addressing the problem has proven to be such an arduous task. This paper will discuss the environmental risk associated with high concentrations of greenhouse gas and whether or not the establishment of emissions trading in Saskatchewan is a worthwhile pursuit for policy-makers as they attempt to address the pressures that are...
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...proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) in Australia and critique its impact on financial management decisions” BY Xiao Nie Yang Song Date: 20th April 2010 Introduction In today’s society, all countries in the world will experience climate change in coming decades because of increasing carbon pollution (climate change 2007). In order to reduce the carbon pollution, ETS and CPRS will be proposed in the world wide and Australia. This essay is to focus on revising the proposed carbon pollution reduction scheme and point out its impact on financial management decision. In the first place, there is a brief summary about the CPRS scheme in detail. In the second place, there is an analysis about major and minor financial management decisions. In the final place, the impacts of CPRS on its financial management decision will be raised. All in all, the conclusion is a summary of the aim of the essay and how to achieve this aim. The CPRS scheme The emissions trading scheme (ETS) in Australia is called Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS). Australia is very vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They recognize that human activity is causing the climate change and also Australia is one of the biggest polluters on a per capita basis. The CPRS will help reduce Australia’s carbon pollution by putting a price on carbon for the first time in Australia’s history. The carbon price means that goods that are emissions intensive to produce will...
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...are not able to make reductions. Source: Text from “Cap and Trade 101”, Center for American Progress Emission Permit Market • Emission permits are traded in market; Creates a new market for ‘Clean Air’(Carbon-less air) Source: “Review of Forestry Carbon Standards”, Imperial College London More on Cap & Trade • The profits: – The program would generate $50 billion per year, but could reach up to $300 billion – The revenue can be used to invest in renewable energy, efficiency, low-carbon transportation technologies, green-collar job training etc Carbon Reduction Targets Source: “Review of Forestry Carbon Standards”, Imperial College London More on Cap & Trade • The cons: – Hard to quantify the effects of carbon emissions, hence put a price – Implementing, monitoring is a challenge – Highly political, highly manipulative Source: Members’ understanding EU-Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) • • • • • • Largest multi-national emissions trading scheme in the world. The objective of EU-ETS is reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in a costeffective and economically-efficient manner. It currently limits CO2 emissions from approximately 12,000 facilities in the 27 EU Member States. Operational Mechanism is via the allocation and trade of CO2 emissions allowances. Long term goal - de-carbonization of EU economy Carbon trading was kick started in January 2005 Source: EU-Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) • • • • • The emission...
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...Challenges Faced/Issues Raised 1).Reaching the 2015 GHG reduction goals – The GHG Protocol defines three scopes of emissions: * Scope 1 - Direct GHG emissions are emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. For example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces and vehicles. * Scope 2 - Accounts for GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity by the company. * Scope 3 - Optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. They are a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Some examples include third party deliveries, business travel activities and use of sold products and services. Wipro’s goals in terms of GHG reduction are : “Reduce the Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG intensity of Wipro’s operations by 45% from 2.42 MT per employee in 2010-11 to 1.3 MT per employee by 2014-15. This target applies to all of our office space facilities. this translates into a net reduction of around 60,000 tons assuming a similar GHG intensity in 2014-15 as in the baseline year” To achieve this goal, Wipro needs to focus on both producing and generating renewable energy. Also, company’s expansion, which will contribute to increased headcount and increased GHG emission due to employee commute. 2). Pace of change in the Ethical Supply Chain Program – Going green is no longer simply a buzzword. It’s a strategy that...
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...2030(Boeing). Looking at the strong demand and growth the industry is helping our economies to grow but at the same time it has an increasing effect on the environment. Over the years the fuel efficiency has increased dramatically by improved aircraft design and cleaner fuel. In spite of the more efficient burning of fuel and taking measures to reduce the emissions it is very important to minimize them. Because the aircraft flies at higher altitudes the emissions affect on the higher and lower stratosphere. The governments and the aviation authorities are imposing strict norms and regulations to mitigate the damage. This will have an adverse effect on the businesses. Especially schemes like ETS, it’s going to cost a lot of money to the airline operators to fly to and from EU. Hence as aviation professionals we need to look at this issue as a 2 way campaign which will save money and the most importantly the environment. The following study is conducted for the Dubai International Airport. The aim of this report is to, * To develop a strategy to reduce noise and aircraft emissions in accordance with the ICAO noise and emission regulation * To develop practical recommendations to act on the strategy while maintaining low costs * To develop a path in order to achieve...
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...large amount of Carbon Dioxide emission. This Green House gas (GHG) attributed to the environmental warming and resulted in an increase of 0.74 degree for past 100 years. Rising global temperatures will cause sea level to rise and alter local climate conditions, affecting forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It may also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand and some of our countryside may be permanently altered. This concern has drawn World attention towards Carbon Management. The last 20 years have witnessed increasing momentum for international environmental policy efforts in order to avoid 'dangerous' anthropogenic climate change. Major achievements in the process so far have been the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1997, which entered into force in 2005. Carbon Management Carbon management is the control of carbon emissions within the economic, social, and technical and policy constraints through the reductions of carbon sources and the enhancements of carbon sinks. When implemented effectively, CPM techniques can reduce operating costs, realizing gains in brand equity, competitive advantage and stakeholder value. It basically focuses on developing break-through technologies for the large scale reduction (e.g. alternative, low carbon, energy sources), removal (e.g. gas separation from flue emissions) and sequestration (e.g. long term...
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...Hall Carbon Offsets and Reductions Carbon offsets are actions the University can take to counteract unavoidable carbon emissions and to counteract other emissions generated off campus. Carbon reductions are actions to lower carbon emissions generated on campus. In addition to all of the individual student proposals that all offset or reduce CO2 emissions in their own unique way, there are a number of projects being proposed to the campus as well as a number of projects already in place on University grounds that offset or reduce CO2 emissions that the university is responsible for generating directly or indirectly. There is a fine line between offsets and reductions and it is important to understand the difference. In order to discuss offsets, it is important to understand why people make CO2 offsets. There are a number of various carbon emissions that are unavoidable at this point in time due to societal structure like dependence on fossil fuels for transportation and some of the University’s utility use. Until major societal change occurs, like the removal of our dependence on fossil fuel and a total jump to renewable energy for our utility and transportation needs. Students, faculty and staff that commute to campus emit unavoidable CO2 emissions on a daily. Total wind purchase from the utility company does not offset the effects of natural gas use for heating (water and living space) and cooking preparation needs. To counteract these emissions the campus can continue...
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...Abstract: This dissertation examines the Australian ‘Emissions Trading Scheme’ (ETS) and why it is such a fiercely debated topic in politics, industry, community groups and the general public alike. It explores the ways in which the topic of global warming and climate change has significantly altered Australia in numerous aspects and particularly investigates the Rudd Governments’ decision to introduce an emissions trading scheme. The emissions trading scheme came on the back of The Garnaut Climate Change Review which presented its draft report on 4 July 2008 (with the final report submitted in September 2008). Upon receiving the draft report, Climate Change Minister, Penny Wong, issued the Government discussion paper on emissions trading, titled Carbon Pollution Reduction Green Paper. Since this paper was released, and the recommendations stated, turbulent times for all involved has ensued. With the ETS to be made effective sometime in 2010, the government has had to fight tooth and nail in the Senate to get it (the ETS) passed in time for the scheduled deployment. In this piece, both sides of the case will be looked at and a decision on whether the proposed ETS is an effective measure to combat global warming and climate change will be presented. Is an emission trading scheme the right path to alleviate global warming for Australia? Global warming and climate change. Two terms that are constantly thrown around in the Australian media but what do they actually mean?...
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...Research Articles Emissions Trading and Carbon Credit Accounting for Sustainable Energy Development With Focus on India A. N. Sarkar Senior Professor (International Business), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi, India Abstract Global climate change is inextricably linked with the enhanced build-up of greenhouse gases. Emissions- trading in the form of carbon credits or CERs is opening up a new vista of trade opportunities with prospect for gradual reduction of emissions particularly by the developed nations under Annexure-I categories. Various national and international programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily by the non-government agencies have positively impacted on progressive reduction of emissions in many parts of the world. The paper highlights the emerging issues linked to the modalities of emission-trading, together with scope for developing sound accounting procedures for trading carbon credits. Paper discusses the opportunities for developing a sound marketing system of carbon credits with built-in efficiency in transactions, accountability and transparency in reporting systems with focus on India. Paper also GMJ,VOL 4,ISSUE 1 & 2, JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 underlines the need to comply with the Global Accounting Standards, Tax Planning, access to Multi-commodity Exchange Market, certification, verification and enforcement procedures for proper execution of emission-trading initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. The aspects...
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...HUMBER COLLEGE ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC ISSUES EXAMPLE OF QUESTIONS FOR TEST 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) How could "stock pollutants" be described? Pollutants B) Pollutants C) Pollutants D) Pollutants A) with special characteristic which makes them extremely hazardous. which could be absorbed by the environment. which could be little or not at all absorbed by the environment. which could be dissolved in water. Answer: C 2) Hcnr would the pollution for which the environment has some absorptive capacity be called? B) Fund pollutants. A) Raw D) Absorptive pollutants. C) Light pollutants. pollutants. Answer: B 3) What is the characteristic of Carbon dioxide from below? A) Could be absorbed by plan life and the oceans. B) Could be absorbed by lakes and oceans. C) Could be absorbed by rivers and lakes. D) Could not be absorbed anyhow. Answer: A 4) What should be the correct classification of pollutants from below? B) Liquid and solid solution. A) Natural and artificial. D) Horizontal and vertical. C) Sulphuric and carbonated. Answer: D 5) The "vertical zone" of influence could be described like what of following? A) The damage caused mainly by ground level concentration or an air pollutant or by concentrations in the upper atmosphere. B) The damage caused mainly by ground level concentration. C) The damage caused mainly by air pollutant in the lower atmosphere. D) The damage...
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...warming of the atmospheric temperature which is called as Global Warming and considered a major threat to life on earth. In today’s world situation, it is very much necessary to find out the solution for the global impact of pollution for the survival of life. The rules & regulations which are meant for the control of pollution are seen to be somewhat ineffective. One of the reason behind the failure of such systems is that there is no attractive proposals in front of industries. The solution requires obviously the attraction in terms of economy. With this, the Kyoto Protocol, 1997, supported by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) gave a wonder full solution which may prove to be the golden midway between the reduction in pollution & the economy. The honest effort is done by the authors to put light on this topic of Carbon Credits from the root of this issue to its today’s picture! Introduction Carbon is an element stored in fossil fuels such as coal and oil. When these fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released and acts as what we term a "greenhouse gas". Similarly, oxides of Carbon and Nitrogen which are released on account of incomplete combustion also are Green-house gases. Methane or Natural gas liberated is also a green house Gas. These Green house gases form a blanket over the earth surface thus trapping and preventing the heat from escaping the earth’s surface, thus resulting in increasing the...
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...which is our earlier newsletters. effective in terms of time and space. This topic is Day by day the cycle of climate on earth is changing. discussed in our second article, “Bio-bin composting” Global warming has led to season shifting, changing I hope that the newsletter will serve the landscapes, rising sea levels, increased risk of drought and floods, stronger storms, increase in heat purpose of understanding the above subjects in a related illness and diseases all over the world. This better and proficient manner. has resulted due to emissions of Green House Gases – Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (GHG’s) from various anthropogenic activities. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol in the year 1997, Carbon Credits in India countries all over the world have become more Our earth is undoubtedly warming. This concerned about ‘Global Warming’. Industrialized warming is largely the result of emissions of countries are the major contributors to these emissions carbon dioxide and other Greenhouse Gases compared to the developing countries. India being one (GHG’s) from human activities including industrial of the developing countries has ratified the Kyoto processes, fossil...
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...secondary in nature such as related books, journals, periodicals and Websites etc. 1.4 Limitations of the report We have tried our level best to find out the opportunity of work for overcoming the limitation but due to shortage of time, official compulsion and lack of availability of required data it was not possible to collect huge information about the topic. Other limitation is our report is mostly text based. 1.5 What is Carbon Accounting? Carbon accounting refers generally to processes undertaken to "measure" amounts of carbon dioxide equivalents emitted by an entity. It is used by nation states, corporations and individuals. It is the process of measuring, monitoring, benchmarking and reporting an organization Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a defined reporting period. Carbon Accounting is not is a greener form of financial accounting. 1.6 What is the Issue? The recognition of climate change as a significant issue continues to grow and commercial activity is well underway, but, in the absence of authoritative accounting guidance, a diverse range of accounting treatments has evolved. This in turn has led to a lack of consistency in...
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