...Table of Contents I. The main facts about the UE and its citizen 2 II. Motivation to have an EU. 3 III. Diversity in EU: a weakness? 4 1. The premises: coordination between states. 4 2. The premises: The Council of Europe. 4 3. The need for a United Europe. 4 4. Which Europe? 5 IV. The European Political Community. 5 5. More info 5 V. The main theories about European construction 5 6. European Economic Community (EEC) 1958-1985 6 7. The customs union 6 8. Policy coordination & harmonization 6 9. Common policies: 3 areas. 6 10. Permanent, single institutions are created 7 11. European social policy & investments 7 12. Surveillance of EU policies 7 13. Stagnation and euro-pessimism (1973-1985) 7 14. European leaders stop using The Luxembourg compromise. 7 15. What does it show? 7 16. Single European act 8 VI. Furthering European integration 8 17. Customs union without harmonization of norms & standards 8 VII. Maastricht treaty 8 VIII. The EU 4 freedoms 9 18. Free movement of goods 9 19. Free movement of persons 9 IX. Theory and practice of integration 10 20. Political view and gradual political process 10 21. international political developments push Europeans to reinforce cooperation 10 X. The different stages of economic union 12 XI. Treaty of Nice 12 XII. The council of European Union 12 22. Responsibilities 13 XIII. European parliament 13 XIV. Council of Europe...
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...28, No. 1, April 2008 Islam in Britain and Denmark: Deterritorialized Identity and Reterritorialized Agendas KIRSTINE SINCLAIR Abstract This article is based on case studies of two Muslim groups: Hizb ut-Tahrir and Muslimer i Dialog (Muslims in Dialogue). In the article, basic elements in the ideology and activities of the Islamist and fundamentalist Hizb ut-Tahrir are outlined and the Danish and British sections of the group are compared in terms of agendas, members and image. Furthermore, a comparison between the Danish section of Hizb ut-Tahrir and another and more recent Danish Muslim organization called Muslimer i Dialog is made. In the article, it is argued that there are distinctive differences between the national sections of Hizb ut-Tahrir which indicate that the group is not entirely immune to national agendas (media, political or otherwise). Based on the comparison between the Danish Hizb ut-Tahrir and Muslimer i Dialog, it is also argued that a new understanding of the relation between religious, ethnic and national identity is evolving. Groups such as Hizb ut-Tahrir and Muslimer i Dialog seem to thrive and recruit new members on a combination of a transnational, deterritorialized understanding of the Muslim religious community and reterritorialized agendas. Introduction In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington D.C. in September 2001, Hizb ut-Tahrir started making headlines in Denmark. In the media, the group was seen as a local,...
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...neither separated into many nationalist states, nor unified as one nationalistic country. In other words, the conservatives and radicals disagreed, thus leading to one weak and disunited empire. Another example of leaders trying to control a disunited empire is Russia. The Romanov Dynasty forced their culture upon all ethnic groups in their empire, also known as Russification, in order to keep them under control. However, the idea backfired on the Czars, as Russification only strengthened nationalistic feelings within the different groups, thus disunifying Russia (Holt 693). Similarly to Austria, the “tug of war” between those who wanted an empire and those who wanted independence only weakened Russia. Conversely, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnic groups, rather than forcing a certain culture upon them. Despite this, the empire still fell apart as this act angered conservative Turks, and they began to massacre and deport other ethnic groups, the most famous being the Armenians (Holt 693). The similarity between all three of these failures is the fact that there was great opposition between those who wanted to remain part of an empire, and those who wanted independence,...
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...------------------------------------------------- EU Treaties The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every action taken by the EU is founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all EU member countries. For example, if a policy area is not cited in a treaty, the Commission cannot propose a law in that area. A treaty is a binding agreement between EU member countries. It sets out EU objectives, rules for EU institutions, how decisions are made and the relationship between the EU and its member countries. Treaties are amended to make the EU more efficient and transparent, to prepare for new member countries and to introduce new areas of cooperation – such as the single currency. Under the treaties, EU institutions can adopt legislation, which the member countries then implement. The complete texts of treaties, legislation, case law and legislative proposals can be viewed using the EUR-Lex database of EU law. The main treaties are: Treaty of Lisbon (2009) Purpose: to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and better able to address global problems, such as climate change, with one voice. Main changes: more power for the European Parliament, change of voting procedures in the Council, citizens' initiative, a permanent president of the European Council, a new High Representative for Foreign Affairs, a new EU diplomatic service. The Lisbon treaty clarifies which powers: * belong to the EU * belong to EU...
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... 1. Introduction: Thoughts on Task Overview 2 2. Body: Corporate Social Responsibility 3 3. Conclusion 7 Appendix 1 10 1. Introduction: Thoughts on Task Overview Over the past 44 years, the environment in which we do business has dramatically changed with a more ethical and social responsivity due to the ability to access information whenever and where ever you are from any company you like. This access has changed the “rules of the game” to a point that it is a legal requirement in some countries to have a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and in the future, I think that more countries will follow Indonesia’s lead to combat environmental damage. Environmental concerns is not the only area there CSR encompasses. Words like ‘continuous disclosure’, materiality assessment and CSR is becoming somewhat of a growing ideology, which is being injected into the corporate psyche with a standard demand from stakeholders. In this report, I will show through a number of company views that the rules of the game has changed not just through regulation but expectable social views. 2. Body: Corporate Social Responsibility Within Australia there are federal based reporting system for accounting and it is an evolving regulations the bring standard and the ability to compare companies for investors and other interested parties. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is the agency that ensures that the information available...
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...Discuss the rise of imperialism in India, with special reference to the establishment of British colonial rule in the subcontinent. Why did the British succeed while other empires failed? • Imperialism is when a country dominates another country politically, economically, culturally, etc. o And for the British this was the bigger picture that they had in mind for India. • The British succeeded in India because: o Disunity among Indian princely states. India was more a collection of militaristic princely states. The British successfully used this to play off one state against another. Clive succeeded at Plassey, because Mir Jaffar was willing to betray his master Siraj-Ud-Daulah in lie of being the Nawab. Mir Jaffar himself, was betrayed by Mir Qasim later on. o Superiority over other colonial powers. The other colonial powers in India competing for the share of resources were France, Portugal, Denmark, and Holland. Of the 4, Denmark and Holland could never really be serious competitors to the British. The battle of Amboyna happened in 1623 and this left the Dutch in South East Asia while the British had South Asia. o Portugal focused primarily on the Western coast, Goa, parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and this left the British with vast swathes of unoccupied territory. o France as the major contender to Britian in the race for colonialism. The British Army was more well equipped, more professional, more disciplined compared to the French army, suffering from indiscipline...
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...OB Chapter 4 Notes What are Values? * Values are a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others. * The preference aspect of this definition means that values have to do with what we consider good and bad. * Values are motivational, since they signal the attractive aspects of our environment that we seek and the unattractive aspects that we try to avoid or change. * They signal how we believe we should and should not behave. * Broad tendency means that values are very general and they do not predict behaviour in specific situations very well. * People tend to hold values structured around such factors as achievement, power, autonomy, conformity, tradition, and social welfare. * We learn values through the reinforcement process by parents, teachers, and representatives of religions. Generational Differences in Values * Generations are: 1. Traditionalists 2. Baby boomers 3. Generation X 4. Generation Y * Categorized by different ages, but also distinguished by growing up under different socialization experiences; which in result could cause different values. * Such values differences might underlie the differential workplaces assets and preferences of leadership style. * Some indication that Gen X and Y are more inclined to value money, status, and rapid career growth than are boomers. * Also evidence that Gen X and Y, compared to boomers, see work as less central, value leisure more, and are...
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...minis ster and then as minister of finance. A he formed a new gove As d ernment, Lars Løkke soug to s ght develop a set of long-term economic and social plans that would keep Denma internatio l ark onally competitive, despite its large pu ublic sector an costly welf nd fare spending However, s g. short-term rea action to the worldwide economic do e ownturn dom minated policy discussions. A long-stan y . nding debate about joinin the Eurozo was given new saliency when the European Ce ng one n entral Bank lowered its ra on ate “refin nancing opera ations,” which provided liq h quidity to the Eurozone, ju days befor Lars Løkke took e ust re e office. Denmark was a member of the Europ w r pean Union but had retain its own cu ned urrency, the k krone. Likew wise, plans for rmulated a year ago to ex xpand the Dan nish workforc by looseni labor rule and ce ing es reduc cing welfare benefits had b b become unpop pular as unem mployment in ncreased. An nders Fogh Rasmussen had left a mixed legacy. Denm d d mark benefite from a balanced govern ed nment budge little publi debt, and lo unemploy et, ic ow yment. But its internationa reputation had suffered from s al d contro oversies over immigration. As the lo r ongest ruling Liberal Part (Venstre) prime minist in g ty ter mode Danish hi ern istory, Ander Fogh had led a centerrs -right coalitio governme that developed on ent strict immigration policies. The policies m ese made it...
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...CLASSROOM AS A DEMOCRACY All make laws -- legislative function of govt All enforce/implement laws – executive function of govt All judge/interpret laws – judicial function of govt What will be taught, who will teach it, how students will be graded, what are rules of classroom behavior, when you have to leave, when you have to be stopped in particular behaviors, how we will support our teaching ideas, etc. In direct democracy all are legislators, executives, judges – find rules like unanimity, super-majority, majority, etc. In representative democracy, some are chosen (usually by election or rotation among all members) to make laws, enforce laws, and judge laws. Can separate legis, exec, and jud pwr into different persons to protect of too much power in a few persons hands – SEPARATION OF POWERS Can divide powers so that all agree on some rules, but separate groups can make own rules on others – DIVISION OF POWER [FEDERALISM or SHARED SOVEREIGNTY] In Germany, nobles gained more and more power until the emperor was only figurehead by 13th C. Princes and leading churchmen ran ministates as wanted – Germany was crazy quilt of hundreds of independent principalities and cities. Split b/t Catholics and Protestants made this fragmentation more severe. The Habsburg Emperor, Charles V in the middle of the 16th C almost crushed Lutheranism. Solved problem of different religions by cuius regio eius religion – whoever reigns, his religion. Then the 30 years war won...
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...effects of individual-level cultural values on social exchange relationships involving organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in Pakistani organizations Samina Quratulain* Abdul Karim Khan* CERGAM, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille-III, France ABSTRACT The relationships among employee’s work related variables, cultural variables and OCB are investigated in Pakistani work setting. Based on the review of literature it has been observed that perceived organizational justice (procedural, distributive & interactional justice) is an important antecedent of OCB. This study intends to extend the previous research by assessing the validity of social exchange theory within Pakistan where norms of reciprocity (social exchange ideology) may play a lesser role in social exchange relationships. The primary objective of the study will be to compare the influence of individual differences in values using Hofstede’s cultural value framework (collectivism-individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, Power distance) as moderators of generally well established positive relationships between OCB & employee’s perception of organizational justice. The results will provide insights into the influences of employees value differences on relationships established in management literature. Keywords: Organizational citizenship behaviour; Individual-level cultural values; Perceived Organizational Justice, Social Exchange Relationships Authors are Doctoral...
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...Consolidated Reader-Friendly Edition of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon (2007) 2008 1 THE LISBON TREATY The Readable Version Editor: Jens-Peter Bonde © IND/DEM Group in the European Parliament email: jp@bonde.dk Cover: Henry Abela Publisher: Foundation for EU Democracy Printed at Notat Grafisk, Denmark - 2008 ISBN: 87-87692-72-4 EAN: 978-87-87692-72-4 2 Introduction The Treaty of Lisbon changed name from the "Reform Treaty" when it was amended and signed in Lisbon, Portugal, by the prime ministers and foreign ministers of the 27 EU Member States on 13 December 2007. The treaty retains most of the content of the proposed EU Constitution which was rejected in the French and Dutch referendums on 29 May and 1 June 2005, respectively. The Lisbon Treaty amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC), which is renamed "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union" (TFEU). Following the parliamentary ratification of the Lisbon Treaty by all Member States by the end of 2008, it is aimed to have the Treaty come into force on 1 January 2009. Whereas the EU Constitution was to be subjected to a referendum in ten Member States, only Ireland is holding a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. This is a consolidated version of the Treaty of Lisbon, including all articles in the TEU and the TFEU as amended by the Treaty...
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...UNIT ONE INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC AND ETHICAL EDUCATION 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MEANINGS OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL EDUCATION The Notion of Civics The subject field of civics originates from the nature of human being itself i.e. from the natural behavior and level of interaction of human beings it self. One basic nature of human beings related with this statement is the fact that “man is a social animal” whose life is closely related to each other. Almost all instincts, demands and progresses of human beings are fulfilled in society. The superiority that human beings try to achieve over nature and other living things is the result of the social bond among human beings. If such bond is a requirement for the survival of human beings, then what should be the pattern of social interaction that exist among human beings is closely related with the subject matter of civics. In this regard civics is considered as a subject field which is mainly concerned with teaching citizens as to how they can live harmonious and peaceful life with other citizens and as to how they can resolve conflicts peacefully among them selves. The other basic nature of human being is the political view of philosophy by Plato that, “Man is a political animal”, which means no human being can escape from the deeds of politics and its dayto-day life is either directly or indirectly affected by it. For this reason human beings have to know the workings of politics, institutions that affect their day to day life, norms, principles...
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...original aims of the European Community This paper considers the original aims of the European Economic Community on its formation under the Treaty of Rome 1957 as a background to the transformation of the EEC into the European Community. A discussion of the subsequent development of the EC thereafter forms the main body of this work and the staged development of the EC through subsequent amending treaties provides the focus of the analysis offered. A brief historical survey of the European Economic Community The European Community of 2008 sees its origins in the six member European Economic Community formed by the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The signatory member states were France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux states. It is submitted at the outset that the EEC was founded largely on fear. It is hard to appreciate from the perspective of 2008, exactly what motivated the founding fathers of the Treaty of Rome to pursue integration because the world has moved on, but in the 1950s the base motivation was manifest and pressing. The continent of Europe had endured two catastrophic World Wars in the space of one generation. War had ravaged each and every country of Europe, and in particular the founding member states. The architects of the Treaty of Rome, including Italian Prime Minister Antonio Segni, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and French civil servant Jean Monnet, while undoubtedly harbouring in the back of their minds lofty notions of improving...
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...Global Balance Abstract The global balance of power is defined by the pursuit of national goals in conjunction with the pursuit of transnational goals. Achieving global balance is critical to the success of nations. The United States and the European Union are examples of democratic entities that work on a global level through foreign policy to achieve national initiatives. This is evident through world trade systems, military involvement, common belief systems and the desire for our world to prosper socially, economically, politically and environmentally. Maintaining independent sovereign nations is achievable through collective work in the global sphere. The modern world is a complex combination of beliefs, cultures, societies and government combined to create global sources of power. Achieving balance within those multi-faceted sources of power is an ongoing struggle. While individual nations focus on their own needs, it is within the best interest of the global society to pursue goals that shape our collective world into a balanced representative entity. The global balance of power is not only defined by the pursuit of national goals, but transnational goals, as well. When one or more nationalities formally join to create a political union, this action constitutes a modern nation-state. According to Bergman and Renwick (2008), “The nation demanded personal dedication and allegiance from its citizens. Therefore, the perfect state was a nation-state...
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...Introduction Britain may be regarded as at the leading position since the 17th century to the significance of its system of banking, and still remains among the financial centers of the world. The banking sector of UK focuses around five prominent global corporations i.e. Barclays, Lloyds, RBS and HSBC. These are the corporations who were able to reorganize early, in support of demutualization movement started in the mid 1980s. In addition to this, the institutes of United Kingdom are emphasized on outreach activities like retail or banking lending to SMEs. Some posses diversified based on the model of universal banking. Foreign banks, involving U.S. banks are also sturdily present in the business of investment banking or asset management. Prominent banks of UK including RBS, Barclays and HSBC were other highly developed abroad involving through acquisitions. This paper aims in discussing on the policies and strategies of Barclay’s Bank related to management theory. Discussion Barclays is a group that is included in providing financial and economic services. In addition to this, the Barclay group place particular emphasis on the investment management and various areas of banking within the United Kingdom. The Barclays Bank has its operation throughout the world that involves Africa, USA and Asia. The Barclays bank attained fourth position in the United Kingdom. It presently provides work for almost seventy eight thousand employees and holds most of the stocks in the industry...
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