...Signs and Symptoms Chronic dry cough,wheezing,congestion,difficulty in breathing, watery eyes, burning sensation in eyes,sore throat,nasal irritation and skin irritation. If these symptoms occur,seek medical attention. Interventions to prevent mold in Home Most important way to prevent mold is to control moisture. For effective control of moisture: 1.Fix all leaks immediately 2.Use dehumidifiers 3.Limit indoor plants 4.Use exhaust fans with vent out side the home. 5.Frequently check air ducts for mold growth. 6.Keep indoor humidity below 50% 7.Use mold killing products to clean bathroom 8.Add mold inhibitors to paint,before painting. 9.Avoid carpet in high moisture areas like bath rooms or basements. Treatment of mold in Home Mold growth can be removed from hard surfaces with commercial products, soap and water, or a bleach solution of no more than 1 cup of bleach in 1 gallon of water. Discard any fabric or papers with mold infection. When treating mold growth areas,wear appropriate protective equipments to avoid inhalation of mold or spores. Recommended protective devices are1-95 mask,goggles,and gloves. For larger area of mold growth,seek professional assistance. Useful Resources http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.html: This site is about mold basics,prevention tips,health risks,guidance in mold clean up and protective equipments information. If mold growth covers more than 10 square feet,consult EPA's .This site gives directions for investigation,evaluation...
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...Microbiology Fungi Essay Not All Fungi Are the Same All fungi are unique in their own way and each represents something new and exciting within the world. As new fungi are discovered and more is becoming known about the existing fungi our knowledge is growing and helping us to live a better life. A few of the fungi studied about are zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota, which will be discussed in further detail throughout this paper. Zygomycota are also known as “conjugation fungi” and make up only about 1% of known fungi species (Zygomycota). These fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually; when asexual they spread by a sporangium breaking open and allowing the sporangiospores to spread out, if the spores come in contact with a suitable medium they begin to grow. Zygomycota produce zygospores when they reproduce sexually, this occurs when the nuclei of two cells morphologically similar fuse together. Nutrients are obtained by the fungi by decomposing soil, plant matter, and dung of either animal or fungal origin (Clark, Curtis 2010; Zygomycota). This fungi phylum plays a major role in the carbon cycle because of its ability to decompose items within the environment (Clark, Curtis 2010). Zygomycota are also used to control some insects and can be used for fermentation (Clark, Curtis 2010). Common black bread mold called Rhizopus stolnifer is an example of asexual producing Zygomycota. Approximately 75% of all fungi are ascomycota fungi, also known as “sac fungi” because...
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...Las bacterias son microorganismos procariotas que presentan un tamaño de unos pocos micrómetros (por lo general entre 0,5 y 5 μm de longitud) y diversas formas incluyendo filamentos, esferas (cocos), barras (bacilos), sacacorchos (vibrios) y hélices (espirilos). Las bacterias son células procariotas, por lo que a diferencia de las células eucariotas (de animales, plantas, hongos, etc.), no tienen el núcleo definido ni presentan, en general, orgánulos membranosos internos. Generalmente poseen una pared celular y ésta se compone de peptidoglicano. Muchas bacterias disponen de flagelos o de otros sistemas de desplazamiento y son móviles. Del estudio de las bacterias se encarga la bacteriología, una rama de la microbiología. La presencia frecuente de pared de peptidoglicano junto con su composición en lípidos de membrana son la principal diferencia que presentan frente a las arqueas, el otro importante grupo de microorganismos procariotas. Las bacterias son los organismos más abundantes del planeta. Son ubicuas, se encuentran en todos los hábitats terrestres y acuáticos; crecen hasta en los más extremos como en los manantiales de aguas calientes y ácidas, en desechos radioactivos,[4] en las profundidades tanto del mar como de la corteza terrestre. Algunas bacterias pueden incluso sobrevivir en las condiciones extremas del espacio exterior. Se estima que se pueden encontrar en torno a 40 millones de células bacterianas en un gramo de tierra y un millón de células bacterianas en...
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...Which Fruit Molds the Fastest? Problem Which fruit molds the fastest? Materials * Pears, Apples, Bananas * Plastic baggies * Fruit knife * Location: Kitchen * Pen and paper Question Which fruit, banana, pear or apple, will mold faster? Does fruit type effect mold growth? Hypothesis I think that bananas will mold faster than the apple or pear. Variables Independent Variable: Type of fruit Dependent Variable: Time to mold Variables That Need To Be Controlled: place left exposed to air, room temperature Vocabulary List That Needs Explanation Mold can be explained in the following ways: 1. Any of various fungi that often cause disintegration of organic matter. 2. The growth of such fungi. Procedures In my project I will be molding fruit that is exposed to air. To make this happen, I need a container box, one apple, one banana and one pear. I will cut each fruit with a knife and place them in a bag in a room temperature area such as my kitchen. I will need to wait for two weeks and see if any mold has grew. Every other day, I will take notes about the change that had occurred. Safety or Environmental Concerns Mold might cause sickness due to fumes. I need to throw away the fruit once it molds. Experimental Design Controlled, manipulated experiment What is your experimental unit? Molding Fruit Number of Trials: One Number of Subjects in each trial: Three Number of Observations: Fourteen ...
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...Mold is an unfortunate and unwelcome reality that most homeowners will eventually have to deal with. The fungus exists everywhere, even in the air you breathe. The spores of mold travel quickly, landing on any hospitable surface it can find. Sometimes these hospitable surfaces are in our homes, where they land and grow and eventually form infestations. It's important to take mold seriously and the best treatment for mold is prevention. In the Home Mold's best friend is a pesky thing called humidity. When there's plentiful moisture in the home, mold thrives. To keep mold from growing in abundance, make sure the humidity level of the house never exceeds 60%. If you're not sure the humidity level of your home, you can install a hygrometer. This device measures moisture levels. If your humidity level is too high, there are a few ways you can reduce moisture throughout your house. 1: Install a fan in the bathroom. The bathroom is the number one place for out of control moisture levels and mold growth. To reduce moisture in the bathroom, have a ceiling fan installed and run it every time you bathe or shower. The fan will whisk away the excess steam and moisture. Just make sure the fan vents outside so the excess moisture isn't being deposited elsewhere in the house. 2: If you can't install a fan, open a window while bathing. This works on the same principle as the fan. The open window allows for the extra moisture to escape instead of accumulating in the bathroom. If you don't...
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...Should we worry about black mold or is all the media attention just hype? Is black mold removal really needed? If your home has a musty or earthy odor you have been ignoring perhaps you should pay attention it. What is Black Mold? Black mold is a fungus from the genus Stachybotrys. Black mold is widely distributed and there are around 50 different species of it. Toxic black mold, as the media calls it, is Stachybotrys chartarum Not all mold is bad and it is everywhere. In the outdoor environment it breaks organic matter down. Without it organic materials like leaves wouldn't decompose and would build up. Mold produces mycotoxins as it grows and feeds. It does this to keep other organisms out of its food supply. These mycotoxins seldom cause problems outdoors. But inside our homes these mycotoxins can lead to severe health problems. Children, the aged and those with compromised immune systems are at greatest risk. If you observe mold in your home black mold removal is needed. How Damaging Is Stachybotrys? Stachybotrys produces mycotoxins called trichothecenes. The US Army has used these mycotoxins to produce biological weapons. These compounds cause skin rashes and blistering, nosebleeds, sore throat , chest pains, asthma, and bronchial hemorrhaging. These are the same symptoms people in mold infested homes have. Trichothecenes are quite potent and less than 10 mg per kg of body weight is fatal. So is black mold removal necessary? Do you want toxins in your house that...
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...With a lot of suggestions about the name of the business, the researchers have decided as a group to use MousseronFarm. The word mushroom originated from a Late Latin word mussirio which means "of obscure origin"then was later adopted as an Old French word mousseron from the root word mousse which means "moss". From that Old French word, the name of the business was derived. A mushroom is defined as a macrofungus with a distinctive fruiting body. The macrofungi have fruiting bodies large enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked up by hand (Chang and Miles, 1992). In a narrow sense, the word mushroom also refers only to the fruitbody.Mushrooms used to be classified into the Kingdom Plantae, but now they belong to the Kingdom Fungi due tounique fungal characteristics which draw a clear line from animals or plants. Unlike green plants, mushrooms areheterotrophs. Not having chlorophyll, they cannot generate nutrients by photosynthesis, but take nutrients from outer sources. B) Business Offering 1) Properties “Mushrooms are small living organisms that look like umbrellas. They are not plants because they do not have chlorophyll, the green material that plants use to make food.” (Ref: www.english-online.at) Table 1 Parts | Description | Cap | Differently shaped and colored upper part of the mushroom that protects the gills; it usually resembles a headdress, hence its name. | Gills | Fertile spore-producing part of the mushroom, located under the cap...
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...The project is a down-to-earth one; no ivory tower is there and no Dutch courage is needed. It’s all about mushroom- its cultivation and marketing where investment is extremely possible minimum. No down time exists here, as the state of art technology is not needed. Even it’s neither a capital intensive one. The project is aimed at fulfilling with the very number one basic need i.e., food along with the ex gratia, nutrition, staying at the heart at the agriculture sector, the mother of all industries. The projected outcome is that by investing BDT 2,000,000.00 (equivalent of US$ 25000.00), net income would be BDT 5,995,635.37 which states about 299.78% ROI without any substantial variation, due to the existence of antithesis relationship in between risk and return (because, here risk is at rock-bottom but the return is sky-rocketing). Mushroom Mavens, LLC (proposed) plans to produce and market mushrooms in Bangladesh, a country with a conducive climatic condition for the cultivation of mushrooms. In Bangladesh due to escalating population growth, land to man ratio is decreasing every year. As a result, the land available for cultivation of vegetables is decreasing. These circumstances create a potential market for mushrooms, a vegetable with high nutritious value in it. The price of vegetables is skyrocketing and it is getting beyond the reach of the common people. This inadequate consumption of vegetables has created malnutrition in the general public. In such a situation...
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...roughly 500 species of obligate marine fungi. Much of said research was conducted from 1980-2000; this 30 year period saw the report of nearly half of the marine fungal species currently known (Jones et al. 2009; Jones, 2011). That being said, marine fungi are vastly understudied and under rated in comparison to marine plants, animals, and other microorganisms; frequently they are omitted or only briefly referenced in marine biodiversity and ecology text books (Jones and Pang, 2012). The cladistics of marine fungi is currently in a state of flux, with new taxa being discovered as molecular techniques such as DNA and RNA analysis via polymerase chain reactions, and gel electrophoresis are implemented (Ald et al 2005). Even though fungus-like organisms such as oomycetes are not fungi, marine mycologists often study them as they perform similar functions, and until recently most had been classified as fungi based on their morphological similarities (Jones, 2011). These fungus-like organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, zoospores, have chitin containing cell walls, and similar life cycles to fungi (Neuhauser et al. 2012). Conventionally terrestrial or freshwater species are also included in the marine fungal group as facultative species; this is due to their active ecological role in the marine, and estuarine environment. Here is broad, but accepted definition for obligate, and facultative marine fungi from Kohlmeyer, 1979 "obligate marine fungi are those that grow and sporulate exclusively...
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...Introduction Mushroom is a large reproductive structure of edible fungi, which is the most popular nutritious, delicious and medicinal vegetable in the world. It is now one of the promising concepts for crop diversification in Bangladesh. The climatic condition of Bangladesh is completely suitable for mushroom cultivation. It does not require any cultivable land. It can grow in room by racking vertically. Therefore, its yield as well as benefit per unit area is higher than any other vegetable in our country. It requires short time, little capital and easy technique for cultivation. This is why all types of people like male and female, youth and old even children and disabled can easily participate in its cultivation. Therefore, it can generate huge scope of employment opportunities for unemployed people. The raw materials for mushroom cultivation like sawdust, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugar can baggage, waste paper, used cotton, dervishes etc are very cheap and available in our country and no materials are required to import from abroad for its cultivation. Moreover, no chemical is necessary for its cultivation, therefore it is completely organic and eco-friendly. Used substrate of mushroom cultivation is one of the best sources of organic matter in the soil. Its cultivation may be “a lifeboat” for survival of the landless people who do not have any source other than their houses and own labor. Its cultivation can transfer as a cottage industry and create a goods opportunity...
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...Metabolism Assignment 1 - 15% of final marks How does the digestion system of your chosen animal break down food i.e. conversion of food protein to animal protein? Nutrition and Metabolism of the Cow: Digestive System of the Cow. Proper nutrition is the foundation for a productive and profitable cow herd. Unaccompanied with good nutrition, cattle can’t express their full potential including reproductive efficiency. Cattle are classed as ruminants, they have four compartments to their stomach and chew their cud. The cattle digestive system evolved to be able to handle large volumes of material. Dairy farming is a crucial part to Australia’s rural industry. On farm efficiency is on an increase through the improvement of pasture and feed and also herd management techniques. Supplement the cattle diet with grains and other legumes is becoming increasingly common, the Australia’s dairy industry remains predominantly pasture based. State’s of Australia, Victoria foremost, have attainable milk productions, supplying fresh milk to nearby cities and towns. The industrial value increases through the processing of milk to produce fresh lines such as butter, cream, cheese and yogurt. Bulk milk and specialised powdered milks are also significant. (Crampton, E.W, Harris, L.E (1969) “A Series of Books in Agricultural Science - Animal Science” (W.H Freeman and Company - San Francisco)) Cattle feed can be classed as either roughages (high fibre plants / the fibrous part...
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...Introduction Mids-1600s and an English scientist named Robert Hooke made observations. He observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cell his viewed. Robert Hooke in 1665 reported that living things were composed of title boxes or cells. He then devised the compound microscope and illumination system and stated that microbes were a life’s smallest structural units were cells. Then in 1670s, decades after, Dutch merchant named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made careful observations of microscopic organisms. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope that was created by him are composed of one lens. On 1674, Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, and he called them animalcules. Until his death in 1723, Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientist of the day and is regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi and bacteria. After he died, the microbiology did not develop rapidly because microscopes were rare, but on those years Francesco Redi disputed the theory of spontaneous generation, that microorganism arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth....
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The evolution of industrialization and mechanization in the 21st century made it possible to transform manual equipment into modern machinery. With this development, global reliance on petroleum-based fuel is constantly increasing, giving rise to a challenge on energy sufficiency. Negative impacts, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are associated with the combustion of these petroleum-based fuels (MacLellan, 2010). Major GHG contributors identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include industry (20%), residential and commercial (11%), and agriculture (8%) (Bogart, 2013). Adverse effects on health and the environment of using petroleum-based fuels, thus, urge scientific community to search and develop alternative renewable fuel to replace the current and existing petroleum-based fuels. Biofuels have been demonstrated by several researches to reduce GHG emissions as compared to gasoline (petrol) (Leen, 2012). Among the alternative biofuels, bioethanol has received considerable attention in transportation sector because of its utility as an octane booster, fuel additive, and even as neat fuel (Mudliar, et. al., 2009). Bioethanol can be derived from organic materials, such as energy crops like corn, wheat, sugar cane, sugar beet, and cassava, among others (Neves, et. al., 2007). However, due to their primary utility as food, these crops cannot provide the global demand for bioethanol production. Among...
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...Lichen /A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae[->0] or cyanobacteria[->1] (or both) living among filaments of a fungus[->2] in a mutually beneficial (symbiotic[->3]) relationship.[1][2][3] The whole combined life form has properties that are very different to properties of its component organisms. Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms. The properties are sometimes plant-like, but lichens are not plants. Lichens may grow like a tiny, leafless, branching shrub (fruticose[->4]), like it has leaves (foliose[->5]), like a crust of paint on a surface (crustose[->6]),[4] or have other growth forms.[5] A macrolichen is a lichen that is either bush-like or leafy. A microlichen is everything else.[1] Here, "macro" and "micro" do not refer to size, but to the growth form.[1] Common names for lichens[->7] may contain the word "moss" (e.g., "Reindeer moss[->8]", "Iceland moss[->9]"), and lichens may superficially look like and grow with mosses, but lichens are not related to mosses or any plant.[3]:3 Lichens don't have roots that absorb water and nutrients like in plants.[6]:2 Instead they produce their own food from sunlight, air, water, and minerals in their environment.[7] They are not parasites[->10] on the plants they may grow on, but only use them as a substrate to grow on or in. Lichens occur from sea level[->11] to high alpine[->12] elevations, in a very wide range of environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.[7] Lichens are abundant...
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...INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services. They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries (Trevor Palmor, 2004). Microorganisms are a large and disease group that exist as its single cell or cell cultures. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and infectious agents at the borderline of life. Microbes are present most abundantly in soil, atmosphere and water plays a important role in the biochemical agent for the conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Microorganisms are closely associated with health and welfare of human beings. Some Microorganisms are beneficial and others are detrimental. For example, Microorganisms are involved in the making of yoghurt, cheese and wine, in the production of Penicillin, interferons and alcohol, and the processing of industrial and domestic wastes. Microorganisms can cause disease, spoil food and deteriorate materials like iron, pipes, glass lenses and wood pilings (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Most of these Microorganisms irrespective of their origins, were subsequently modified by conventional...
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