...REGIONAL RURAL BANKS The Narasimham committee on rural credit recommended the establishment of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) on the ground that they would be much better suited than the commercial banks or co-operative banks in meeting the needs of rural areas. Accepting the recommendations of the Narasimham committee, the government passed the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. A significant development in the field of banking during 1976 was the establishment of 19 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) under the Regional Rural Banks Act‚1976. The RRBs were established “with a view to developing the rural economy by providing, for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas, credit and other facilities, particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans and small entrepreneurs, and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto” . * Objective * Functions * Regional Rural Banks in India * Regional Rural Banks in Tamil Nadu RRBs established with the explicit objective of Top * Bridging the credit gap in rural areas * Check the outflow of rural deposits to urban areas * Reduce regional imbalances and increase rural employment generation The main objectives of setting up the RRB is to provide credit and other facilities‚ especially to the small and marginal farmers‚ agricultural labourers artisans and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Each RRB will...
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...addressed. Universities (i.e. Renmin University) in China seek to overcome the past tendency to research on urbanization issues as discrete problems. Their goal is to identify feasible options by which urbanization will grow through localization. Universities in China will use their expertise to strengthen their engagement in contributing to rural policy development. In China the spatial policy framework approach provides the opportunity to deal with uncoordinated and unbalanced regional development. Government is the sole decision maker and often the facts are suppressed by the...
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...| REGIONAL DISPARITY IN AGRICULTURAL CREDIT | | | Arvind Kumar Jha | PGDMA 1206 | | ABSTRACT The Eleventh Five year plan makes specific focus on the inclusive growth of the economy. It implies that the growth process that experienced over the years were not sufficiently inclusive of all. Although there had been substantial reduction of poverty over past few decades during the five year plans, the core content of the rural poverty remained intractable. In fact, upto Ten Five year plan envisaged balanced regional development and equality and employment. But the growth of population and urban biased industrial development have left out the backward section of population and the rural sector in general un-addressed. The agricultural credit policies and the economic reform in general aim to have positive influence on the total volume of institutional credit. However, the rural banking system in India made tremendous quantitative achievement by neglecting the qualitative aspects of the credit delivery system. The inequalities in the banking system across the regions and social classes persisted. Hence, it is mandatory to understand the regional disparity in the distribution of agricultural credit. In context to Agricultural credit, Southern Region (Rs.101659 crore) dominated the other region Northern Region (Rs.69630 crore), Central region (Rs.45988 crore) Western region (Rs.61613 crore), Eastern Region (Rs.26760 crore)and Northeastern region(Rs.2436...
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...for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in Mumbai (Maharashtra)[3] and other branches are all over the country. The Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD), set up by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaraman, conceived and recommended the establishment of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). It was established on 12 July 1982 by a special act by the parliament and its main focus was to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture & rural non farm sector and completed its 25 years on 12 July 2007.[4] It has been accredited with "matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India". RBI sold its stake in NABARD to the Government of India, which now holds 99% stake.[5] NABARD is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion History NABARD was established on the recommendations of Shivaraman Committee, by an act of Parliament on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It...
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...Paper-I Principles of Geography Physical Geography i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ;Appl ied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate. iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. iv) Biogeography :...
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...Migration has been significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities of this country. The livelihood activities of rural families are no longer confined to farming and are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban and international migration. With the development of trade and industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and infrastructure facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural poverty, unemployment and underemployment. Moreover, absence of non-farm employment, low agricultural production has resulted in a growth of seasonal migration. Seasonal migration is the migration for a limited period of the year when no farming activity is underway. As most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas, people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities. Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors. Studies conducted in...
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...CHINA’S NEW CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT Jiyao Bi1 INTRODUCTION In the first 20 years of the 21st century China is entering a new development stage to comprehensively build a prosperous society and to accelerate its modernization drive. China views these two decades as a period of great strategic opportunity which should be pursued vigourously. From an international perspective, peace and development remain the central themes of our era, and China is working to achieve this peaceful environment for development. From a domestic perspective, 25 years of economic reform and opening up have laid a solid basis for development, and China has achieved favourable conditions to accelerate development. However, opportunities are always accompanied by challenges. A key challenge for China is to adopt new thinking and ideas for development and make a new breakthrough in reform, so as to tightly grasp and make a full use of this opportunity to further promote its modernization drive. I. CHINA’S DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND ISSUES China has experienced rapid economic growth since the late 1970s when economic reform and opening policies was initiated. From 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP grew by a yearly average of 9.5 per cent, the highest levels of GDP growth in the world. China has successfully maintained its sustained and rapid economic growth in recent years by improving and strengthening macro-control policies. Confronted with the external shocks of the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and...
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...find what they need, and living in city, it is often easier to find work. As we all know, China is a developing country, so urbanization can quicken our pace to catch up with the developed country, urbanization also create many opportunities the unemployed. So these conveniences make people’s life more comfortable and easy. The research is about The Importance of Urbanization on Our Future. 1.1 Definition Urbanization generally refers to gather population to urban areas and rural areas into urban areas. Urbanization is the inevitable result of social and economic development and social progress. A national or regional urbanization level, showing its social and economic development level because the city is the economic center of regional development, to promote the development of the regional economy, and improve the level of regional economy and promote the development of the city 2.0 Findings 2.1 Impact of urbanization on the economy Urbanization of economy is described as the regional concentration of population and produces or benefit various activities. Because of the large number of people to focus on urbanization area, there have been frequent exchanges of people and diversification, so as to provide a market for some activities and even broader room for profits。For example, the emergence of urban large - scale entertainment venues and facilities, and so on. More is of special significance, the layout and construction of public facilities because of the...
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...• " A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES IN REGIONAL RURAL BANK OF MP II (A) INTRODUCTION OF HRD According to Economic Theory, the factors of production are land, labour, capital, organization and enterprise to produce and distribute goods and services. These five factors can be further grouped into two broad categories, (i) land and capital and (ii) labour, organization and enterprise. The former category is passive in nature while the latter one is active. The inputs of this category may be largely termed as human resources working in the form of entrepreneurs, managers and workers. No amount of production of any good or service is possible in their absence. Even with the given factor - inputs (factors of production) of the first category, the magnitude of goods and services and their quality depend on the quality of such human resources. In the present day society, the need for well developed and qualified human resources is being felt very profoundly to successfully face cut-throat competition. This is because the modern commercial and industrial scenario is characterized by mega-sized organizations, global competitions, innovative and newer wide variety of goods and services and ever changing technology. In this situation, the development of human resources has assumed more significance so as to understand and use ever - changing technology and to do the job effectively and efficiently, eventually leading to...
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...1.1. Urbanization in Tigray Regional State Tigray regional state is one of from nine regional states of the country, located on the northern part of Ethiopia. The regional state covers atotal area of about 54569.25km2 and it was boarder by Eritrea in the north, amhara regional state in the south, afar regional state in the east and sudan in the west. The region’s climatic zones are lowland/kola/, temperate/weina dega/ & highland/dega/. Temperature is inversely related to altitude, with mean annual temperatures of 22°C to 27°C in the Lowlands and between 10° to 22°C in the Highlands up to 3,000 masl. The Region has a single rainy season of variable length between May and October. According to the projected census of 2007, the region has a total...
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...South-South cooperation for development 1. Introduction South-South Cooperation (SSC) and Triangular Cooperation (TC) are emerging forms of aid architecture far from the traditional “North-South” model. SSC, based on the attainment of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, is meant to strengthen developing countries’ voice and their bargaining power in multilateral negotiations. It also gives them the opportunity to promote self-sufficiency among them and strengthen their economic ties. South-South cooperation has existed for at least sixty years. It has become much more prominent in the past decade. Many Southern countries have emerged as important actors in the global economy. Their exact contribution to development is hard to quantify. Yet, they have provided ample support, in terms of financial assistance, capacity building, skill and personnel exchange, and technology transfer. However, despite the fact that SSC can be more sustainable than traditional North-South cooperation allowing better adaptation to the country situation, in practice there is still no shared understanding on the very nature and goals of SSC. This is true on the basis of the various and sometimes divergent “interpretations” on SSC given by both emerging economies and developed countries. Some argue that South-South Cooperation should not be seen as a substitute for, rather a complement to North-South cooperation, while others argue that the two models...
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...INTRODUCTION The Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1976 under Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. RRBs are an integral part of rural credit system and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the development of, particularly, rural areas. RRBs are jointly owned by GoI, the concerned State Government and Sponsor Banks (27 scheduled commercial banks and one State Cooperative Bank); the issued capital of a RRB is shared by the owners in the proportion of 50%, 15% and 35% respectively. It is important that the RRBs function in a highly professional manner, embracing the technological advancements. The Government of India had taken a number of steps, including recapitalization support from time to time, to improve the functioning of the RRBs and their financial health. Considering the tremendous potential, due to their presence throughout the country, Government of India has initiated the process of restructuring of RRBs to improve their functioning, achieve the economics of scale and to ensure better managerial control. As a result the total number of RRBs, as on 31 March 2011, stood at 82. With a view to modernize and strengthen the technology up gradation and functioning of RRBs to compete and play a more meaningful role in the financial services sector RRBs are required to roll out Core Banking Solution (CBS) and their banking operations need to be functionally integrated with their sponsor banks. PERFORMANCE OF RRBs AS ON 31 MARCH, 2011 The...
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...skills for economic development. President, NA Nazarbayev to the strategic directions of development of the republic in the coming decade include education and science, the development of which crucially depend on the pace of economic, technical and technological progress, political development, the state of culture and spirituality in society. During the years of reforms undertaken bold steps to introduce innovations. So, with the adoption in June 1999. Law "On education" has a new model of the national education system, corresponding to the International Standard Classification of Education, recommended by UNESCO. In accordance with it, based on the principle of continuity and has 4 levels of education: - Pre-school education and training. - Secondary education. - Higher Education. - Post-graduate education. In this model, there is no such levels, as vocational and secondary education. Training and retraining of personnel, it also is not education levels, and are considered as basic forms of additional professional education. The education system WSO in the last 10 years has undergone significant changes. In the late 90's have been reducing the share of the actual level of funding, the closing (the "optimization"), a number of educational institutions, the crisis in the system as a whole. Currently, the system of education has entered a period of stabilization, which is characterized by extensive development of...
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... UNIVERSITY OF KENT 2007-2008 There is something strange about European Union policies: they are always reformed and they always need to be reformed further. This is due to the fact that these reforms concern mainly the form and not so much the content. The seven objectives of the regional policy have been replaced by three objectives in the 2000-2006 budgetary perspective, which have themselves been converted into three principles for the 2007-2013 period but it did not leqd to any revolutionary change. The CAP has been reformed in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999, and 2003, but the principle of protecting agriculture from market forces remained intact. Scholars, especially economists, often criticise this inertia claiming that real reforms are necessary to avoid huge economic costs and to ensure a long-term development. Why is it so difficult to reform EU policies? What are the factors encouraging these reforms and those leading to their lack? We have chosen the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the regional policy to tackle this question because they seem to be the policies which face the most difficulties to be reformed and because they represent together 80% of the EU budget which means that the reallocation of their costs would enable a greater dynamism of the Union. The first part, about the CAP, will be longer because the CAP is the example par excellence...
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...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...
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