...Indian Literature I. Geographical & Historical Background India - situated North of the equator - covers on area of 3.28 million square kilometers. - population is 970 million. - 7th largest country in the world in land area. 4 Main Regions 1. Himalayan Mountain Wall 2. Near-level Indo-Gangetic Plain 3. Dessert Region 4. Southern Peninsula Large Plateaus & Valleys 1. Kashmir 2. Kulu Himalayas - comprises three almost parallel ranges interspersed with large plateaus & valleys. Aryan Race - fair-skinned, Sanskrit-speaking, warlike & nomadic. Dravidians - aborigines of India. - dark-skinned, peaceful& gentle. Aryans gave: 1. Vedic literature 2. Sanskrit epics 3. Hindu religion 4. Caste system 18th Century - The Modern Period of Indian literature began with the colonization of India by British. Great Period of Indian Literature (Dynasties) 1. Maurya 2. Gutpa 3. Mughal II. Religious Works A. Poetry - the oldest sacred literature of India is found in their four vedas. Veda - means knowledge, par excellence. - sacred spiritual knowledge. - mass literature w/c grew up in the course of many centuries & was orally handed down from generation to generation. The Four Vedas 1. Rig-Veda - (c. 1400 B.C.) - known as the Veda of stanzas. - an anthropolgy of 1028 hyms in praise of various gods. - prevailing religion is Hindu Pantheism. - chief object of the worship is Brahma, the ethernal...
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...ABSTRACT For all languages in the Indo European family in India, the roots can be traced to Sanskrit. A large part of the vocabulary of these languages is derived from Sanskrit which can, therefore, provide the pivot resource for many Indian languages. Being a heritage language, there is need to digitize and preserve ancient texts in Sanskrit. There exists real need for translating ancient texts to preserve traditional culture and knowledge. The formation of word may be the result of combination of two or more words. Separation of the words in meaningful sub-words is sandhi-splitting (sandhi viccheda). In sandhi splitter module, it will take Sanskrit text as input, then find out sandhi words and will give sub-words for respective sandhi...
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...STUDIES IN TAMIL LITERATURE AND HISTORY WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR; 1. 2. 3. Hindu Administrative The Mauryan Polity. Institutions. 4. 5. Some Aspects of the Vayu Purana. The Matsya Purana: A Study. Silappadikaram (in the Press). First Published .. .. J930 MUHTED AT TE ICADIAS LAW JOUNAL MESS, icYLAfOUi MAOA PREFACE. 'Studies in Tamil Literature and History* was first published in 1930 by Messrs. Luzac & Co., London. The book went out of print in the beginning of In view of this and also of the fact that it is prescribed for study by candidates taking Tamil at the Intermediate Arts examination at the University of London, the Secretary, External Department, University of London, wrote to me asking whether I am reprinting this year. the book. made me approach JMis and the increasing demand for the book the University of Madras with the to help me in the request publication of a second of the book. And the University has been kind edition enough to undertake to reprint it, for which I express my grateful thanks. In this edition I have added in an Appendix some notes which are the results of further studies on the subjects discussed in the book. V. R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSHITAR, UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS, 14th December, 1936 PREFATORY NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION. To the earnest student of Indian History and particularly of South Indian History, a deep and critical study of ancient Tamil literature...
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...(disambiguation). Ganesha Basohli miniature, circa 1730. National Museum, New Delhi, India.[1] Devanagari गणेश Affiliation Deva Mantra ॐ गणेशाय नमः (Oṃ Gaṇeśāya Namaḥ) Weapon Paraśu (Axe),[2] Pāśa (Lasso),[3] Aṅkuśa (Hook)[4] Consort Buddhi (wisdom), Riddhi (prosperity), Siddhi (attainment) or sometimes, none Mount Mouse Ganesha (Sanskrit: गणेश; IAST: Gaṇeśa; listen (help·info)), also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh, also known as Ganapati (Sanskrit: गणपति, IAST: gaṇapati), Vinayaka (Sanskrit: विनायक; IAST: Vināyaka), and Pillaiyar (Tamil: பிள்ளையார்), is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in the Hindu pantheon.[5] His image is found throughout India and Nepal.[6] Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations.[7] Devotion to Ganesha is widely diffused and extends to Jains, Buddhists, and beyond India.[8] Although he is known by many other attributes, Ganesha's elephant head makes him particularly easy to identify.[9] Ganesha is widely revered as the Remover of Obstacles[10] and more generally as Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles (Vighnesha (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश; IAST: Vighneśa), Vighneshvara (Sanskrit: विघ्नेश्वर; IAST: Vighneśvara),[11] patron of arts and sciences, and the deva of intellect and wisdom.[12] He is honoured at the beginning of rituals and ceremonies and invoked as Patron of Letters during writing sessions.[13] Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits and explain his distinct iconography...
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...Assignment-1 History,buranjis and nation: Suryya Kumar Bhuyan’s histories in twentieth century Assam -Arupjyoti Saikia. 1. Suryya Kumar Bhuyan-A brief character sketch: i. Used rationalist-positivist model and also history and literature as a combined tool. ii. Wanted to build a modern archival repository of sources. iii. Focused primarily on peers and the Assamese reading audience for his writings and discourses. iv. Trained in literature and history wrote in both English and Assamese. v. Wrote both professional and popular history . vi. A perfect blend of western and Assamese practices of studying history. vii. Developed a fresh new style of story telling. viii. Widely experienced in both national and worldwide research. ix. Transformed...
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...UNDERSTANDING THE ARYANS A roadmap for students and beginners Burjor Avari (Manchester Metropolitan University) It is a known fact of history that the British curiosity and interest in Indian cultures increased phenomenally after the East India Company came to acquire a territorial hold on Bengal from the late 1750s onwards. Their paramountcy over India’s millions depended upon their thorough understanding of the cultures of the sub-continent which required a mastery in its languages.[i] The small circle of dedicated and assiduous students of India’s languages included Sir William Jones, the eminent jurist and polymath who resided in India between 1783 and 1794.[ii] After studying Sanskrit for just under three years he observed, in 1786, that Sanskrit, Greek and Latin and Old Persian had all descended from an original speech. His observation has proved correct; and, since his time, most learned philological opinion has accepted that, in terms of language classifications, the common source of these tongues was what is now called proto-Indo-European. Its geographical focus was presumed to be the area around the Caspian Sea. It is also generally accepted that the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages is known as the Indo-Iranian whose first speakers called themselves Aryans. Whether the Aryans, speaking some variety of Indo-European languages, invaded or migrated into Iran and India from their original trans-Caspian homeland or had actually...
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...Shivaram Parshuram Bhide.[16] Burton acted as publisher, while also furnishing the edition with footnotes whose tone ranges from the jocular to the scholarly. Burton says the following in its introduction: It may be interesting to some persons to learn how it came about that Vatsyayana was first brought to light and translated into the English language. It happened thus. While translating with the pundits the 'Anunga Runga, or the stage of love', reference was frequently found to be made to one Vatsya. The sage Vatsya was of this opinion, or of that opinion. The sage Vatsya said this, and so on. Naturally questions were asked who the sage was, and the pundits replied that Vatsya was the author of the standard work on love in Sanscrit[sic] literature, that no Sanscrit library was complete without his work, and that it was most difficult now to obtain in its entire state. The copy of the manuscript obtained in Bombay was defective, and so the pundits wrote to Benares, Calcutta and Jaipur for copies of the manuscript from Sanscrit libraries in those places. Copies having been obtained, they were then compared with each other, and with the aid of a Commentary called 'Jayamanglia' a revised copy of the entire manuscript was prepared, and from this copy the English translation was made. The following is the certificate of the chief pundit: 'The accompanying manuscript is corrected by me after comparing four different copies of the work. I had the assistance of a Commentary...
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...UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY FACULTY OF NURSING SPRING SESSION 2008 NURSING 607.57 ASSIGNMENT # 3 SCHOLARLY PAPER title: sound, spirituality and Healing for the family experiencing terminal cancer: a case study of the application of mantras Submitted by: Rosato, Mr. Giuseppe Date of Submission: July 18th, 2008 Submitted to: Dr. Carole-Lynne Le Navenec sound, spirituality and Healing for the family experiencing terminal cancer: a case study of the application of mantras ABSTRACT Given the growing interest in North America for CAM, complementary and/or alternative medicine (diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine) and holistic healthcare, health care professionals within the regulation imposed by their professional organization, have the ability to expand the realm of conventional medicine (medicine as practiced by holders of M.D. [medical doctor] or D.O. [doctor of osteopathy] degrees and by their allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses) to a holistic healthcare system by integrating CAM modalities such as acupressure, guided imagery, humor, massage, meditation, therapeutic touch/healing touch, prayer and arts in general into their profession. This paper explores a CAM and holistic treatment/healing modality, Mantra Therapy, that conforms to three types of CAM as defined by the United States government...
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...------------------------------------------------- Culture of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on the | Culture of India | | History | People | Languages[show] | Mythology and folklore[show] | Cuisine | Religion | Art[show] | Literature[show] | Music and performing arts[show] | Media[show] | Sport | Monuments[show] | Symbols[show] | * India portal | * v * t * e | The culture of India is the way of living of the people of India. India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old.[1][2] Many elements of India's diverse cultures, such as Indian religions, yoga and Indian cuisine, have had a profound impact across the world. Contents [hide] * 1 Religions * 2 Perceptions of Indian culture * 2.1 Arranged marriage * 2.2 Wedding rituals * 3 Greetings * 4 Festivals * 5 Animals * 6 Cuisine * 7 Clothing * 8 Languages and literature * 8.1 History * 8.2 Epics * 9 Performing arts * 9.1 Dance * 9.2 Drama and theatre * 9.3 Music * 10 Visual arts * 10.1 Painting * 10.2 Sculpture * 10.3 Architecture * 11 Sports and martial arts * 11.1 Sports ...
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...Schaffer, at Case Western University, writes in “Migration Philology and South Asian Archeology” that there is an indigenous development of civilization in India going back at least to 6000 B.C. He proposes that the Rigvedic civilization initially crops up in the surrounding of the Sarswati River described in the RigVedic text. The river dries up due to environmental changes and this has forced the Rig-Vedic people to make their new abode in the surrounding of the Indus River. He mentions that the movement of populations away from the Sarswati to the Ganges after the Saraswati dries up in about 1900 BC is reflected in the changes from the Sarswati- based literature of the Rig Veda to the Ganges based literature of Itihas and Puranic text. He also states that the AIT reflects a colonial and Euro-Centric perspective that is quit out of date. He...
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...Eastern Educational Philosophies Abstract Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism are compared for historical, ideology, and epistemology, searching for Eastern Philosophy compatible to Western Philosophy. A research for possible influences on Education of Philosophy discovered that it was impossible to bring comparisons and even difficult to separate them into the key issues. Colonialism and Nationalism brings the two philosophies together. Even though the Western mindset can appreciate the fascination concepts it may be impossible to blend East and West. However, it is possible to juxtapose the very different philosophies as it may be represented in the arts. Even Western Philosopher who have been influenced by Eastern Philosophy, it is reasonable to believe it is the philosophers attempt to interpret Eastern Philosophy. However, it is impossible to replicate it. Instead the product is a hybrid and independent of either East or West. Eastern Educational Philosophies Eastern philosophy has a long and varied history. Asian ideas are among the oldest in the world. Great thinkers of the East have developed sophisticated cultural and political systems that have influenced other religions as well as western philosophy. This paper will examine ideological, epistemological, and historical differences in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Ways in which these philosophies have shaped higher education theory and practice are of major importance to educators. ...
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...Practicing School, Thurstan Road, now Munidasa Cumaratunga Mawatha. This school was attached to the Government Training College there. In 1907 Munidasa entered the Government Training College and obtained first place in all the examinations he faced. After leaving the Training College he functioned as Principal of Kadugannawa Bilinual School from 1909 to1917. In 1917 he was appointed to the school inspectorate which position he held until 1922. From then on he devoted his entire time to literary activities. While engaged in writing he served as Principal of Nittambuve Teacher Training College and Siddhartha Training College in Balapitiya for short periods. Munidasa Cumaratunga became the first Sri Lankan author to create a children`s literature. He wrote short poems and stories which children of his time appreciated very much. These poems and stories gripped the child mind to that extend as the material and background in them appeared so familiar to them. They touched their imagination, thinking and...
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...American Oriental Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/604266 . Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . American Oriental Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the American Oriental Society. http://www.jstor.org THE YOUNG WIFE AND HER HUSBAND'S BROTHER: RGVEDA 10.40.2 AND 10.85.44 M. B. EMENEAU and B. A. VAN NOOTEN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Textual problems are presented by devikdmd in the marriage verses RV 10.85.44 and AV 14.2.1718; problems of interpretation are presented by these verses and also by the occurrence of devf- in RV 10.40.2. These problems we hope we have solved, or at least eased, by consideration of the social structure involved in the niyoga institution described in the smrti texts, the similar custom seen in many communities in present-day North India, and the related 'jesting relationship' described for roughly the same communities (and others). Chronological problems are discussed, especially the establishment...
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...International Buddhist College Course: BL6204/ME6204 Pali Literature September 3, 2009 Submitted by Hoang Van Minh Topic: Discuss the Theravada Concept of Paramita (Perfection) as Revealed in the Pali Commentaries 1. Introduction Pali Atthakatha is the huge part of the study of Pali literature in Buddhism. The atthakatha means the “explanation of the meaning” or “commentary” and can be mentioned as exegetical treatises on the texts of the Pali canon. Their main object is, therefore, to explain difficult words and abstruse points of doctrine that occur in the Texts and also to give additional explanatory information wherever it was deemed necessary.[1] For that reason Atthakatha is usually considered as the huge encyclopedia of Buddhist study. One can find in this precious treasure any interpretations of the Buddhist terminology, idea and philosophical explanation on Tipitakas; for almost the Pali Tipitaka has its own commentary. The concept of Paramitas is well-known not only in Mahayana tradition with the aim of complete enlightenment but also it is interpreted in almost by the same way in Theravada especially it is revealed in commentaries literature. Historically along the process of development, there are many arguments and misunderstandings between these two traditions especially while Mahayana developed many new concepts like the concept and practice of bodhisattva with numerous skillful means (upāyaksalya) which seem to go too far...
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...Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) by Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) Sub-Regional Experts Meeting in Asia on Intangible Cultural Heritage: Safeguarding and Inventory-Making Methodologies (Bangkok, Thailand, 13-16 December 2005) TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE DIGITAL LIBRARY V.K. GUPTA, National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), INDIA CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. PROBLEM DIMENSIONS IN THE INDIAN SCENARIO: SCALE OF MISAPPROPRIATION OF DISCLOSED TK III. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION INTO IPO PRIOR ART SEARCH SYSTEMS IV. CURRENT STATUS OF TKDL V. TKDL: TOOL FOR ACTIVE RESEARCH VI. STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING ABUSE AND MISAPPROPRIATION OF TKDL VII. REGIONAL INITIATIVES VIII. CONCLUSIONS ANNEX: I. II. III. IV. FORMULATION TRANSCRIBED FROM ANCIENT AYURVEDIC TEXT FORMULATION TRANSCRIBED FROM ANCIENT UNANI TEXT ACCESS AGREEMENT OVERVIEW OF INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) by Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) I INTRODUCTION 1. The grant of wrong patents linked to traditional medicines, which is either based on what is already a part of the traditional knowledge of the developing world, or a minor variation thereof, has been causing a great concern to the developing world. The origin of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) goes back to the legal battle waged by Council of Scientific...
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