...history through an economic perspective instead of using the common dynastic classification by attempting to answer three questions: -What contributed to the continuity of the Chinese empire? -Why was the Chinese economy the most advanced in the world from the Song dynasty (960-1279) up until the latter half of the Qing dynasty (mid-1800's)? -Why did China fail to maintain her technological advantage after the mid-fourteenth century while advancing economically? Part One In the first section of the book, the author elucidates the staying power of the Chinese empire was due to the following factors. The economics of defense in relation to the size of empire and the power of its neighbors never became an extreme burden that it rendered the state impotent for any consecutively long period of time. It was always able to reformulate itself after a short disunity or rule by a foreign power of the whole, which only happened twice within a two thousand year period (Mongol and Manchu rule). Two other factors that contributed to the continuity of the Chinese state include a relatively isolated existence from the rest of the Eurasian landmass and the important placed on cultural unity, beginning with the first emperor's destruction of local records in order to quell local loyalties (pp.21-22). Both of these factors had been built up over time through a revolution in communication and transportation. Part Two The second section of the book analyses the causes of the economic revolution that...
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...abundance of raw materials, their technological advances and their code of laws were key factors that enabled this civilization to flourish and prosper. Although Mesopotamia was an ancient civilization, there are some similarities to the modern civilization of the present United States of America. While America is a relatively new civilization, it has incorporated similar ways of government that Mesopotamia used in the Hammurabi Code of Laws. ( Life in Sumer.) America, like Mesopotamia once was, is now the center of trade, agricultural, technological and educational advances and a powerful civilization. Both civilizations were highly sophisticated and developed and have made huge advances in each perspective's...
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...characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?” The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political opportunism are the main historical factors that have shaped health care delivery Because of these factors, health care in the United States is mainly a private industry, but it also receives a fairly substantial amount of financing from the government. However, government financing is used mainly ▪ Cultural beliefs and values • Self-reliance ▪ • Welfare assistance only for the most needy ▪ Social factors • Demographic shifts • Immigration • Health status• Urbanization ▪ Advances in science and technology • New treatments • Training of health professionals • Facilities and equipment Major changes driven by social, cultural, technological, economic, and political forces will be instrumental in shaping the future of medical services in the United States. These forces...
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...by various external factors and these influences greatly determine weather that particular business can be successful and function well in society. These influences can be viewed as the general environment. However, what really is General environment? The General Environment is the layer of the external factors or events that affects an Organization. This environment consists of the International, Technological, Sociocultural, Economic and legal-Political trends. The international Dimension is an aspect of the external environment that represents events originating in foreign countries, as well as opportunities for local companies in other countries. We live in a technological advances world. In that case, the technological dimension of the general environment allows the scientific and technological advancement in the industry and society at large. Following next in line is Sociocultural. It represents the demographic characteristics, norms, customs and values of the population within which the organization operates. Whereas, the Economic Dimension is refers to the overall economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates in the general environment. Lastly, there is the Legal-Political Dimension of the general environment that includes federal and local government regulations and political activities designed to influence company behavior. However, In the British Virgin Islands, the Government is undertaking major projects. One of such major projects...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In the era of globalization and technological revolution, education is considered as a first step for every human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an individual well-being and opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individual to increase their productivity and improve their quality of life. Success as the name implies is wished for by everybody but it is not easily come by on a mere platter of gold; one must work for it through hard work and diligence. Afe (2000), Education is considered as a tool to be used for the integration of the individual into the society to achieve self-realization, develop national consciousness, promote unity, and strive for social, economic, political, scientific, cultural and technological progress. Education in science and Mathematics therefore becomes bedrock and indispensable tools for scientific, technological and economic advancement in any nation. It gives the nation the capacity to apply technology for the exploitation of the resources of nature. Such exploitation will depend greatly on Mathematics for laying the foundation for political, governmental, military, civil, scientific, technological advancement, economic development, socio-cultural and environmental peace. Obe (1996) conceptualizes Mathematics as the master and servant...
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...ADL 62 (Technology Management) Assignment – A ANS 1 (a) Economic analysis of technology. Economic analysis of technology deals with the evaluation of techno capitalism, technological diffusion, technology acceptance model, technology lifecycle, and technology transfer effects to the economy of a particular industry, group or country. Techno capitalism describes the changes in capitalism based on the changes in technology. Technological diffusion implies a form of 'conditional convergence' as lagging countries catch up with technological leaders. Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the prediction of the acceptability of an information system. The purpose of this model is to predict the acceptability of a tool and to identify the modifications which must be brought to the system in order to make it acceptable to users. Technology lifecycle is about the technological maturity of a product. Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services. b) Technology and culture. Global organizations need to understand cultural differences if they want to successfully...
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...Introduction to management Barak Remalli DATE \@ "d MMMM y" 9 April 2015 “Are idea’s such as mutualism and industrial democracy of relevance to the 21st Century business management?” The world as we know it today is in constant advancement of technology and knowledge. In result, economists have developed a myriad of theories that have shaped and changed the way we manage people, time and resources. Organisation theorists such Russell Ackoff, Warren Bennis & Chris Argyris have been advocating the need for a more ‘free-form, humanistic, and democratic organisation’ (Nodoushani & Nodoushani para. 23), whereas theorists with the names of Henry Ford and Frederick W. Taylor oppose such notions. Some theories stand true and thrive in today’s economy, while others have faded as time has progressed. However, are ideas such as mutualism and industrial democracy of relevance to the twenty first Century business management? Is there still social and economic inequality? Or do citizens have natural rights to liberty, justice and property? Perhaps these ideas may have been diminished with time? This paper argues that the business management has had a major shift in its structure due to the concepts and influences of mutualism and industrial democracy. Although these ideas may not be prevalent in its purest form, there have been major refinements in the structuring of management in twenty first century, including the focus on de-layering and a more co-operative environment....
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...Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownershipand democratic control of the means of production,[7] as well as the political ideologies, theories, and movements that aim at their establishment.[8] Social ownership may refer to public ownership, cooperative ownership, citizen ownership of equity, or any combination of these.[9] Although there are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them,[10]social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms.[5][11][12] Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms.[13]Non-market socialism involves the substitution of factor markets and money with engineering and technical criteria based oncalculation performed in-kind, thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws than those of capitalism. Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system.[22] By contrast, market socialism retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets, and, in some cases, the profit motive with respect to the operation of socially-owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend.[23][24][25] The feasibility and exact methods of resource...
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...definition has held through time, however many other theorists have their own definition as to what management means, such as Breech (1957), Koontz and O’Donnell (1984) and Peters (1988). The definition of management can often depend upon the organisation it is within and the approach being taken. Throughout the twentieth century many managers and theorists have come up with their own approaches to management and organisation, many linked to the different trends of the time. One of the major trends to affect businesses is the development of technology. Kast and Rosenzweig (1970) believe that the advances made in technology represent the expansions and growth of large organisations. Dessler (1976) however, points out that the social and economic statuses at the time are closely linked with the development, in what he describes as a “chicken and egg” situation. The influences these all had on developing management and organisation theories will be looked at in more detail. Before the end of the nineteenth century mass production and commercialisation didn’t exist. There were no big businesses to speak of, with the only large organisations being the military and the church. However, the end of the nineteenth century saw...
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...pre-modern to modern economic growth took place at around 1820. This will set the stage for this discussion. Within that period, there were two groups of countries which were differentiated by their deviation in economic growth. They were the Group A nations, which included Western Europe, Western Offshoots and Japan, while the rest of the world made up the Group B nations. The contours of world development in this era, largely shaped by Douglass North’s theory of institutions, can be categorise into two main subsets which are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population demographics, for the purpose of this essay. North (1990) defines institutions as “the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human action”. Institutions exist in every economy, in the form of either formal or informal constraints, developed to define the choice sets, within which individuals and organisations make their decisions. Economic growth is heavily dependent on the productivity of an economy, which in turn is affected by the costs involved. In the neoclassical world of complete information, the gains of trade are only negated by the costs of production, also known as the transformation costs. North’s theory of exchange takes into account the transaction costs, which are the costs of exchange that will also reduce the benefits of trade. Institutions affect these costs which determine the profitability and feasibility of economic activities. ...
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...capturing Jerusalem and settling down in various places in the Middle East, they saw that the Muslims lived luxurious lives. Their civilization was hundreds of years ahead of their own in terms of culture, technology and sciences. The Arabs had spent centuries in major cities copying the texts of classical Greek philosophers and making additions on the existing body of knowledge. The works of philosopher scientists such as Ibn Sina and Biruni were taught in European centers of learning emerging at the time of the first crusades. The Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina was so ahead of the advancements in Europe that the book was used in universities until as late as 1650’s. In addition to the sciences were the widespread use of revolutionary products such as paper and gunpowder in the Middle East. Metal smiting, cloth making techniques were also much more advanced. These products helped shape the scientific and...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 1, ISSUE 6, JULY 2012 ISSN 2277-8616 The Emerging Challenges in HRM Mrs. Ekta Srivastava, Dr. Nisha Agarwal Abstract This paper analysis the various challenges which are emerging in the field of HRM.The managers today face a whole new array of changes like globalization, technological advances and changes in political and legal environment. changes in Information technology. This has lead to a paradigm shift in the of roles professional personnel. The great challenge of HRM is to attract, retain and nurture talented employees. This paper also analysis how to overcome with these challenges. These challenges can overcome through cross cultural training, technological and informational training of HR people and motivation of employees through various techniques Objective of paper To study the details of emerging challenges To find out the various methods and techniques through which HR can overcome the challenges of present business scenario Methodology – The analysis of this paper is totally depend upon secondary data like journal, books and various website from internet Introduction HR managers are facing many challenges in present business scenario like Globalization workforce diversity, technological advances and changes in political and legal environment change in information technology. All these challenges increase the pressure on HR managers to attract, retain and nurture talented employee...
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...Globalization and its Aftermath By Douglas Kellner Globalization has been one of the most hotly contested phenomena of the past two decades. It has been a primary attractor of books, articles, and heated debate, just as postmodernism was the most fashionable and debated topic of the 1980s. A wide and diverse range of social theorists have argued that today's world is organized by accelerating globalization, which is strengthening the dominance of a world capitalist economic system, supplanting the primacy of the nation-state by transnational corporations and organizations, and eroding local cultures and traditions through a global culture. Contemporary theorists from a wide range of political and theoretical positions are converging on the position that globalization is a distinguishing trend of the present moment, but there are hot debates concerning its nature, effects, and future. Moreover, advocates of a post-modern break in history argue that developments in transnational capitalism are producing a new global historical configuration of post- Fordism, or postmodernism as an emergent cultural logic of capitalism (Harvey 1989; Soja 1989; Jameson 1991; and Gottdiener 1995). Others define the emergent global economy and culture as a "network society" grounded in new communications and information technology (Castells 1996, 1997, and 1998). For its defenders, globalization marks the triumph of capitalism and its market economy (see apologists such as Fukuyama...
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...intensity of designing commercial enterpries.(Marcuse, 2002) The machine tool industry faces two noteworthy difficulties today. One is that about innovation in machine tools has changed its own technology improvements. Over a century of transformative advancement, predominantly including phenomenal technology upgradations and enhanced control of large scale manufacturing, the primary advancement in machine tool industry over two decades has included computerization and automation of small and medium scale enterprises regarding the current scenario of numerical control and different parts of the microelectronic setup. This adjustment in the overall structure of the machines and innovative change is constraining significant changes both inside(internal) of the business and in its association with clients(external). The other issue is that the focused circumstance on the planet where business is evolving quickly, bringing about serious modification issues for most machine tool makers. Despite the fact that this is an industry in which remote exchange has dependably been critical, the rise of new competitors (especially Japan in numerically controlled machine instruments and recently industrialized nations in ordinary machine tools) with new systems and new sorts of specialization has rolled out for radical improvements in the focused circumstance for most machine tool firms. The machine tools industry is one of the smallest divisions of...
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...portions of Northeastern, Mid-Atlantic and Caribbean United States of America were hit by Hurricane Sandy, which later developed into a super storm. Scientists had previously warned that climatic changes have increased the likelihood of occurrence of hurricanes of such magnitude. Other effects of climate change that continue to be experienced include increased frequency of droughts, decrease in crop productivity, water stress and the rising of sea levels. The problem is that these effects of climate change are predicted to worsen since the global average temperature continues to increase. Governments have set and embarked on a global goal, aimed at limiting the degree of warming to below 2oC above pre-industrial levels by 2100. From a scientific standpoint, it is unfortunate that there continues to be a significant gap between the actualities of global emissions, and the level of mitigation on climate change that is required to stay below 2oC by 2020 (Bowen and Ranger, 16). From a political and philosophical context, there are actions and commitments for both the short and long-terms, which had been agreed upon in previous conferences such as Copenhagen 2009, and agreements such as the Bali Road Map of 2007 that have been delayed. Also, there has been the withdrawal of key governments such as Canada and other rich industrialized countries from international agreements. According to UNCCD (9), after years of negotiation regarding key climate change plans such as the Kyoto...
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