...back of the abdomen. The widest part of the pancreas is called the head and lies in the curve of the duodenum (1st section of s. intestine). The body of the pancreas extends slightly upward, and the tail of the pancreas ends near the spleen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/pancreas_anatomy_function/Pages/index.aspx Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. Pancreatic juice is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts directly into the lumen of the duodenum. Chyme is partially digested food that travels from the stomach into the duodenum, and trypsm, amylase, and lipase are the digestive enzymes which break down proteins, starches, and fats and are carried to the duodenum from the stomach. The liver manufactures and secretes Bile, which is a fluid released into the duodenum that aids in digestion of fat. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.visualhistology.com/products/atlas/VHA_Chpt14_Pancreas_Liver_And_Gallbladder.html Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions of the Pancreas. The pancreas contains two glands, both the endocrine and the exocrine. The endocrine section of the pancreas secretes hormones insulin and glucagon. The exocrine section secretes the digestive enzymes, or pancreatic juice. Describe the hormonal control...
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...The glands in human body are of two types. One is exocrine glands and the other is endocrine glands. Endocrine glands These are ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood and which influence metabolism, body growth, development, activity, repair and other bodily functions. The endocrine glands are the glands of internal secretion. Below are the major endocrine glands in the endocrine system; Pituitary gland – The Pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system, because it controls the functions of the other endocrine glands. The Pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that affects the pituitary gland) by nerve fibres. The Pituitary gland itself consists of three sections: • the anterior lobe • the intermediate lobe • the posterior lobe The anterior lobe produces hormones stimulating the Thyroid gland, the Adrenal glands, ovarian follicles, Ovaries and Testes. It also produces hormones to stimulate milk production in females after giving birth. The intermediate lobe produces hormones that control the skins pigmentation. The posterior lobe produces hormones to increase absorption of water into the blood by the kidneys and hormones to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate milk production. Pineal gland – The Pineal gland is about the size of a pea, and is in the centre of the brain in a tiny cave...
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...BIO-REGULATORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human beings – products of biological functions and their behaviors are influenced by many factors (one of these factors is biological or physiological) Nervous system & Endocrine system (both biological & physiological) – regulators of human behaviors. The Nervous System * Most complex and elaborate system of biological structure in the human body. It regulates the behavior of an individual to make him survive. Neuron – the basic unit of the nervous system Producing and transmitting electrical and chemical signals from a stimulus to a response. (Distinct parts: dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheath, nodes.) Dendrites – fine and tiny hairlike structure looks like a branch of a tree. They receive nerve impulses (messages/information which are electrical in nature) for nearby neurons and send the information to the cell body (the process is called axonal transmission) Cell body or soma – contains the nucleus that provide energy for transmitting the stimulus received from the dendrites to axon. It performs work of metabolism. Axon – found at the other end of cell body. It carries away the stimulus to Another neuron. *There is only one axon in neuron. (process of transmitting info from neuron to neuron is called synaptic transmission) Myelin sheath – fatty material that covers and protects the axons. Its function is tospeed up the conduction of nerve impulses. Nodes – they serve as break on the momentum of the speed...
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...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
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...the abdomen. The widest part of the pancreas is called the head and lies in the curve of the duodenum (1st section of s. intestine). The body of the pancreas extends slightly upward, and the tail of the pancreas ends near the spleen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/pancreas_anatomy_function/Pages/index.aspx Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. Pancreatic juice is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts directly into the lumen of the duodenum. Chyme is partially digested food that travels from the stomach into the duodenum, and trypsm, amylase, and lipase are the digestive enzymes which break down proteins, starches, and fats and are carried to the duodenum from the stomach. The liver manufactures and secretes Bile, which is a fluid released into the duodenum that aids in digestion of fat. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.visualhistology.com/products/atlas/VHA_Chpt14_Pancreas_Liver_And_Gallbladder.html Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions of the Pancreas. The pancreas contains two glands, both the endocrine and the exocrine. The endocrine section of the pancreas secretes hormones insulin and glucagon. The exocrine section secretes the digestive enzymes, or pancreatic juice. Describe the hormonal control...
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...FORENSIC SCIENCE 3.1 [pic] The frontalis, orbicularis oris, laris oculi, buccinators and zygomaticus are muscles that are responsible for showing facial expressions such as surprise, anger, fear, disgust, amongst other emotions. The temporalis and the masseter muscle are responsible for chewing movements. The sterncleidomastoid and trapezius are neck muscles and can be associated with the throat. 3.2 The principal organs that comprise the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. These organs also consist of various tissues including nerve, blood and connective tissue. All together the organs and various tissues carry out the activities of the nervous system. The activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three overlapping functions. The first of these functions is sensory. There are millions of sensory receptors that detect changes which occur on the inside and outside of the body. They monitor things such as temperature, light and sound from the external environment and from the internal environment they detect variations in pressure, PH, carbon dioxide. All of this gathered information is called sensory output which is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. These signals are then brought together to create sensations, to add a memory or to produce thoughts. The decisions that are made each moment based on the sensory input is the second function, integration...
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...Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to Identify the anatomical components of the digestive system as well as their functions Discuss neural control of the digestive system Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion Discuss the effects of again and disease on the digestive system The GI tract is long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing Named portions of the tube include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum Accessory structures are not part of the GI tract, but they do contribute to food processing Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas Digestive Processes There are 6 basic processes involved in digestion The Digestive System The GI tract, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, are responsible for facilitating the body’s metabolic processes. Catabolism: Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, duodenum). In the GI tract, this is called digestion and can occur by either mechanical or chemical means. Anabolism: Smaller molecules are used as building blocks for larger molecules (liver). The Digestive System Mechanical digestion includes all movements that facilitate catabolic processes: Mastication Swallowing Mixing Increase contact of food with digestive chemicals Peristalsis Movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food The Digestive...
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...Summary (gb) The skin is composed of two distinct layers: 1. The epidermis connective tissue 2. Dermis connective tissue Beneath the 2nd layer is loose connective/adipose tissue called hypodermis epidermis The epidermis has five layers: 1. Stratum Germinativum (deepest) 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum (most superficial) The two deepest layers are called the Germinative Zone or Basal Zone The other layers are called the Horny Zone Epithelial cells in the skin undergo a process called keratinisation, which means the cytoplasm is replaced with keratin. Keratin contains nitrogen, amino acids and varying propotions of sulphur. Hard Keratin contains 4-5 % and is found in nails and hair. Soft Keratin contains 2 % and is found in skin. Cells found in epidermis are 1. Epithelial cells 2. Melanocytes Features of: Stratum germinativum: consists of a single layer of columnar shaped cells with nuclei. These cells have tiny processes on their lower surfaces, which seem to anchor them to the underlying dermis. Stratum spinosom is several layers thick, and is composed of irregular cells, slightly separated from each other. There are intercellular bridges between these cells, which appear as spiny processes. Stratum granulosum is a layer consisting of three or five rows of flattened cells,lying parallel to the skin surface, Stratum lucidum...
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...INTRODUCTION * Definition: gametes & gonads Gametes: germ cells, which organisms use to sexually reproduce. Gonad: Reproductive organs (Testes in males and ovaries in females) that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. * Define gynecology, urology & andrology Gynecology: The branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. Urology: The study of the urinary system, as well as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the male reproductive system. Andrology: The branch of medicine that deals with male disorders, like infertility and sexual dysfunction. 28.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM * The male reproductive organs & the functions of the male reproductive system (Figure 28.1) * The male reproductive organs include: the testes1, a system of ducts2 (including the epididymis, ductus vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands3 (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) and several supporting structures including the scrotum4 and penis5. Functions: 1. The testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, testosterone. 2. The ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm. 3. The accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen. 4. The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine. Major organs include: testes, ducts, accessory sex glands, the...
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...Trace of the Bolus MOUTH The mouth, also referred to as the oral or buccal cavity, is formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue. Forming the lateral walls of the oral cavity are the cheeks—muscular structures covered externally by skin and internally by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The anterior portions of the cheeks end at the lips. The lips or labia are fleshly folds surrounding the opening of the mouth. They are covered externally by skin and internally by a mucous membrane. There is a transition zone where the two kinds of covering tissue meet. This portion of the lips is non-keratinized, and the color of the blood in the underlying blood vessels is visible through the transparent surface layer. The inner surface of each lip is attached to its corresponding gum by a midline fold or mucous membrane called the labial frenulum. The orbicularis oris muscle and connective tissue lie between the skin and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. During chewing, contraction of the buccinators muscles in the cheeks and orbicularis oris muscle in the lips helps keep food between the upper and lower teeth. These muscles also assist in speech. The vestibule of the oral cavity is a space bounded externally by the cheeks and lips and internally by the gums and teeth. The oral cavity proper is a space that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces, the opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx or throat. The hard palate—the anterior...
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...impulses or communication from one body part to another. They can both act together for these functions or separately. However, it will be prime for us to understand both functionalities. The nervous system constitutes of the foundation in which the body’s communication system is built. It constitutes of a group and network of neurons that assist in its function. The nervous system is divided into two: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord while the peripheral is made up of the nerves and their entire network throughout the body. On the other hand, the endocrine system is made up of glands that are positioned throughout the body. These glands secrete hormones that control or regulate such processes in the body such as growth, blood flow and pressure, digestion and metabolism. The nervous system deals with body needs that require a quick response such as breathing, while the endocrine system deals with the much slower but vital processes in the body, such as cell growth. As earlier explained, we are going to go further to explain both systems starting with the nervous system. The nervous system as indicated earlier constitutes of a network of neurons that develop much further into nerves. [pic]Nervous system It is made up of two most important sections namely; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. In more analysis, the central nervous system is the...
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...Chapter 1 Skin structure and function Introduction The integument or skin is the largest organ of the body, making up 16% of body weight, with a surface area of 1.8 m2. It has several functions, the most important being to form a physical barrier to the environment, allowing and limiting the inward and outward passage of water, electrolytes and various substances while providing protection against micro-organisms, ultraviolet radiation, toxic agents and mechanical insults. There are three structural layers to the skin: the epidermis, the dermis and subcutis. Hair, nails, sebaceous, sweat and apocrine glands are regarded as derivatives of skin (see Figure 1.1). Skin is a dynamic organ in a constant state of change, as cells of the outer layers are continuously shed and replaced by inner cells moving up to the surface. Although structurally Figure 1.1 Cross-section of the skin. 2 Aromadermatology Table 1.1 Layers of the skin. Skin layer Description Epidermis The external layer mainly composed of layers of keratinocytes but also containing melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. Basement membrane The multilayered structure forming the dermoepidermal junction. Dermis The area of supportive connective tissue between the epidermis and the underlying subcutis: contains sweat glands, hair roots, nervous cells and ®bres, blood and lymph vessels. Subcutis The layer of loose connective tissue and fat beneath the dermis. ...
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...growth and structure. Hair papilla small amount of connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels and nerves -epithelium at the base of the bulb surrounds hair papilla Hair root zone of the hair extending from the bulb to the skin surface dead cells Hair shaft third portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface dead cells Arrector pili muscle Attached to most hair follicles Raising the hairs of the body in response to cold and fear. Hair matrix adjacent to hair papilla in the hair bulb epithelial cells near the center of the hair matrix divide, producing new cells that are pushed toward the surface Glands composed of epithelial tissue - - Sebaceous glands epithelial tissue exocrine gland with duct and secretory portion -secretes sebum, duct portion moves it to hair follicle, then travels through hair to...
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...THE LIVER The liver is a reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm, filling most of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. The liver has two large sections, called the right and the left lobes. The gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. SIZE It is the body’s largest gland, weighing about 1.4 kg (3 lb). FUNCTION IN DIGESTION 1. It secretes bile which is used in fat digestion. 2. Absorbs the end products of digestion. 3. The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. 4. The liver also detoxifies chemicals 5. Metabolizes drugs. 6. The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions. GALLBLADDER The gall bladder is a thin-walled, green muscular sac, approximately 10cm (4inches) long. The pear-shaped gall bladder attaches to the posterior surface of the liver by a connective tissue within a shallow fossa of the liver. It has a fundus or expanded end. A body or main part and a neck which is continuous with the cystic duct. DIAGRAM OF THE GALLBLADDER STRUCTURE The gall bladder has the same layers of tissue as those described in the general plan of the alimentary canal and some modifications. Peritoneum covers only the inferior surface. The gall bladder is in contact with the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver and is held in place by the visceral peritoneum...
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...tea. Immediately after James feels stressed and anxious, and these are natural responses to help your body escape from danger or harm. To avoid any tissue damaged from the heat and pain, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a part of the involuntary nervous system, senses the stressful situation and causes the release of a hormone called epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Once the impulse is sent, it goes directly to the adrenal medulla, the inner layer of the adrenal glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands secrete acetylcholine which stimulates the release of particular hormones. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines which include...
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