...During World War 2 Serbia was a member of the Kingdom Of Yugoslavia which was heavily occupied by German forces. This left the heavily occupied of Serbia as a key bombing target for the Allies, especially the Americans. After a successful Allied invasion of Sicily, the U.S Air Force now had the resources and airfields to carry out mass bombing runs over Eastern Europe. The German army had many critical oil refineries in this territory and many Allied Airmen set off in C-47 Bombers. In every fleet sent many were damaged by the German defenses which led to many airmen ejecting and becoming stranded in the German occupied area of Serbia. The oil refinery in Ploesti, Romania was one of Germany’s main source of fuel during world war 2. This oil refinery was a critical bombing target for the Allies but the route included Yugoslavia which led to even more airmen going down in Serbia. As more and more airmen went down the scene would be set for Operation Halyard. The Operation Of Strategic Services (O.S.S) is the supersede of the modern day Central intelligence agency (C.I.A). The O.S.S would be the main organizers of the risky Operation Halyard. George Vujnovich was the O.S.S agent with the responsibility...
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...Serbia Serbia has some major challenges ahead. According to Serbia’s current economic stature, there are many key responsibilities to prevail. A local city in Serbia created an LED (Local Economic Development) which includes a strategy in order to employ 25,000 people who previously lost their jobs in the economic crisis. Although, the LED plan lacked feedback and input from its fellow citizens, the approach is now receiving more attention from citizens who are in debt and also those who receive minimal or no income. Serbian government officials are trying to implement this and “a task force was formed for each area in order to develop a detailed plan to be incorporated into the overall LED strategy.” The country’s inflation rate in terms of consumer prices has increased from 6.3% in 2010 to 7% in 2011. This means that there is a general increase in prices causing a decrease in the purchasing value of money. Therefore, people are spending too much money and going into debt, ending up not being able to support their families. During recent times, there have been some high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, and unemployment. There is a growing need for new government borrowing and an increasing amount of public and private foreign debt. Another drawback in the country’s economy is the stagnant levels of foreign direct investment. There has been little activeness and much more unnecessary stationary movement in the economy. The inert movement is mainly due to a high...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Conflict in Kosovo Kosovo noted as a former territory, and an area that was previously ruled by Serbia was declared as well as attained independence in February 2008. However, tracing back from February 1998 to June 1999, historians notes that the occurrence a war which was characterised as an armed conflict was evident in Kosovo (Dreyer, 12). The Kosovo war is highlighted to involve the “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” as well as “Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)” as the main fighting parties (Dreyer, 12). Apart from the fore mentioned, a treaty organisation that involves the “North Atlantic Treaty Organisation(NATO)” was also involved especially in March 1999 as well as Albanian Army group support(Dreyer,12). Further to mention, it is noted that Kosovo is the land of border disputes the Albania and Serbia, this paper seeks to discuss the conflict in Kosovo in a precise and clear outlook (Bideleux ,1). Further to mention the paper clearly examines the political, ethnic as well as religion aspects and closely relating them to the Kosovo conflict. Kosovo conflict does not only take the route of a political conflict, but more of an ethnic and religion-based conflict. Brief summary of the conflict in Kosovo To clearly understand the Kosovo conflict which resulted in the Kosovo war, this section highlights the very important as well as crucial aspects asserting to Kosovo conflict. The Kosovo conflict kicked off in 28th of February 1998 and...
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...cleansing” in Bosnia be attributed to the manipulative influence of elites? In the years before the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1990-91, ethnic relations were neighbourly and cooperative. However, Yugoslavia had been made up of six republics and it was a multi-ethnic country in which ‘nations and nascent states did not coincide’. Bosnia in particular was multi-ethnic. Its population consisted of Serbs, Croats and Muslims. There was undoubtedly potential for ethnic conflict and with the failure of communism and the disintegration of Yugoslavia, ethnic relation deteriorated rapidly. This was in large part due to the manipulative influence of elites who sought to establish nation states. Serbian nationalists looking to create a “Greater Serbia”, and Croatian nationalists attempting to establish a “Greater Croatia” manipulated ethnic relations with repetitive propaganda and “expert” opinion. Added to this, the fear and uncertainty created by the disintegration itself was a factor that led to ethnic cleansing, spawning nationalist ideologies and giving credibility rumours spread by elites. Furthermore, a history of ethnic cleansing in the Balkans made the transition from nationalism to ethnic cleansing short and easy, as well as making people more receptive to the influence of elite propaganda. Existing communal conflicts in Bosnia were also in small part responsible for the levels of ethnic cleansing however these were exaggerated and intensified again by the influence of political...
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...Croatia was militarily strong, not unlike Serbia, with powerful militia. The Bosniaks, lacking the military might of their neighbours, were caught in the middle making them vulnerable to attacks. Although all three sides committed atrocities, it was the Serbs side that inflicted maximum horrors. The religious nationalists exploited symbols, the mythology espoused by Sells above, receiving the blessings of the clergy for carrying out God’s own work. For example, Radovan Karadzic, one of the staunchest Bosnian Serb leader held guilty of ethnic cleansing and genocide, was bestowed with the Order of Saint Denys of Xante (an honour meant for those who work for peace and humanity) by the Patriarch Pavle of the Orthodox Church, whose previous recipients include Mother Teresa. This was symbolically...
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...2013 Shared Services Centers Investment Potential of Macedonia, Serbia and Albania Apostoloski Nenad EMBA 2013 3/28/2013 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 5 CURRENT LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................. 6 MACEDONIA .............................................................................................................................................. 7 SERBIA ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 ALBANIA .................................................................................................................................................... 8 MARKET POTENTIAL ................................................................................................................................... 10 . FACTORS OF COMPETITIVENESS ........................................................................................
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...La Primera Guerra Mundial, también conocida como Gran Guerra,nota 2 fue una guerra mundial, focalizada principalmente en Europa, que comenzó el 28 de julio de 1914 y finalizó el 11 de noviembre de 1918. Hasta el comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, esta guerra era llamada Gran Guerra o simplemente Guerra Mundial.6 7 8 En Estados Unidos originalmente se la nombró como Guerra Europea.9 Más de 9 millones de combatientes perdieron la vida, una cifra extraordinariamente elevada, dada la sofisticación tecnológica e industrial de los beligerantes, con su consiguiente estancamiento táctico. Está considerado el quinto conflicto más mortífero de la historia de la Humanidad.nota 3 Tal fue la convulsión que provocó la guerra, que allanó el camino a grandes cambios políticos, incluyendo numerosas revoluciones con un carácter nunca antes visto, en varias de las naciones involucradas.10 En la guerra se vieron involucradas todas las grandes potencias industriales y militares de la época,11 divididas en dos alianzas opuestas. Por un lado se encontraba la Triple Alianza, formada por las Potencias Centrales: el Imperio alemán y Austria-Hungría. Italia, que había sido miembro de la Triple Alianza junto a Alemania y Austria-Hungría, no se unió a las Potencias Centrales, pues Austria, en contra de los términos pactados, fue la nación agresora que desencadenó el conflicto.12 Por otro lado se encontraba la Triple Entente, formada por el Reino Unido, Francia y el Imperio Ruso. Ambas alianzas sufrieron...
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...designated six republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzogovia, Croatia, and Slovenia), but now includes just Serbia and Montenegro. The word means "land of the southern Slavs." Montenegro, which means "black mountain," takes its name from its rugged terrain. Within Serbia there are several national cultures. In addition to the dominant Serb tradition, there is a large Hungarian population in the northern province of Vojvodina, where Hungarian is the common language and the culture is highly influenced by Hungary (which borders the province to the north). In southern Serbia, the province of Kosovo is primarily Albanian, and has an Islamic culture that bears many remnants of the earlier Turkish conquest. Location and Geography. Serbia is a landlocked territory in the Balkan Peninsula of Eastern Europe, bordering Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Albania. Montenegro is to the west of Serbia, also bordering Bosnia and Herzogovina, Albania, and the Adriatic Sea. Serbia covers 34,136 square miles (88,412 square kilometers); Montenegro has an area of 5,299 square miles (13,724 square kilometers). Together they are slightly smaller than the state of Kentucky. The terrain varies widely. In the north there are fertile plains that produce most of Serbia's crops, as well as marshlands along the Sava and Danube Rivers. At the northern border, the Danube River runs along the Iron Gate Gorge. Central Serbia is hilly and forested and...
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...Conflicts in Balkans | The Case of Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia | | | | WARSAW 2012 Introduction Balkan Peninsula is a problematic region in the continental Europe. People of Balkan region testified wars and misery for long years. The war is over in Balkans, Balkan countries try to ensure compliance with Western European countries now. Balkan countries had lots of internal and external problems due to their ethnic and religious diversity. Separation, merger and genocide materialized in this land. Balkans experienced all that three results of war. In this essay, it is tried to examine conflict between Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia. Conflict in Balkans To understand historical background of the conflict which resulted in war in 1990’s, we need to read about Yugoslavia.(see: Gagnon, The Myth of Ethnic War, Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s, 2004) Gagnon says that the conflict is not caused by only ethnic differences. He claims that political differences caused the conflict and the conflict emerged in the form of ethnic war. “…Conservatives wanted to hew to an authoritarian, orthodox, Marxist-Leninist line, keep a strong party-hand on the economy, minimize reliance on market forces and material incentives and maintain a centralized political system Reformers, however, wanted to democratize the party at the micro level, to rely more on market forces, in order to rationalize the economy and to loosen party control and decentralize the country; in sort they sought...
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...Serbian dinar which later turned into Euro as mentioned above. It is surrounded by 4 countries which are: Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. It has a quite good geographical area but the political problems makes it feel like it’s not. According to the European economy Kosovo is a really poor country. It’s total GDP is 7.813 billion dollars where on the other side it’s GDP per capita is 4.420 dollars. Kosovo among all of the parts of Former Yugoslavia was the poorest one. Which is the one of the reasons why Kosovo still is poor than the rest. Problems with Serbia made it a little bit hard to grow as well but being forced to live in bad conditions is the main factor which that made Kosovo what it is now. A ten year concurrence with the European Union permitting Kosovo to fare products into the zone obligation free has not been restored on account of contentions over the nation's debated status. Kosovo's endeavors to fare products to Europe and draw in remote speculation have endured another blow following the special exchange assention between the EU and Kosovo terminated on January 1. With an end goal to bolster the financial incorporation of the Western Balkans into the European Union and foster political steadiness, the EU built up exchange concurrences with Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo in 2000. The measures permitted duty-free and boundless access...
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...of the bridge called? (A) A. The Kapia B. The Visegrad C. The Vezir D. The Radisav 5. What is the bridge made of? (A) A. Wood B. Stone C. Steel D. The book doesn’t specify 6. Who are the new rulers? (D) A. Turks B. Chinese C. Balkans D. Austrians 7. Who was assassinated, causing World War I? (A) A. Franz Ferinand B. Gavrilo Princip C. Habsburg D. Belgrade 8. What was the primary means of transporting goods for war? (C) A. Wagon B. Rail lines C. The Bridge D. Steamboats 9. Where are the soldiers going to invade? (C) A. Austria B. Hungary C. Serbia D. Bosnia 10. Who blew up portions of the bridge? (A) A. The Austrians B. The Serbians C. The Balkans D. The...
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...Dakota Cody 2331381 SS-325 Prof. Grubb Nov 15, 2015 Causes and Effects of the Bosnian War Bosnia witnessed many atrocities within the early 1990’s. Genocide and other war crimes devastated the region on such a scale that was not seen since World War II. However, Genocide was the largest of the atrocities committed between the time of 1992 and 1995. There are both macro and micro level factors that had caused such a bloody conflict but mostly macro level. The macro level factors include a crisis, a social cleavage, and powerful bystanders. These three factors lead to the Bosnian civil between three different ethnic groups that are the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Serbs, and Croats. If not for these factors Bosnia would not have had this war and one hundred thousand plus people would not have been killed and close to two million people displaced during the war. The war had caused both economic and even more social problems. One of the major causes of the war was the breakup of Yugoslavia. With already years of tension built up from the differences in ethnicities, the breakup had caused a major crisis that was the final straw and tipped the balance and caused the war. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist and had dissolved into its constituent states. In an article written by the Office of the Historian for the U.S. Department of State, it talks about the breakup of Yugoslavia and says, “Yugoslavia will cease to function as a federal state within...
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...Dan Rensberger Sports In Society Garth Pleasant 10-17-2013 Yugoslavia In the country of Yugoslavia, there were three different religions that had been there since the country was formed. There are the Roman Catholics, the Orthodox, and some Muslim. The Slavs were a group of people that were fleeing Russia to escape persecution and they were split up by a group of mountains. The people on the west side of the mountain range were Roman Catholic, called the Croats of Croatia, and the people to the east were called Orthodox, called the Serbs of Serbia. They were joined together by the country of Yugoslavia, and this country brought together one of the best international basketball teams of the time. This team starred Drazen Petrovich and Vlade Divac among others. The team was a very tight knit group, and they were like brothers. They were all best friends and had great team chemistry, and that was one of the reasons that they were so successful. They seemed to have brought the country together from a time of violence toward each other, but they would also end up tearing the country apart. The Yugoslavian national team was very good, and they were just starting to hit stride. Drazen Petrovich was one of the best players in the world, and surrounded by Divac and Tony Kukoc, they were going to be a tough team to beat. The team was playing a lot together through the late 80’s and early 90’s, including playing the Boston Celtics, the NBA champions in 1988 featuring...
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...Chapter 13 Breaking Up is Hard to Do: Nations, States, and Nation-States A. Logistics Students’ Time Requirements Activity 1: The Rise of Nationalism and the Fall of Yugoslavia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes Activity 2: Iraqaphobia Readings 60-90 minutes Fill in the blanks 75-90 minutes The fill-in-the-blanks activity works very well as an in-class group project. It helps for students to be able to discuss the questions and readings with other students. If so, it is absolutely essential that students read the assigned articles in advance of the discussion. They will need to consult the readings to find pertinent passages, but if they are reading it for the first time during group work, they will either not finish or not contribute. I remind my students of this fact several times in the days leading up to the project. If students don’t finish during class, they can finish at home. If done in groups in class, you may wish to suggest that a different student act as recorder for each block of questions. Also, assign a different student to be the discussion leader/gatekeeper to keep the discussion on track and prevent any single individual from dominating the discussion. A third student could function as timekeeper. See Chapter 11 and 14 role-playing activities for further discussion of these tasks. Remind students that Balkan and Middle East politics are always changing and can get...
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...5. What do you think Chami should do about the sawmill? Elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages of vertically integration (owning the sawmill) provides Chabros and whether such provides a greater competitive advantage over Chabros? Include discussion of currency and future events in your answer. In 2007 Chami doubled its capacity by investing more than $11 million to buy a Serbian sawmill. How Currency changes affects the demand Generating most of its sales in Dubai and Saudi Arabia, which have its currencies bounded at the U.S. Dollar, but its sawmill located in the European Union puts Chabros sometimes in an advantageous and sometimes in a disadvantageous position. For instance, in times of a strengthened Euro or a weakened U.S. Dollar European goods are relatively more expansive than goods imported from countries which trade and price in U.S. Dollar. As a consequence, the amount of goods purchased from the European sawmill will decrease in terms of a strengthened euro and/or a weakened U.S. Dollar, but will increase in terms of a weakened euro and/or a strengthened U.S. Dollar. €⇒€⁄$⇒EX⇒IM €⇒€⁄$⇒EX⇒IM The impact of the fluctuating exchange rate constitutes a threat for the company, difficult to predict. Owning the sawmill constitutes in this reference a disadvantage and an advantage, because if Chabros would have an contract with an European supplier and a similar contract with another supplier located in Russia, for example to purchase its...
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