...100-meter sprint. Fast-forward to the 2012 London Olympics. In August, American athletes in track events competed in Nike’s Pro TurboSpeed suits. The tight-fitted apparel was made from recycled polyester fabric, designed to limit aerodynamic drag and boost athletic performance. Today, it’s hard to imagine any sport that hasn’t been touched by technology. From the synthetic material swimmers wear to the carbon-fiber frames in cycling, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and other international sporting federations have welcomed most technological innovations that have arguably improved the games. While there are many variables that are associated with athletic performance, one of the contributing factors for breaking world records has been technological innovation in design and equipment. With every passing Olympics, technology is shrouded with controversy, with many spectators claiming that the spirit of sport is being hindered by the use of technology. While this is an adamant concern, recent studies have shown that athletic performance has reached its physiological limit. In order to keep audiences engaged in the modern Olympics, technological innovation is needed to help assist athletes in achieving world records. From tracksuits to running shoes, innovation in clothing design garners a lot of attention at the Olympics. During competition, athletes wear light, tight-fitting uniforms to compress the body and minimize drag. Compression helps the blood flow and keeps the body...
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...COM-126 Historical need People live in a world of media and technology, making it our way of communication. Unfortunately, we are becoming more attached to these needs that our communication is lacking of reality. Therefore, "it is clear that mass-media influence our values, attitude, culture etc." (Enache, R., Pescaru, A., Stan, E., & Safta, C. (2010), p. 31). This media has a long history behind its back and has walked a long way to be transformed into this large communication connection we all live with today. Like all stories with a beginning, media started in the early years of 3000 B.C with the introduction of the alphabet, devised by the Semites (“Major Events in the History of Mass Communications”, n.d.). During this early era of media, not only the early form of paper was invented by the Egyptians, but the printing method was created. Johannes Gutenberg, with his printing invention, opened “the possibility of distributing identical messages to many people located in different places" (Bogart, 1991, p. 63) - this big step would really begin mass media, giving it a start to the printing production of books. A follow up century which would take a big leap in the media history is the Telegraph Era. From 1800s to 1900s the first telegraph line would be first introduced by Samuel Morse, along with the invention of the telephone and radio. These inventions took media development into a big significant time in which more and more people would gain the opportunity...
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...The conquest of the world by the Europeans was a key event within Historical Globalization. Historical Globalization was the finding of many significant sources by the Europeans. It was the start of their dominance throughout the world. Colonizing a lot of the world, Europe became the most well-known and influential continent throughout the world. Exploring many parts of the world led to many discoveries and the start of Globalization because of the European contact with many people along the way. One major discovery that was made was the Silk Road. This was a very significant pathway to the trading and profitable route for the Europeans. The person that had written this source did not like how Historical Globalization occurred. The reason they could have written this source is because they grew up in a country where they had no say and their opinion didn’t matter to anyone. The era this source could have been written in was maybe during the Industrial Revolution which is around the 1800’s. Either you were developed or strength of your country/continent declined. Europeans always wanted power, but this person totally disagrees with that. The source is saying that each country should have independence because it states that “No country should seek to extend its policy over any other country or people.” The view of the Europeans was very Eurocentric and disagrees with the interpretation of this source. Each should be responsible enough to make their own decision and have confidence...
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...boxing fighters were usually offenders and slaves. They played the game to win and gain independence. However, facts also point to free men fighting for competition and the spirit of sport. Eventually, Augustus is known to have banned fighting. It is also said that in 500 A.D. Theodoric banned the sport owing to its popularity and growing distraction caused in public life. The first signs of documented records take you to the year 1681 in Britain. It is a popular belief that the Duke of Albemarle held a boxing competition between his butcher and butler. The common reason for such matches is believed to be amusement and fun. Prior to 1866, Jack Boughtonis is credited with establishing a set of rules for boxing. It is said that Jack decided to publish the rules in 1743 after a grisly match with one of his opponents who died during the match. The legend was popularly known as the ‘Father of boxing’. However, the more recognizable development occurred during a time known as modern era in boxing. In the year 1866, the Marquess of Queensberry consented to a new set of boxing rules. The rules were titled with his name. The new rules introduced limited number of 3-minute rounds. It also banned gouging and wrestling during the...
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...(eds) 1992, Art in Theory. 1900- 1990: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK, pp.1086-1088. Classen, C 1996, ‘Sugar Cane, Coca-Cola and Hypermarkets: Consumption and Surrealism in the Argentine Northwest’ in Howes D (ed), Cross Cultural Consumption: Global Markets, Local Realities, Routledge, London, pp.39-54 plus notes pp.195-208. Edward Said (November 1935 – September 2003) is a Palestinian born in Jerusalm. He is university professor of Comparative Literature at Columbia University and an influential cultural author (Said 1982, p1086). His book Orientalism (1978) addresses his ideas on Orientalism in his own words, a Western style of Eastern cultures (Said 1982, p1086). His work generally ties to the imperialist societies and represents the issue of politics. In 1983, he published ‘from “Opponents, Audiences, Constituencies, and Community”’. Constance Classen (1957 –) is an award-winning writer and researcher based in Montreal, Canada. She holds a Ph.D. in Religious Studies from McGill University and is the author of various essays and books on the cultural life of the senses such as ‘Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures (Routledge, 1993)’. In 1996, she published ‘Sugar Cane, Coca-Cola and Hypermarkets: Consumption and Surrealism in the Argentine Northwest’ (Canadianicon 2012). Those two readings provide examples of how the human beings make their own culture, and could therefore change it. This paper briefly...
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...applying to an issue such as local level development, poverty, post conflict reconstructions, forced displacement.’ International social work seems to mean different things to different people in different communities, across the globe. Even the term ‘social work’ is often hard to pin down in the Western tradition. The first ‘constant’ seems to be the history of the development of social work in Britain after the Industrial Revolution and then across the western world predominantly in the United States. Second, social work as a profession arose as the result of the issues thrown up by the Industrial Revolution, such as mass movements away from rural based living, agricultural jobs reduced, with massive technological innovations commencing as far back as the development of the steam engine. Third, social work as a profession is united by its values which are social justice and a need to attend to social welfare (in the context of social wellbeing) in society. Jane Addams and her associates believed that no less than world peace and disarmament were suitable goals for social work. (Hokenstad and Midgely, 1998) So what is ‘international’ social work? The Council on Social Work Education in the United States of America in 1956 examined the question and gave the...
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...development has played a crucial role in the minerals industry throughout history. The development of new technology allows mankind to produce metals and minerals at progressively lower cost of production in real terms, and therefore at progressively lower prices, improving their availability, accessibility and utilization worldwide. However, the developers of such technology are not guaranteed to reap the benefits from this effort: There is an expectation that technology developers will gain an advantage over their competitors. Is this a short-term benefit that results from a temporary cost or efficiency improvement, or is it a sustainable longer term “edge” that prevails even after metal or mineral price has been eroded by the implementation of a major step change technology? This issue is examined by reference to several case study examples in the copper industry. modity producers to gain a cost advantage over their competitors, at least for a period of time. The more sustainable and longer term, the greater the competitive edge achieved. Technology development is costly and, in general, the greater the potential benefit, the higher the cost. The commercial implementation of new technology is inherently risky — the technology has not been applied before and must be proven over time. The risk must be managed, and this involves additional cost and intellectual effort. Finally, both technology development and commercial implementation typically requires significant investment of...
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...Do you ever pause your day, even for just a minute, to look around and realize the dramatic changes of what was, and what has become? Many people go about their time on this earth without grasping the concept of the great evolution that has taken place. From a time when the world was filled with only the greatest of forests and water as far as the eyes could see, to an era of transportation phenomenon, architectural growth and modernized living, it has become an understatement to solely say “things have changed.” Among all these extravagant developments comes the marvel of the bridge. It's safe to say that even centuries ago, the early humans must have created bridges from the simple material they found surrounding them in their all natural environment. Whether it was a 3 by 10 foot log they had so carefully placed across the water way, or piles of smaller wood, closely intertwined and lined by the strongest of branches, the primal people had found a way to gather and hunt across streams and rivers. As the years and population had increased, so had the development and appearance of the bridge. Because of great urbanization and city growth, there was a high demand for a solution to travel in a quicker and more efficient way. One of the cities that rapidly boomed was Chicago, now the third most populous city in the United States. This growth mostly had to do with the rail road and the Chicago River. Because Chicago was fortunate enough to have a natural waterway entwined in the...
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...movie theatre was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies became the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that before the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema's existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. Initially, there were technical difficulties in synchronizing images with sound. It was clear that Edison originally intended to create a sound film system, which would not gain worldwide recognition until the release of "The Jazz Singer" in 1927. However, there was still significant interest in motion pictures for films to be produced without sound. This is referred to as the silent era of film. However, to enhance the viewers' experience, silent films were...
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...Unfinished Business Mike Sauer Strayer University Abstract This paper has been written for an academic audience. The paper focuses on the perceived benefits and risks associated with the use of computers. The paper argues that while computers have introduced many benefits, there are also significant risks that should be considered. Through the use of computers, and society’s dependency on them, risks to privacy, identity, and credible information have been introduced. One should be more suspicious of the benefits associated with using computers and should understand the inherent risks associated with storing personal identity information, online transactions, and unfiltered information on the Internet. Unfinished Business The Civil War ended in 1865 with the North defeating the South and, as a result of the defeat, the South had been removed from the Union. At the time our president was Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln needed to come up with a plan to bring the South back into the Union. This period after the war came to be known as “The Reconstruction”. During the reconstruction many events took place that would change the way the present day U.S. is. There were major turning points during this period which would have long lasting impacts on American society, the American economy, politics, and culture. Identify 3 major historical turning points. The following paragraphs will explore the major turning points during the period, their...
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...In this essay I will consider the social, economic and political factors of Technology in the 20th century. The constantly changing fashionable take on Technology in the 20th century demonstrates the depth of the subject. While it has been acknowledged that it has an important part to play in the development of man, several of todays most brilliant minds seem incapable of recognising its increasing relevance to understanding future generations. Since it was first compared to antidisestablishmentarianism much has been said concerning Technology in the 20th century by global commercial enterprises, who are yet to grow accustomed to its disombobulating nature. Complex though it is I shall now attempt to provide an exaustive report on Technology in the 20th century and its numerous 'industries'. As Reflected in classical mythology society is complicated. When Sir Bernard Chivilary said 'hounds will feast on society' [1] he could have been making a reference to Technology in the 20th century, but probably not. Both tyranny and democracy are tried and questioned. Yet Technology in the 20th century smells of success.When one is faced with people of today a central theme emerges - Technology in the 20th century is either adored or despised, it leaves no one undecided. It breaks the mould, shattering man's misunderstanding of man. Derived from 'oikonomikos,' which means skilled in household management, the word economics is synonymous with Technology in the 20th century. We will study...
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...United States Labor Movement The Labor Movement in the United States of America started in the formative years of our nation. Its purpose being to organize workers to strive for better working conditions, reasonable pay and better treatment in the workplace. From it’s beginnings in the early to mid nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution to the modern era of today, the labor movement has fought hard forming labor parties and labor laws to give the American worker the rights they deserve. One of the earliest and more influential of labor organizations came to be in 1860; The Knights of Labor. The Knights of Labor mission was to “inform, and support working families, and to organize them to better represent their rights” (The Knights of Labor, 2011, ¶1) By the end of the 1800s the Knights had become a national fixture and included all workers into the group such as lawyers, doctors, gamblers and bankers. The main focus of the Knights of Labor were to push for an eight-hour work day; to rid child labor from existence, to do away with convict contract labor as they opposed the source of cheap labor taking jobs away from workers who needed a job; and equal pay for all their workers. In the early goings, they were opposed to the use of strikes however that trend changed and work stoppages had become a very good tool to use. The Knights of Labor had reached its apex in 1886 with over 700,000 members however their...
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...Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899-1902 TIMOTHY K. DEADY “It should be the earnest and paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines . . . and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation, substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.” — President William McKinley 21 December 1898 T he United States topples an unsavory regime in relatively brief military action, suffering a few hundred fatalities. America then finds itself having to administer a country unaccustomed to democratic self-rule. Caught unawares by an unexpectedly robust insurgency, the United States struggles to develop and implement an effective counterinsurgency strategy. The ongoing US presidential campaign serves as a catalyst to polarize public opinion, as the insurrectionists step up their offensive in an unsuccessful attempt to unseat the incumbent Republican President. These events—from a century ago—share a number of striking parallels with the events of 2003 and 2004. The Philippine Insurrection of 18991902 was America’s first major combat operation of the 20th century. The American policy of rewarding support and punishing opposition in the Philippines, called “attraction and chastisement,” was an effective operational strategy. By eliminating insurgent resistance, the campaign successfully set the conditions necessary...
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...Evaluation of Criminal Theory The study relating to the causes of, and reasons for, crime has long been an interest to criminologist and psychologist. Since the mid 1800�s different aspects of the scientific community have explored the question of why people commit crime. This paper will discuss several theories that have developed over the years, how those theories have grown and changed and which theories seem to be the most prevalent today. The theories that will be discussed revolve around the biological and psychological study of crime, the strain and cultural deviance studies of crime and the social control aspects of crime. All of these studies and theories will be compared and examined to understand the standing of criminology today. The first study of why people commit crime revolved around the belief that criminal behavior resulted from a persons� abnormal psychology. These theories suggest that criminal behavior is caused by some underlying physical or mental condition. These conditions separate the societies criminals from the non- criminals (Adler et. al, 2007 p.116). The first people to study this rationale where called Positivist Criminologist and believed that; Human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control and that is it possible to measure those forces�{They} view criminal behavior as stemming from biological, psychological and social factors. (Adler et. al, 2007 p.60) In the late 1870�s, Cesare Lombroso...
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...longer lives are indeed a great achievement the aging of the population also poses significant challenges for the economies”. The share of those aged 15-64 is projected to decline from 67% to 56% while those aged 65 and over is projected to rise from 17% to 30%. This will cause Europe to go from have four people of working age to each aged over 65 to a mere two people of working age (European Commission, 2012). ● “The total number of workers is projected to decline by 15.7 million over the forecast horizon to 195.6 million in 2060. ● The decline in the workforce will act as a drag on growth and per capita income, with a consequent trend decline in potential growth. The latter is estimated to converge to below 1,5% in real terms in the long-term in the EU. Moreover, the demographic changes are expected to have substantial consequences on public finances in the EU. ● On the basis of current policies, age-related public expenditures (pensions, health-care and long-term care) are projected to increase by 4.1 percentage points to around to around 29% of GDP between 2010 and 2060”. The economics of depopulation are dark. At full employment, the real GDP has a good chance of declining due to the insufficient number of workers that cannot provide the productivity needed. United States: “Graying means paying,” a quote from Neil Howe and Richard Jackson in the Washington Post article, “ The World Won’t Be Aging Gracefully. Just the Opposite”(2009). The United States as a nation...
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