...It can be argued that the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s was a result of ideological differences, with Khrushchev’s de-Stalinisation and Mao’s ‘Cultural Revolution’ leading the other to denounce the opponent’s mode of communism. Whilst the national interests between the two caused tensions and led to the realistic prospect of nuclear conflict, it was the ideological differences of the Sino-Soviet relationship that caused the events. Similarly, the personalities and rivalries of China and the USSR can be explained in the same way and whilst they certainly exacerbated the Sino-Soviet situation, the argument fails to take into account what caused the argument to exist in the first place – ideological differences. Khrushchev’s Secret Speech (1956) attacked Stalinism and the “Cult of Personality” as well as outlining Khrushchev’s aim for peaceful coexistence with the West. China, being based along Stalinist lines since the Sino-Soviet Pact (1950), interpreted the speech as an attack on them, with Mao labelling Khrushchev as a “revisionist” and accusing him of “ideological heresy”. It was, then, the Secret Speech that made the ideological differences in the relationship first visible – not only this, but the speech also generated an ideological competition over who was the true Marxist-Leninist state. In the long term, Mao’s accusations, as well as being hypocritical, gave Khrushchev an incentive to attack the Chinese form of communism directly and increasing tension not only in...
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...To what extent was the deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations in the years 1958–69 due to personal rivalries? The deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations between 1958-1969 is due to a number of different factorssome historians argue that conflicting personal rivalries between Mao and Khrushchev contributed to the split until 1964, however other historians argue that other factors influenced the deterioration. For example both sides were ideologically different, this can be seen as they were both pursuing different methods of achieving communism, and during many occasions they disagreed with each other. However the most significant factor causing the split was their conflicting national interests, as although without the existing personal rivalries and ideological disputes the split would not have happened, they emphasised the sheer differences between both sides. Due to these interests, there was a deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations and from then on they could never be allies. Some historians argue that the deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations between 1958-1969 was due to personal rivalries. This is because before 1953, Mao (after taking over China following the revolution in 1949) saw Stalin as the leader of the World communist movement, and promised to follow the decisions of the Soviet Union in a letter to Stalin. However when Khrushchev took over the Soviet Union in 1954, Mao believed himself to be above Khrushchev and this caused initial tension, and upon Khrushchev's...
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...with the view that the Sino Soviet Split was caused primarily by the political rivalry of Khrushchev and Mao? The Sino Soviet split occurred largely due to the ideological issues that Mao and Khrushchev had, having vastly opposite ideas on the nature of Revolutions. However, through this you largely see the clash of their personalities and how they differed vastly seen through the Soviet speech in which Khrushchev seriously offended Mao by announcing de-Stalinisation. National security was the basis of much strain as neither country felt safe mainly due to the advancement of nuclear weapons. Both countries had many attempts in order to gain stability ahead of the other such as the Korean War, where the USSR forced Mao to pay a large sum of money in order to pay back the USSR for its aid. However, this caused further rifts in the relationship. Due to the shared border of China and the USSR, territorial disputes were not unheard of however, throughout the Cold War, this became a larger issue as each wanted to assert more power. Although relations with the US was a factor involved in the split, it did little but cause tension and demonstrate the further rift that was happening between the two countries through the various meetings with presidents. Ideological differences were pivotal in the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations as they marked a significant flaw in the relationship; this was mainly due to their idea of the Nature of a Revolution. The Soviets believed in a Worker’s...
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...to the united states management of its cold war diplomacy were relations between the USSR and china in the years 1962-76?- why did sino-soviet relations begin? To what extent was the deterioration in sino-soviet relations in the years 1958-69 due to personal rivalries? (Why the split happened) * Ideological differences * Both sides disagreed over how best to pursue the notion of a communist revolution. * The Soviets had Cominform and China had her own version of communism based on a rural society. * When Khrushchev came to power he reassessed the Soviet interpretation of communism, taking it back to a purer Leninist view point, this intensified ideological differences further. * Khrushchev’s belief that Capitalism was doomed to fail and so expansionism and aggression were unnecessary (peaceful coexistence) was juxtaposed with Mao’s adherence creating a communist revolution and military involvement to protest communist comrades e.g. Korean War. * Mao also wanted to continue with Stalin’s Five Year Plans and devised his own version The Great Leap Forward campaign launched in 1958 to increase industrial and agricultural progress. The campaign involved building dams, reservoirs, roads and establishing communes and setting up small-scale steel and iron furnaces in country areas.- This policy was a disaster resulting in at least 17 million deaths and prompted, due to frustration, Soviet withdrawal of economic aid in 1960. Individuals * Stalin...
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...critically impacted the results of the conflict as well as having a decisive impact upon the implementation of policies within the United States and the Soviet Union. Qiang Zhai’s, “Beijing and the Vietnam Peace Talks, 1965-68: New Evidence from Chinese Sources,” showed how the Communist Chinese desired to continue the war in Vietnam for ideological and imperial desires, thus rebuffing any peace overture made from Western powers. Mao Lin’s, “China and the Escalation of the Vietnam War: The First Years of the Johnson Administration”, stated that there clearly was a political struggle between the Soviet Union, Communist China, and the United States in Vietnam. Lin stated that Vietnam simply was another battlefield in the Cold War struggle. Melvyn P. Leffler stated the United States in Vietnam continued to fight to save face and credibility as defender of the free world. During the 1960’s Communist China perceived itself as the defender of national liberation movement, sent aid to the North Vietnamese, and refused to allow them to discuss peace with the United States. Additionally, Communist China wanted to gain influence within Southeast Asia and stamp out any influence from the Soviet Union in addition to the United States. Ideologically driven actions taken by Communist China in Vietnam when tied with events of the Sino-Soviet split had drastic implications upon actions that were taken by the United States in Vietnam. Finally, implications of the Vietnam War touched all three major...
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...International Research Journal of Social Sciences_____________________________________ ISSN 2319–3565 Vol. 2(8), 48-54, August (2013) Int. Res. J. Social Sci. India and China: Prospects and Challenges Mehraj Uddin Gojree Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, U.P., INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 16th July 2013, revised 27th July 2013, accepted 12th August 2013 Abstract This paper seeks to assess the future prospects and challenges of the relationship between the two rising giants of Asia namely China and India. As they both are rising as great powers, their mutual relationship will have a significant impact not only on Asia, but on the whole world. At present, the nature of their relationship is something mixed i.e., growing cooperation in the field of trade and commerce along with distrust and mutual suspicions in the strategic fields whether political or geographical. For these apparent factors, the future relationship between India and China can be characterised by the cooperation in those fields whether mutual, regional or international which may be beneficial for the peaceful rise of both these states and confrontation, competition, and even hostility in some other areas where the respective interests of both the giants clash with each other, for example, the border issue, relationship with other countries particularly US and Pakistan, their encirclement policies, competition for energy resources, nuclear arms race...
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...Peacefully?India and China are two of the world’s oldest civilization-states and are now aspiring superpowers engaged in the global economy and possess expanding military capabilities.1Cultural and economic ties date back to Ancient times when the Silk Road was used as a major trade route between the two great countries. Over the course of the 20th century, relations between the two ranged from allying and friendship, to intense conflicts over border disputes.2Despite these crisis’s, the two nations have developed close economic ties that are mutually beneficial. Trade has increased dramatically over the past decade and companies form joint ventures to further ties. History shows that this has not always been the case, and the competitivenature between the two states stems from border disputes from the early 1950s to the late 1980s.3Despite gestures towards a peaceful partnership throughout the 1950s, those gestures were challenged by actions in the disputed territories. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, signed in 1954, is an example of such cooperation. However, China nor India 1Malik, Mohan. "India-China Relations: Giants Stir, Cooperate and Compete." Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (2004).2Malik, Mohan. 3 Malik, Mohan.1 followed these closely and still lead to major conflict following these meetings. Nevertheless, this agreement stated the principles as:1.Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty2.Mutual non-aggression3.Mutual...
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...If you were to look at a history of global economics over the years, you would find that many countries achieve (and sometimes fall from) economic superpower status. Examples of such countries include the U.S, the U.K, and Japan. The most current countries to join that list are India and China. However, whether they stay that way has yet to be seen. The Elephant and the Dragon written by Robyn Meredith takes a look at both countries’ rise to economic superpower status, and how it affects us now as well as the future. To achieve this Meredith begins with a recent history of each of the countries by examining the political and social factors related to the each of the countries’ rise. This is followed with a look into some of the economic similarities and differences between India and China as well as how the reforms both countries have in place affect U.S businesses and citizens. Through this process Meredith truly gives a truly complete experience with past, present and future analyzed. Unfortunately, there are certain areas of the book where issues with the material and Meredith’s interpretation arise. The first two chapters in The Elephant and the Dragon delve into the pasts of China and India, and the policies that made their growth possible. Meredith begins her look into China by looking at the effects of Mao’s rule. A major point that is brought up is Mao’s policy to collectivize farming. The policy to collectivize farming resulted in a 40% drop in agricultural production...
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...The Things They Carried: Enemies & Friends In both of the short stories, enemies and friends, the pressures of war twist the way that humans comport themselves around each other, causing for two men fighting on the same side to fight one another over a dull reason, because of a missing knife. O’brien shows how immaturely Jensen and Strunk act in times of war, and its because of their immaturity that causes them to act out in such an aggressive fashion towards each other. It is said that in and around the war in Vietnam the soldiers would fight each other to release tension of perhaps getting attacked by the enemy. In the story all laws and social order are left to the soldiers to decide whether it is wrong or right. If the soldiers were back in America the government to show justice and to assign guilt to the lawbreaker would punish anyone that broke the law. However, in “Enemies” Jensen and Strunk do not try to solve issues by talking it out like civilized men, they start to fight each other which shows that the social code is not in place in their dispute. Jensen thinks that Strunk will retaliate for breaking his nose in the fight they had over a stolen jackknife. Strunk on the other hand thinks that justice has been made and they are even because he did in fact steal his knife. By Strunk believing that he go what he deserved when Jensen settles the score between them shows that both men are able to take matters in to their own hands and take responsibility for their...
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...INDEX Sr. No. | Chapter | Page No. | 1 | Executive Summary | 7 | 2 | Industry Profile | 8 | 3 | Company Profile | 9 | 4 | Aims & Objective | 11 | 5 | Methodology | 11 | 6 | Findings And Analysis | 12 | 7 | Conclusion & Suggestions | 15 | 8 | Appendix | 17 | 9 | Bibliography | 19 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project has been carried out as a part of the curriculum of the Second Year Bachelor of Business Administration of St. Xaviers College Mapusa, Goa. The project research has been completed in Atul Ltd. At Atul, Gujarat from 14th May 2013 to 27th June 2013. Project was mainly based on Comparison between Dyestuff industries present Scenario and future scope in India and China and in India at Atul ltd forecasting the scope for the growth of the company. I have come up analysis that compares industries in India and China and the way Atul ltd is operating and have also given suggestions for the same. INDUSTRY PROFILE Dyestuff Industry is one of the core industries that is integral part of textiles in India . It is also the second highest export segment in chemical industry. The industry is made up of about 1,000 small scale units and 50 large organized units, who produce around 1,30,000 tonnes of Dyestuff. Maharashtra and Gujarat account for 90% of dyestuff production in India due to the availability of raw materials and dominance of textile in these regions. The major users of dyes in India are textiles, paper, plastics, printing ink and...
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...China and India: Opportunities and Challenges Evaluate the Evolving Balance of Economic Power Shift from the West to the East The last two decades there has been a visible shift in economic power from the West to the East. China and India are taking lead in as the economic power posing the weight and dynamism to transform the 21st-century global economy. Though the two have radically different economic strengths and weaknesses the two are expected to deliver a very high growth for decades (Cravens and Piercy, 2010). Since 1979, the two have had a steady and positive GDP curve with China average of 10.92 percent and India India average of 6.01 percent (Trading Economics, 2015). Factors such as outsourcing and education have played an important part in the two countries economic growth. In 2001, outsourcing to China and India have diminished American employment opportunities and cost America 3.2 million jobs (US News. 2014). Competition with low-wage workers from less-developed countries such as China and India has driven down wages for workers in U.S. manufacturing and reduced the wages and bargaining power of similar, non-college-educated workers throughout the economy. The United States graduates roughly 70,000 undergraduate engineers annually, whereas China graduates 600,000 and India 350,000 (Wadhwa, Gereffi, & Ong, 2004). US is concentrating mostly on finance and accounting while the two nations see growing in engineering or life science. According to...
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...considered complementary[original research?] - China is perceived to be strong in manufacturing and infrastructure[citation needed] while India is perceived to be strong in services andinformation technology.[citation needed] China is stronger in hardware while India is stronger in software.[citation needed] China is stronger in physical markets while India is stronger in financial markets. The countries also share certain historical interactions - the spread of Buddhism from India to China and British-European trade on the Silk route are famous examples. However, there are also geopolitical, cultural, economic and political differences between China and India that some argue would make this term inappropriate. The effects of the Sino-Indian War of 1962 have meant that relations between the countries have been cautious and slow. Politically, China can be characterized as a single party authoritarian state whereas India is a democracy of hundreds of political parties. India's culture can be characterized by a high degree of pluralism[1] whereas China has a more ethnically homogeneous population.[2]The commonly-cited complementary nature of China and India's economies is...
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...‘Sino-Soviet relations, in the years 1958-69, were undermined primarily by conflicting national interests.’ How far do you agree with this view? Introduction It is to a large extent that Sino-Soviet relations, in the years 1958-69, were primarily undermined by conflicting national interests. This is elucidated in factors or events such as Sino-Soviet rivalry over Mongolia, Sino-Soviet border disputes such as Damansky/Chenbao (1969), China’s reaction to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) among many others. Nevertheless, other factors such as ideological conflict for example competing Soviet and Chinese claims for the leadership of international communism, China’s negative response to Soviet de-Stalinisation, Soviet ‘peaceful coexistence’ versus Mao’s commitment to ‘continuing revolution’ at a time when China was confronting the USA among many others undermined Sino-Soviet relations. 1. Sino-Soviet rivalry over Mongolia Sino-Soviet rivalry over Mongolia. The Chinese regarded Mongolia in their own sphere of influence, yet Stalin and Khrushchev refused to reduce their ties. Despite the Chinese signing the Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union in 1950, the Chinese failed to get an agreement off the Soviets, promising to limit their influence in Mongolia. Obviously, this would generate tension as the Chinese disliked how their power was limited. 2. Sino-Soviet border disputes such as Damansky/Chenbao (1969) Sino-Soviet border disputes such as Damansky/Chenbao...
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...Past Papers, Marks Scheme indicative content and examiners Report comments June 2010 A) How far did ‘peaceful coexistence’ ease Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the USA in the years 1953–61? Mark Scheme: Candidates should have knowledge about the main features of ‘peaceful coexistence’ in the period 1953-61. Developments which helped to ease Cold War tensions might include: the end of the Korean War (1953); Soviet settlement of border disputes with Turkey and Iran (1953) and recognition of Israel (1953); Austrian independence and improved Soviet-Yugoslav relations (1955); the ‘Geneva spirit’ based on east-west summit diplomacy and Khrushchev’s visit to the USA in 1959. Developments which sustained Cold War tensions during the period might include: US attitudes towards communism in the 1950s (domino theory, ‘roll back’, Eisenhower doctrine); Soviet concept of peaceful coexistence based on long-term victory of communism; the impact of the Hungarian Rising (1956) and the launch of Sputnik (1957); the U2 spy plane incident (1960) and the issue of Germany (1958-1961). At Levels 1 and 2 simple or more developed statements will provide either only simple or more developed statements about peaceful coexistence with either only implicit reference to the extent tensions were eased or argument based on insufficient evidence. At Level 3, students should provide some sustained...
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...Situation at the beginning of Sino-African relationship: he Sino-African relations began with the Asia-Africa conference in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955, to promote African and Asian economic coalitions and decolonization.1 The global political scenario at the time makes for an interesting read. The Cultural Revolution had ended in China in the year 1949 with the subsequent establishment of the communist government and the People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government under Chiang Kai Shek had fled to the island of Formosa (latterly known as Taiwan). The year 1950 brought the advent of the Korean War. China supported the Democratic People's Republic of Korea where communist rule was established in the year 1948. The United States on the other hand supported the Republic of Korea. The Soviet Union also entered the picture to form a trinity of communist nations. There were direct confrontations between the Chinese and the American militaries. This resulted in a lot of friction between the two countries. The Korean War ensured there was deep mistrust between the Americans and Chinese who were fighting alongside in World War II just a decade ago. This resulted in the US favouring Japan over China as a proxy to the Soviet domination of the west Pacific Rim. The US also recognized the PRC's arch rival the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the true representative of China. This situation was a huge factor, so much so that the ROC represented China in the United Nations...
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