...Social class is the key factor influencing a child’s education attainment. There are major differences between the levels of achievement of the working class and middle class. Generally the higher the social class of the parents the more successful a child will be in education. Social class inequality begins in primary school and becomes greater as you move up through the education system with the higher levels of the education system dominated by middle and upper-class students. There are many other factors that can explain differences in educational achievements for different social classes, these include material explanations which put the emphasis on social and economic conditions, cultural explanations which focus on values, attitudes and lifestyles and factors within the school itself. Material factors such as poverty, low wages, diet, health and housing can all have important direct effects on how well individuals do at school. Material deprivation such as this helps when explaining the pattern of working-class underachievement in education. Douglas (1964) found that poor housing conditions such as overcrowding and insufficient quiet can make study at home difficult meaning they cannot complete homework and may not pass exams. In working class families, low income or unemployment may mean resources such as computers and text books cannot be bought which will restrict the amount of studying the child can do. They may also not be able to attend school trips that could...
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...ENCOUNTERING SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES AT WORK: HOW “CLASS WORK” PERPETUATES INEQUALITY Using a microsociological lens, we develop a theoretical framework that explains how social class distinctions are sustained within organizations. In particular, we intro- duce the concept of “class work” and explicate the cognitions and practices that members of different classes engage in when they come in contact with each other in cross-class encounters. We also elucidate how class work perpetuates inequality, as well as the consequences of class work on organizations and those at the lower end of the organizational hierarchy. By examining microlevel interactions and how they become institutionalized within organizations as prevailing rules and practices, we contribute to both institutional theory and the sociology of social class differences. We encourage future research on social class and discuss some of the challenges inher- ent in conducting it. Several contemporary developments—includ- ing the financial crisis of 2008 (Rajan, 2010), the shrinking of the middle class (Leicht & Fitzger- ald, 2007), and the rise of the “new poor” in America (Cohen, 2010)— have reinjected the is- sue of social class differences and inequality (Stiglitz, 2012) into contemporary discourse. Within organization studies, however, social class has received only scant consideration (cf. Castilla & Benard, 2010; Dacin, Munir, & Tracey, 2010; Scully & Blake-Beard, 2006). While two re- cent exceptions...
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...“Social Security and Medicare – the social insurance programs that provide fundamental income support and health insurance to people over age 65(and some younger people with disabilities) (Feder & Friedland, 2005, p. 78).” Social Security is financed through payroll taxes called FICA in which the employee and employer pay; during the working live off the employee. Benefits were made available to Americans regardless of income. Medicare was built on the same model as Social Security thus avoiding the association of welfare. Instead, it was earned by working (Oberlander, 2015). Since the enactment in 1965 Social Security and Medicare have continued to prove they are effective antipoverty programs. These programs help provide financial independence...
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...Social media post differences between genders Student Name Affiliate of the University Social media post differences between genders Part One: Effects of social media The use of sites of social network has become a worldwide phenomenon, and it has attracted a vast population of people from all corners of the world. Due to the effects of social media, several changes have occurred in the lives of the individuals who use the social media (Myers, 2011). The people who use social media come from different ages, education levels, and ages as well. Apart from day to day checking of emails, reading the newspapers and forums online, or following the tools of instant message, an extensive population now checks their social networks as well. On the social network, they follow the status changes to other people, update their status or look at the profiles of other people. It has been observed through studies that most of the people usually connect to the sites of social network at least once in a day, to have a look at their profile or to take part in various activities online (LaSalle, 2006). People usually use the sites of social network for distinct number of reasons. These reasons include allowing faster updating, ease of use, reflecting on daily life, supporting the informal learning processes as well as sharing and analyzing the information that continuously increase. Other reasons include the establishment and maintenance of the spontaneous social contacts and relationships...
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...When sociologists talk of social class, they refer to a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the economic system of production. Within that system occupation is very important because it provides financial rewards, stability and benefits like healthcare. A status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified on the basis of esteem and prestige acquired mainly via economic success and accumulation of wealth. Social class may withal refer to any particular level in such a hierarchy. Four prevalent social classes informally recognized in many societies are: (1) Upper class, (2) Middle class, (3) Working class, and the (4) Lower class. The effects of social class can be felt anywhere. Virtually every aspect of society is influenced in some manner by social class. The magazines one reads, the television shows one watches, and the apparel a person buys affect social class. School, work, religious, and home lives are withal linked to the influence of social classes. Schools and the workplace are greatly influenced by social class. The look of employment is transmuting because workers can no longer expect to work their way up through a company. Many companies look outside of the company for people with the right educational background instead of hiring from within. The reporting of social class contributes to the lack of reliability as well. Since social class is often self-reported, it is difficult to assure the precision of the information collected...
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...and equally accessible to all. This was not only seen as social justice but also a way to remove or significantly reduce the contrast in mortality rate between different social class groups in Britain. However after a review by the Working Group on Inequalities, the Black Report was published in 1980, suggesting that the mortality differentials in social class groups are just as significant as during the beginning years of the NHS. Action needed to be taken in order to identify the causes and how to reduce the mortality differential Morgan et al (1985). “Health inequalities are the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population...
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...Running head: INDIVIDUAL DIFFEENCES INVOLVING STUDENT AND TEACHERS INDIVIDUAL DIFFEENCES INVOLVING TEACHERS AND STUDENT ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES Rosie Davis South University Dr. Zerilli Abstract In today’s society lines are being blurred as to what is acceptable and what is not. I feel that no matter how advanced we as a whole become, it is never acceptable for a teacher to be anything other than a mentor and a guide to a student. Therefore, my theory is that a teacher will not accept advances from a student offering friendship on social media sites. According to multiple rating sites, Social Networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are found around the world by millions. They both have a fan base consisting of different age groups, different personalities, and different professions with different “agendas”. Supporters of these social networking sites debate that these online societies promote increased communication with family and friends, educating people with valuable computer skills, and allowing interactions with different people around the world. Because these social networking sites are widely viewed and used by a variety of people such as students, teaches, professionals, and housewives. It is viewed that it is inappropriate for students and teachers to be fiends on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter because it is a violation of ethics, it can create a lack of respect between the student...
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...Assess the view that social class differences in educational achievement are the result of internal processes such as labelling. Many sociologists would agree school processes such as labelling have an effect on a child’s educational achievement. However there are many other school processes that cause underachievement. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. For example, teachers may label a student as smart, thick, hardworking or troublemaker. Studies have shown that teachers often attach such labels regardless of the pupil’s actual ability or attitude. Instead they label pupils on the basis of stereotyped assumptions about their class background. Becker carried out an important study of labelling. He carried out interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers. His findings were that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’. Pupils work, conduct and appearance were key factors influencing teacher’s judgments. Middle class children were seen as the closest to ideal by teachers however lower working class children were seen as furthest away from it because they regarded them as badly behaved. Cicourel and Kitsuse’s study of educational councilors in an American high school shows how such labelling can disadvantage working class students. Cicourel and Kitsuse found inconsistencies in the way the councilors assessed students’ suitability for courses. Although they claimed to judge students according...
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...Assess the view that social class differences in educational achievement are the results of school processes such as labelling (20) James Palman School processes such as labelling and streaming are examples of factors which can effect students achievement. This can be linked to the difference in social classes of students which will have an adverse effect on their achievement, partly due to different school processes which can put certain students at a disadvantage. Labelling is attaching a meaning or definition to a specific person or group. Teachers can label students negatively due to their social class. If the student is labelled in a negative manor such as being a trouble maker or thick the student can react to this label. Consequently a self-fulfilling prophesy can occur, this is when a student takes the label they are given and continue to show this characteristic. For example is a student is labelled as a trouble maker then the student can start to believe that they actually are a trouble maker and therefore continue to act in this manner. Howard Becker carried out an interactionist study of labelling. He found that from the 60 teachers he asked most of them judged pupils on how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’. The students work, conduct and appearance all effected this judgement, the teachers saw students from middle class backgrounds as the closest to the ‘ideal pupils’. Cicourel and Kitsuse studies educational counsellors in America and found that...
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...learn norms and values that shape their beliefs and concept of what is right and wrong. Functionalist Parsons would argue that the education system is a focal socialising agency where children need to learn a new way of living if they are to cope with the wider world. If they aren't socialised properly then this will negatively impact their educational achievement. Labelling is also another factor that can cause social class differences in the education system. To label someone is to attach a name to someone. Interactionist Howard Becker would argue that teachers would often label students on stereotyped assumptions based on their class. Therefore working class pupils would often be labelled negatively while middle class children were labelled positively. Becker would argue that when children are labelled, a self fulfilling prophecy will occur which is an explanation of why working class students can sometimes not achieve much as they live up to their negative labels. Pupil subcultures could also be another factor which impacts on social class differences in education achievement. Lacey would argue that pro-school sub cultures would usually be common for middle class students as they enjoyed and tended to be committed to school. However the anti-school subculture was usually found with working pupils who rejected schools and turned to other things. Paul Willis would argue in favour of this as he would say working class lads were in the anti-school subculture as they knew...
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...The word “difference” in our American culture still divides us to this day and is being seen as a negative connotation. The way we are different are due to our race, gender and class and can have an impact on our life chances and can turn our lives upward or downwards. However it can also impact us emotionally, where a feeling of fear or hatred comes to a person affecting how they behave and act around those people who are different. Where over time, as a society we start to see “difference” as unacceptable or wrong, which can tear apart a community. As a community, we need to re-educate one another on valuing differences between people groups and the best place to start is at schools, with our next generation. Schools in America are so diverse...
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...Due: 23-10-2013 (Wednesday, 12.00 p.m.) Literature Review Topic: Social influences on child development In this assignment, you will work in groups of 15 to produce a LITERATURE REVIEW on how disadvantageous social background could influence a child’s psychological development. Use the questions provided as a guide for writing a literature review. (A literature review often comprised of 3 main sections: Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion) Here are some questions to guide you through the thinking process for your first academic writing exercise: Introduction: How do current studies define social disadvantages? How is social-economic status measured or assessed? How do current studies define children development? How do existing research measure or assess children development? Is there any evidence suggesting biological, environmental, socio-cultural, any other difference with respect to the relationship between social background and children development in existing literature? Discussion: How do the evidence from current research stack up against each other? Are there any similarity and/or difference, and/or contradictory evidence between researches in similar field of studies? What are the similarity and/or difference between studies? How could you explain any similarity and/or difference, and/or contradictory evidence in the studies that you have come across? Are there any similarity and/or difference in how studies were conducted and/or analyzed? Could this have influenced...
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...Walk On By and Girl are unlike in minor and immense ways, a couple significant differences are the time period and the narrator’s gender. In spite of the differences, Just Walk On By and Girl show very important similarities which are the longing to fit into social standards and how African American’s are treated by others. Together these short stories can bring out many wonderful meanings, either parallel or diverse, but an overall great lesson to learn from each story. The reading Just Walk On By and Girl both narrators have the longing to fit in among their peers due to social standards. The narrators want to feel a sense of acceptance, even if it means giving up their individuality. In both short stories, it is implied that by following a routine of “how to act” the speakers will stay in their path of acceptance. In Girl, the speaker is inside her own thoughts of how to stay accepted, and towards the end of the story she states “…you are really going to be that kind of woman the baker won’t let near the bread?” (Kincaid) This powerful statement is said for the reader to understand that the speaker is reinforcing to herself to continue to be what is expected of her. A similar scenario in Just Walk On By would be when Staples, the narrator, would take the train in his work clothes. Staples would be treated with more respect by the train riders rather than him in a pair of jeans and a sweatshirt. Social situations like these would make the narrator take on the task...
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...In this essay, the view that social class differences in educational underachievement are the result of school processes such as labelling will be assessed. Internal and external factors will be assessed with the use of researchers such as: Bernstein, Bereiter & Engelmann, Keddie and Howard. Internal factors such as labelling have been shown to effect education achievement. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them. Becker carried out a study on labelling on 60 Chicago high school teachers, and found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fit an image of the ideal pupil. The pupils work, conduct, and appearance were key factors to the teachers’ judgements. Becker found that middle class children were closer to the image of the ideal pupil whereas the working class children were furthest away and seen as badly behaved. Cicourel & Kituse’s study of educational counsellors in an American high school shows how this labelling can disadvantage working class student. They found that the way in which counsellors would assess the student’s suitability for courses. They judged students on the basis of their class and/or race. Where students would have the same grades, they work more likely to label middle class pupils as having college potential and to place them on higher level courses. Rist did a study on an American kindergarten and found that the teachers used information about the children’s home, background and appearance to place them...
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...Sociology explanations have suggested many different reasons for the class base differences in education achievement. Studies have shown that there is a 45% gap between classes in A* - C GCSE outcomes. It is suggested that the diversity in educational success between different classes are due to inside factors. These are factors within schools and the education system that could cause these differences. One internal factor is labelling. To label someone is to attach a meaning or definition to them, which is done in schools between the different classes – especially by teachers as they usually label working class as negative because of their look, speech code (restricted) and attitude to learning. Becker’s study in 1971 is a prime example of labelling as he studied 60 high school teachers reporting that teachers’ ‘ideal’ pupil most closely fitted the characteristics of the middle class students. Labelling done by teachers can influence a student’s level of confidence and self-esteem, therefore making them feel like they may as well not try and not achieve well in school. However, Fuller’s researcher found that some students fight back against their negative labels and achieve more than expected. The self-fulfilling prophecy is another internal factor that can be linked to social class differences in achievement. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it being made and some sociologists argue that labelling can affect pupil’s achievement...
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