...5. Why did the Franco regime seek to reverse gains made by Spanish women in the early twentieth century? Indisputably, General F. Franco’s dictatorship in a “Nationalist Spain” truncated both social and political progress made by women throughout the period of the early 1900s. In order to discuss the crucial motives for the totalitarian regime’s reversal of such developments, a brief historical background of European stances on the roles of women must firstly be examined. As established by H. Graham, attempts at preserving socio-cultural conservatism to uphold political ideologies during this era were geared primarily towards the reiteration of traditional gender roles in society. The influence of existent policies in a Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany at this time were, undoubtedly, of great influence on Franco’s regime. Earlier legislation enforcing this conservative perspective in Spain confirms such views, in that under these laws women could only conduct certain economic affairs, make purchases and sign contracts under supervision of a dominant husband - “el permiso marital” being required. This concept of subordination to men permeated Spanish society, restricting women to lives of exclusive domesticity. As ‘queen of the home’, the majority of middle and lower class women were uneducated illiterates, generally ignorant and uninvolved in political affairs and indoctrinated by traditions of Catholicism supremacy. However, several feminist organisations formed in the early...
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...Spanish History Through Film Final Paper 2/6/2015 Transition of Spanish Film During and After Franco Censorship It may not be clear in 2015 when traveling to Spain but this is a country that has had one of the most troubled histories and some argue that problems from it are still going on today. The largest problem that Spain has had to deal with from its past is the legacy of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. The Spanish Civil was was fought between the Republicans who wanted more of a democratic state, and the Nationalists who favored Fascism. Because of the beliefs of the nationalists they drew much needed support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy which gave them a large advantage. The war began in 1936 and concluded in 1939 with the victory by the nationalists and their leader Francisco Franco. Following the war Franco got rid of the republic system of government that was in place and instituted a dictatorship that he held until his death in 1975. While the civil war was over, there were still many citizens of Spain that did not support Franco and the dictatorship, but if they were to speak out against the regime there were harsh consequences that sometimes included death. One of the ways many people tried to express their rejection of the regime was through various art forms which included, literature, paintings and films. Since citizens could not overtly talk about the regime they were able to use symbols and metaphors...
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...The Spanish Civil War rose up out of heavy unrest that can be traced back centuries. After the conclusion of the First World War and a slowing of global immigration, workers all over Spain became increasingly militant because of deteriorating conditions. Strikes and uprisings could be found everywhere, and the Spanish government was having a hard time keeping the violence under control. In 1923, Miguel Primo de Rivera assumed power by means of overthrowing the state; he is considered the first modern dictator of Spain. As the unrest and violence continued, Primo de Rivera was forced to declare a state of war in an attempt to “halt any unrest or protests” (Beevor 136). Industrialists and the liberal middle class welcomed Primo de Rivera’s assumption to power because he had a conservative stance, a concern with improving Spain, and he came at a tense time for Spain (Beevor 137). However, the peace and welcoming did not last long. It began in Catalonia when the Catalans began to develop a dislike toward Primo de Rivera’s rule because he did not deal with union leaders to their liking. He, also, enjoyed attacking all aspects of Catalan nationalism (Beevor 140). But, the unrest did not stop there. It grew as Primo de Rivera stretched his influence...
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...FHP Draft When American schoolchildren are educated about Europe between the years 1936 through 1975, they are taught about the aftereffects of World War I and about World War II. Europe, in high school history classes, ceases to exist after 1945 and the close of World War II unless, of course, one is learning about the Cold War and the Berlin Wall may be mentioned. They do not learn, however, that World War II era Spain—because Spain was neither an ally or a foe during the war—went through enormous conflict of its own. The three-year Spanish Civil War and the fascist dictatorship that followed are largely kept out of the American history books. Yet, the world is privy to much of its legacy through literature, art, film, and personal memory. Spain certainly remembers three hellish years of war and thirty six years of repression under Generalisimo Fransisco Franco, but how is General Franco remembered by the rest of the world? What legacy did he leave internationally? 2 It is a confused and varied one: to those closest to him he was a husband, father, and statesman; to Hitler, he was an obstacle on the road to world domination; to the Jews who fled from Hitler he was a hero; but to the many Spanish minorities and to his opponents in the Spanish Civil War he was a monster. The answers to the questions posed are addressed in a variety of sources. One of these sources is the book Hitler Stopped by Franco, by...
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...Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution of heretics increase during the high and later Middle Ages? You may focus on the persecution of one heretical group if you wish. R.I. Moore, The Formation...
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...HIS 104 Key Terms * Thirteenth Amendment * The amendment to the US Constitution that abolished slavery. The abolishment of slavery was the final blow to the South during the civil war and was an attempt to secure the future of the nation by making sure that the institution of slavery, which was the ultimate cause of the civil war, could never cause a civil war in the US ever again. This was the first time slavery was mentioned in the Constitution * Fourteenth Amendment * The amendment to the US Constitution during the reconstruction period that promised civil rights to everyone, including persons of color. This amendment elevated former slaves to the same status as everyone else. * Fifteenth Amendment * An amendment to the US Constitution during the reconstruction period that prohibited states from denying men the right to vote on the grounds of race or color. This amendment allowed black men to vote in the United States. * Henry Ford * Inventor of the Model-T car during the industrial revolution. Changed American culture * Scientific Management * Also known as Taylorism, a new method of assembly line production, making factories more efficient during the American Industrial Revolution, designed by Frederick Taylor. The first person to use this method was Henry Ford for the Model-T car. * Thomas Edison * The inventor of the light bulb. This changed the life of many Americans, as it eventually led to the rise...
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...A war poet is a poet writing in time of and on the subject of war. The term, which is applied especially to those in military service during World War I,[1] was documented as early as 1848 in reference to German revolutionary poet,[2] Georg Herwegh.[3] Contents [hide] * 1 World War I * 1.1 In England * 1.2 In other countries * 2 The Spanish Civil War * 3 World War II * 3.1 In England * 3.2 In America * 4 Later American war poets * 5 References * 6 Notes * 7 External links ------------------------------------------------- World War I[edit] See also category: World War I poets In England[edit] For the first time, a substantial number of important English poets were soldiers, writing about their experiences of war. A number of them died on the battlefield, most famously Edward Thomas,Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Charles Sorley. Others including Robert Graves,[4] Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon survived but were scarred by their experiences, and this was reflected in their poetry. Robert H. Ross[5] characterised the English "war poets" as a subgroup of the Georgian Poetry writers. Many poems by British war poets were published in newspapers and then collected into anthologies. Several of these early anthologies were published during the war and were very popular, though the tone of the poetry changed as the war progressed. One of the wartime anthologies was The Muse in Arms, published in 1917. Several anthologies...
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...Ambros Dr. C.M. Clark ENC 1101 HC December, 10 2014 Women Writings in Franco’s Regime Feminism is a movement in which the active participation of women expresses and targets the aspirations and decisions regarding social organization and the life of women. The movement arose in the sixties of the twentieth century in similar way in different countries. On one hand, it connects with that first feminism that focused on the suffragists and the claim of political rights, whose momentum was partly buried as one of many consequences of the two world wars. On the other hand, it is part of a wider movement based on the protest of the young people, who raised the need for a better democracy, comprising and transforming the understanding of the political activities and the way decisions were made. However, in Spain the situation was different. Spain presented specific features because unlike France, Germany, Italy or the United States, which were already starting to evolve the fight for the equalization of women in society, Spain was living under a dictatorship that was established after a military coup and the civil war, which overthrew the form of government of the Republic. The dictatorship limited women from expressing themselves freely and living their desired life. It restricted them from showing society their importance in the world and letting men see how both are equal. The sixties in Spain was a time that excited many women writers to speak about their situations. At the...
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...Spanish 116 March 23, 2016 El Museo del Barrio Paper I went to El Museo Del Barrio on March 12, 2016, taking the train into Manhattan from Dobbs Ferry. The train was not very long as the museum is in Harlem. Though the museum is not very large, it has various paintings and historical information. I went to the museum during the day for about one hour. Lining the walls were many different articles written about the history of the museum. The Black Panther newspaper was a major newspaper in Puerto Rico in 1970. It was the voice of the oppressed and the poor. This article was published during the Vietnam War and promoted the Young Lords Party group. The newspaper spoke to the poverty stricken Puerto Rican community saying their opinions and events that occurred in their lives. Young Lords Party was modeled after the Black Panther Party. The Black Panther Party was a group during the Vietnam War, which was against sending African Americans to fight in the war. Young Lords Party was for the people of Puerto Rico. Party members of the Young Lords were children between the ages of fifteen and twenty five years old. They were children and young adults. They were young activists at a difficult time for people and were very brave. I did not know that this culture had a very large during the civil rights movement for African-American movement. I also saw a wall dedicated to an event that happened in the summer of 1969. It is a picture describing an offensive trash neighborhood...
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...which caused sharecropping and tendancy to increase between blacks and whites. The bourbons perfected a political alliance with northern conservatives and economic alliance with northern capitalists. They also reduced state expenditures and public debt. Attitudes about race became more strongly felt and the prospect of an electoral alliance between poor whites and blacks that could threaten the power structure became a possibility, so the southern states came up with various ways to disenfranchise blacks. Also, “Jim Crow” laws were enacted to mandate public separation of the races. Legalized segregation reinforced the notions of white racial superiority and African-American inferiority, creating an atmosphere that encouraged violence, and during the 1890s lynching’s of blacks rose significantly. Define the New West. After 1865, the federal government encouraged western settlement and economic exploitation. The transcontinental railroads opened the western half of the nation to economic development and created an interconnected national market. Needing rapid communication, companies built telegraph lines along the railroad as the track was laid. Completion of the railroad substantially accelerated populating the West, while contributing to the decline of territory controlled by the Native American’s in these regions. Mining became a mass-production industry that required large scale operations and huge investments. Unfortunately thousands of acres of farmland and orchards...
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...nineteenth century dissolved into the twentieth, America was all puffed up and full of herself. Anguishing wounds left by the Civil War had all but healed during the 35 years from its end. Following the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1891, a conquered western frontier was reshaped by homesteading farmers and barbed wire. Native Americans lived on reservations while the mighty herds of buffalo were part of the nostalgic past of the wild, wild west. By the end of the 1800s a transcontinental railroad linked the economies of the east coast to the west and led to the standardization of time zones across the country. Growth in industry and economic power began to transform...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...Running head ASSIGNMENT 1.2 INDUSTRIALIZATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR 1 Assignment 1.2: Industrialization after the Civil War Final Paper Annette L. Belton-Amponsah History 105 Dr. Van Vleck May 31, 2014 After the end of the Civil War the United States set on a new course which was called the industrialized Revolution during 1865 through the 1920. There were many different type of innovations and new opportunities for growth after the Civil War that changed the country forever. Many of these innovations led to vast amount of new jobs for minorities and other Americans. The first major change was the vast expansion of the railroads. With the full weight of the Federal Government the railroads leapt from approximately 30,000 miles of track to more than 350,000. Railroads spanned the nation, making the movement of goods, products, reasonable and reliable. Also, many people moved north to live near cities where the rail roads were being run. The United States changed to the better after the Civil War and during the industrialization revolution era families sold their farms to move closer to city life. After the Civil War the use and breakthrough of petroleum was established in 1853, Professor Schulman of Yale University discovered Kerosene, was considered a “useless” by product of crude oil, a powerful illuminate. (Schultz, P294) They needed a leader in marketing...
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...native American, and African culture and society. Developments in England, 1641-1688 But revolutions are also inspired by ideas, and ideas that we may take for granted today had much of their start in England. Political conflict in Great Britain was a common theme of the seventeenth century. In 1641, a civil war led to the execution of the king (Charles I), and the establishment of a republic, what was known as the Commonwealth. Politics and religion both played a part in the Civil War, with the English nobility and wealthy commoners (whose interests were represented in Parliament, England’s legislature) wanting a greater say in how royal revenues were raised and spent. This republic quickly became a military dictatorship, and the old king’s son (Charles II) was invited back. But when Charles II died, the next king soon ran into trouble with Parliament, who feared that this king, James II, wanted too much power for himself. So in 1688, Parliament took replaced England’s king, James II, with a different set of rulers, William and Mary. No one lost their head this time. William and Mary’s supporters called this a “Glorious” Revolution. This revolution also granted civil and some religious liberties, and established the power of Parliament, which supposedly represented the rights of Englishmen. No king or queen could...
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...to 250 words per topic/subtopic. For example, if a topic is divided into 3 subtopics, you may write a maximum of 250 per subtopic listed. Be sure to cite all sources. Major Event/Epoch in American History | Time Period/Date(s) | Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History | 1) The evolution of the institution of slavery from the Colonial Period to the 1860s. | 1619 - 1865 | Slavery began with in 1619 with the first slaves brought to Virginia as indentured servants. As time goes by, slavery becomes more popular, to help with farming large farms or plantations. Though the Declaration of Independence in 1776 states that “all men are created equal” this did not apply to people of color. By the time the Civil War starts, slavery is big business, and the south is fighting for the right to keep it. In 1865 the U.S. abolishes slavery with the 13th Amendment. | 2) The socio-cultural impact of the abolitionist movement including: a) The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act c) The Compromise of 1850 d) The Underground Railroad | 1850 - 1865 | a) Uncle Tom’s Cabin brought to light the horrors of slavery. This gave more fuel to the already strong abolitionist movement. b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act created the territories...
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