...Running Head: LIFE AFTER A SPINAL CORD INJURY The Quality of Life After a Spinal Cord Injury Jennifer Brenner Florida A&M University School of Nursing Hocevar and Gray (2008) states , “Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a devastating and life-altering event, either temporary or permanent that affects motor and sensory integrity resulting in paralysis of lower or both upper and lower extremities, as well as autonomic nervous system function resulting in neurogenic bowel, neurogenic bladder, and sexual dysfunction” (p. 160). The majority of spinal cord injuries occur in young individuals and there is no treatment option for restoring spinal cord function below the level of injury. Approximately 253,000 people in the United States are living with SCI, and an estimated 11,000 new injuries occur each year (Hocevar & Gray, 2008). However, the complications of SCI can be reduced by medical treatment and rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper is to review research articles addressing the impact of SCI on quality of life from alterations in physical, cognitive, and emotional function. Studies have been conducted and showed that chronic pain and neurogenic bowel functioning are some of the major sequelae of SCI and they have a considerable impact on quality of life Living with a SCI is overwhelming due to the adjustments in lifestyle: the environmental barriers and activity limitations. The physical effects of...
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...tend to cause tumors and immune system reactions. Most importantly, adult stem cells have already been successfully used in human therapies for many years. As of this moment, no therapies in humans have ever been successfully carried out using embryonic stem cells. New therapies using adult type stem cells, on the other hand, are being developed all the time. Significance of the Study Stem cell therapy is a potential treatment for spinal cord injury and different stem cell types has been grafted into animal models and humans suffering from spinal trauma. Due to inconsistent results, it is still an important and clinically relevant question which stem cell type will prove to be therapeutically effective. Thus far, stem cells of human sources grafted into spinal cord mostly included barely defined heterogeneous mesenchymal stem cell populations derived from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood. Here, we have transplanted a well-defined unrestricted somatic stem cell isolated from human umbilical cord blood into an acute traumatic spinal cord injury of adult immune suppressed rat. Grafting...
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...and cannot communicate in English. He is verbally abusive and becomes combative with care givers. He does not have family support in America and is having difficulty adapting to American foods. P.R. has stage III ulcers on each of his buttocks, with various bruises on his lower forearms from trying to attack the faculty personnel. Both feet are starting to turn downward, indicating plantar flexion contractures. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the issues that are involved in nursing care, based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This includes physiological, psychological, safety, and social concerns. An example of a complete nursing care plan will be provided for each category of needs identified in P.R’s case study. Patient Care Issues General Spinal cord injuries to an individual present with multiple areas of concerns to nursing care providers. Physiological issues are first addressed when the patient arrives in the emergency room to stabilize the patient according to the airway, breathing, and circulation. Then, spinal cord injury will lead to loss of motor function, urinary/bowel incontinence, sexual dysfunction, trouble breathing, and difficulty sitting upright (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). The aforementioned issues all threaten the physiological needs described by Maslow. When the patient is...
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...experience heavily influenced by psychological factors. Effective pain management requires an understanding of these factors. In order to better understand how pain is perceived, this paper first examines Melzack and Wall's (1965) Gate Control Theory of Pain. It then makes a connection between this theory and Tsai et al. (2018) Research on the benefits of blogging for chronic pain and illness. A Pain Theory Based on Gate Control The Gate Control Theory proposes a mechanism for modulating pain via the spinal cord. According to the theory, small nerve fibers, or A fibers, carry nociceptive (pain) signals from the periphery to the spinal cord. Following this, an interneuron network controls a "gate" that these signals pass through. Large nerve fibers (A fibers) carrying non-painful sensory information, such as touch, can open or close the gate controlling the activity of these interneurons....
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...is the evidence of positive benefits with using T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) unit for pain management?” Bi, X., Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27: 23-25 (2014). Xia Bi, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, China, focused his research on investigating the effectiveness with using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients in pain due to a spinal cord injury. Bi states that there have been many clinical papers that have reported positive effects of TENS in pain management but controversy exists over which conditions can be treated using this method. He states that if TENS were shown to be effective method of alleviating pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SPI) patients, it would decrease medical costs and improve quality of life. Bi discusses how their results are consistent with those of previous studies (Celik EC, The effect of low frequency TENS in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury) which reported the effectiveness of TENS in the pain relief of SCI patients. The study had several limitation which were mention in the paper stating that the sample size of subjects was insufficient for generalization of the results, a follow up was not performed, and lastly they did not compare the efficacy of low frequency TENS with high frequency TENS because...
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...The majority of axonal injuries, brain damage that is brought on by shearing and causes lesions and brain swelling characteristic of AHT, have been determined to be hypoxic-ischemic in nature rather than traumatic. Thus, more attention has been directed on identifying spinal injuries in AHT. Prior to this discovery, spinal injuries were rarely reported in conjunction with AHT cases, mainly because no one ever looked for them. Autopsy protocol prior to 2000 removed the brain and severed the spinal cord. Since then, the protocol was changed and the spinal cord is now removed with the brain. Spinal injuries have now been identified in 70% of abusive head trauma cases that ended in fatality. In this paper, research was conducted to study the spine in AHT victims in order to discover the prevalence of spinal injuries in AHT compared to accidental and nontraumatic groups. The entire study included a total of 183 children under the age of 48 months who had spinal MRIs sometime between 2000 and 2012. Radiographical and clinical findings were collected and analyzed for traumatic spinal injuries. Between the three groups the incidence, distribution, and radiological characteristics of bone, ligamentous injuries, and soft-tissue injuries of the spine...
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...Stem Cell Research Paper Stem Cell Research Paper Human Biology The human body is capable of many miraculous feats. Every hour, every minute, every second, millions of cells are working to maintain homeostasis within the body. This paper is going to focus on one type of cell in particular, the stem cell. The properties of this little cell are amazing. These unique cells self-regenerate through cell division, and in addition to being unspecialized, have the ability to develop into many different specialized cells of the body. Numerous studies have shown the potential of stem cells to cure cancers, as well as slow or reverse the damages of some neurological disorders, yet stem cell researchers have met with both public and legal resistance during their attempts to show the incredible usefulness of these cells. Therefore, the question is, with stem cell research showing the potential to reverse the damage from or slow the progression of neurological disorders, and possible cures for cancer and other diseases and disorders are the possible benefits too much to ignore? The ability to self-regenerate is one the things that makes the stem cell such an appealing area to study. Most cells and organs in the body do not have the ability to self-regenerate, nor self-repair but stem cells can do both. Stem cells themselves are unspecialized, in that they have so special function (Stem Cell Basics, 2009). Part of the beauty of the stem cell is that through cellular...
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...Simran Mann Negative Opinion Paper Biology 3000 Harvesting Embryonic Stem Cells Harvesting embryonic stem cells can be an argumentative topic with differing opinions. I believe by researching and experimenting on embryonic stem cells, the results can be beneficial to society through medical treatments. I believe this research will benefit medical science into further advancement. The human body contains more than 220 differentiation cell types that are acquired from a collection of cells that are referred to as embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, these cells originate from an embryo, within the inner cell mass of a blastocyst that is known to be five days old. Moreover, these cells are classified to be pluripotent, which can individualize inside any three layers of the germ. Thus, embryonic stem cells are able to reform relatively any part of the human body. In addition, these cells are capable of cloning endlessly. As a result, these cells can benefit in medicine for both regenerative medicine and medical research. Regenerative therapy is the process of reconstruction or substitution of new tissue developed with the supervision of embryonic stem cells caused by obscured and impaired tissue from a disease or injury. Therefore, when the stem cells are injected into the patient’s body, those cells locate to the injured area and begin to diffuse and expand by renewing the injured cells; thus, recovering the bodily functions in that area. A few of the illnesses that can be...
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...disorders; however, medications available can remarkably improve the intense side effects of Parkinson. Parkinson is a neurological disorder of brain and spinal cord, which affects the motor system “sometimes the disease is referred to as the “shaking...
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...[pic] Term paper Stem cell therapy Irfan manzoor. Roll no: RP7002B22. Reg. no: 11000225. Course: Bsc. Biotech 1. Lovely professional university Contents 1. Stem cells and properties. 2-3 2. Stem cell therapy. 5-12 3. Stem cell use in animals 13-15 4. Recent researches in stem cell therapy 16-19 5. Conclusion 21 6. Bibliography 22 Stem cells Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult...
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...Spinal Meningitis Meningitis instantly can strike and the impact of that strike can forever last a lifetime. Meningitis is the inflammation and infection of the meninges that surround your brain and spinal cord. It can cause the tissues around the brain to swell and could be life threatening. In this research paper I will discuss the different kinds of meningitis and how they affect you. Meningitis is a dangerous infection because the brain is so delicate and fragile. Meningitis can advance very quickly because of the infection around the brain and spinal cord. This infection can be bacterial, viral or fungal. People and children under the age of 20 are at a higher risk. The antibiotics given are very strong and powerful and often can...
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...Using Human Cloning for Medical Research The subject of human cloning has many different points of view. The utilization of human cloning for the sake of medical research is a path that we, as guardians of the future, should stand up against in an effort to preserve the human race as we know it today. The topic of cloning has many different terminologies as well as types. What is cloning? Cloning is not limited just to humans but is actually all around us. It exists in nature, animals and humans. Cloning is defined as the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing human or growing cloned tissue from that individual. This term is generally used to refer to artificial cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction. “Human cloning is the asexual production of a human being whose genetic makeup is nearly identical to that of a currently or previously existing individual” (Chesire et al., 2003, p. 1010). To be successful with cloning, scientists utilize and create “generic” cells that that have the ability to make exact duplicates or copies of themselves indefinitely. This process is known as “stem cell research.” Stem cells are a key element of the different types of cloning and will impact advances in helping to cure many different types of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, spinal cord injury, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and cancer. Before...
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...Written Assignment 2: Biology and Technology in the Real World (Position Paper Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/written-assignment-2-biology-technology-real-world-position-paper/ Course Outcomes This assignment is designed to help you achieve two of the four major course outcomes: • use knowledge of biological principles to ask relevant questions about the natural world • make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations 1. Select one of the topics below. a) Genetically modified food. Your daughter comes home from school a little perplexed. In her home economics class, her teacher informed her that you have probably been feeding her genetically modified foods. She did not quite understand what was meant by genetically modified food. In an attempt to help her understand, write a paper for her which includes the following: • The purpose of human-made genetic recombinations in food. • Whether or not foods that contain genes resulting from artificial genetic recombinations are really safe. • A list of foods in your supermarket that result from genetic recombination. • What types of regulations exist for these foods. • A conclusion of your own opinion on genetically modified foods (For help, you might search the Food and Drug Administration website.) b) Stem cells. Your friend suffered a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that your friend...
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...I have been tasked with writing a paper about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The ALS Association website has described ALS in a very clear and concise manner and I would like to share that with you know. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed. A-myo-trophic comes from the Greek language. "A" means no or negative. "Myo" refers to muscle, and "Trophic" means nourishment–"No muscle nourishment." When a muscle has no nourishment, it "atrophies" or wastes away. "Lateral" identifies the areas in a person's spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening ("sclerosis") in the region. As motor neurons degenerate, they can no longer send impulses to the muscle fibers that normally result in muscle movement. Early symptoms of ALS often include increasing muscle weakness, especially involving the arms and legs, speech, swallowing or breathing. When muscles...
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...is important with the coordation of the body and the body’s equilibrium. The brain stem starts out at brain and continues throughout the body’s spine; which advent ally turns into the spinal cord. The brain stem is what makes the body alive. Its sends signals throughout the body, most importantly to the body’s main organs. It also regulates the body’s consciousness. The spine contains 26 bones, 24 are vertebrates. Vertebrates are the main part of the spine. The spine is divided into 5 parts: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. When compared to the normal human brain, the Chiari Malformation is clearly different. This Malformation was discovered by Hans Chiari in 1819. Hewitt and Gabata 4. It is a rare, but serious neurological condition. Labuda 20. Chiari Malformation is where the cerebellum descends out into the spinal canal. Labuda 20. It is a progressive condition. Mayo Clinic Staff. It forms a lot of compression with cerebellum and the skull. “Chiari affects as many as 1 in 1,000 people.” Labuda 20. It is believed that people are born with this malformation .Labuda 20. Chiari is normally diagnosed with a Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI). Labuda 23. The cerebellum normally hangs 3mm to 5mm out of the skull. Chiari Malformation is when the cerebellum protrudes into the spinal canal and is squeezed off by the skull. Labuda 20. The symptoms...
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