...certain effects such as atrophy, and in a younger model it can cause failure of accessory glands and ducts to develop for reproduction purposes (8). This study was carried out using male Sprague Dawley rats, to evaluate the effects of erectile function after two procedures were performed: castration or sham operation. Castration is a procedure in which the testicles are surgically removed. An incision is made in the scrotum, and then tunica vaginalis. The testicles are isolates and removed from the vasculature,...
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...USE OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA (TAWA-TAWA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE PATIENTS USE OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA (TAWA-TAWA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE PATIENTS SUMMARY OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY/TOLERABILITY DATA Review of related literature revealed that there is no sufficient evidence to support the efficacy and safety of Euphorbia hirta (tawa-tawa) in the management of patients with dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever INTRODUCTION Euphorbia hirta, more commonly known as tawa-tawa, gatas-gatas, or botobotonis in the Philippines, is a small, erect or ascending, slender-stemmed, annual herb, spreading up to 45 cm tall, though sometimes can be seen lying down. The plant has a hairy stem with many branches from the base to the top. The stem and leaves of E. hirta produce a white or milky juice when cut. This plant commonly grows in tropical countries, especially in roadsides and on wasteland. It is widely abundant in the Philippines.1,2,3 E. hirta is also known as E. pulifera, E. capitata, Chamaesyce hirta, snakeweed, pill-bearing spurge, hairy spurge, asthma weed, and asthma plant.4,5 Whole plant or leaf extracts of Euphorbia hirta is known to have a multitude of actions in the biological system.6 In Asia and Australia, the herb is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions including asthma, coughs, diarrhea, and dysentery. In east, central, and west Africa, a decoction of the herb is used to treat asthma, oral thrush, boils, sores, and...
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...Dr. Pauly also collaborated with other people to study the genetic and morphological activations of microglia after brain injury in the rat. There are many long term post-traumatic morbidities that are experienced by traumatic brain injury. In diffuse brain-injured rats, a chronic sensory sensitivity to whisker stimulation models the agitation of TBI survivors and provides anatomical landmarks across the whisker-barrel circuit to evaluate post-traumatic neuropathology. As a consequence of TBI, acute and chronic microglial activation can contribute to degenerative and reparative events underlying post-traumatic morbidity. Here we hypothesize that a temporal sequence of microglial activation states contributes to the circuit pathology responsible for post-traumatic morbidity, and test the hypothesis by examining microglial morphological activation and...
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...hand, weeds have been found to eventually build a tolerance to these herbicides and create super weeds. Possibly the largest element of the Genetically Modified Organism debates is the safety concerns. How safe are GMOs to consume and what effects can they have on humans and animals? Many argue that GMOs are unhealthy and can lead to sickness and disease. These questions have lead to many tests, specifically on lab rats. One such experiment saw a ninety day feeding of glyphosate, a broad range herbicide, tolerant maize. This experiment saw three groups of rats eating the GM corn in different quantities, with each group having a corresponding control group eating non-GM corn in the same quantities. These groups were then divided again by gender. The researchers were looking for any change in blood composition, body weight, organ weight, and any general health issues. In the experiments conclusion, there was no significant evidence that the GMO maize effected the rats any differently than the non-GMO maize. There have been those who have criticized the use of lab rats, saying what applies...
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...altering the brain’s chemical balance; the serotonin levels in the brain are increased through altering the reuptake process (Efrain, 2001). When ecstasy—or MDMA (the main psychoactive component of ecstasy)—is introduced to the system, it transforms the natural process of serotonin re uptake that would normally be occurring causing there to be an unnaturally high level of serotonin in the system (Sprague et al 1998). This increase in serotonin is thought to be the cause of many of the effects of ecstasy. This essay will firstly support the view that serotonin is the cause of many of the effects of ecstasy but will then go on to discuss how other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and neuroepherine and hormones are also responsible for some of the effects of ecstasy whilst still maintaining the argument that although other neurotransmitters have certain effects serotonin has the most prominent role in the effects of ecstasy. Although the use of ecstasy may feel psychologically euphoric for the user, the impact on the body is far less positive and can achieve detrimental levels (Sprague et al1998). Previous studies have shown that users who use MDMA for prolonged periods or who use it heavily are more likely to reduce the overall number of serotonin transporters (SERT) that remain capable of bringing the neurotransmitter back to the neuron after it is released (Simon et al, 2002)—this creates a damage to the neurons that release serotonin, causing long term and persistent memory...
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...germ layers. hESC’s are used for regeneration of and organ regeneration of tissues, like for myocardial regeneration to treat irreversible heart injuries. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor to promote the release of growth hormone. It is unclear is hESC’s can induce myocardial generation by ghrelin after in vivo engraftment into the myocardium. What was done: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were eight weeks old were used. The hESC’s were cultured on y-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers. The rats were induced with myocardial infarction (MI) by the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). They used one millions undifferentiated hESC’s and injected them into the hearts. The Mi animals transplanted with hESC’s were put into two treatment groups: the subcutaneous injections of ghrelin or the phosphate buffered solution (PBS). The control group was the sham ligation and PBS. Transthoracic echocardiography was done 4 weeks after cell transplantation before the rats were sacrificed to measure the...
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...time period for thyroid hormone action in rat brain is estimated to extend from around embryonic day 18 (E18) to postnatal day 21–25 (P21–25; Porterfield & Hendrich 1993”. Another approach would be to look at neuronal cells from different locations in the brain. Perkinje cells in the cerebellum are known to XXXX Finally, our inconsistent results could be due to preserved stores within the cytosol. The Thyroid-binding protein m crystalline is known to extend the half-life of T4 and help stabilize it. This regulatory protein helps prevent too little or too much TH activating transcription factors within the cell....
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...Cryobiology of Rat Embryos I: Determination of Zygote Membrane Permeability Coefficients for Water and Cryoprotectants, Their Activation Energies, and the Development of Improved Cryopreservation Methods During the 1nd Semester 2012-2013 A Research Paper Presented to Mr. Luis Gallardo Mago In partial fulfillment Of the requirements in Nat. Sci. Subject By: Table of contents Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References Figures Tables Abstract Cryobiology of Rat Embryos I: Determination of Zygote Membrane Permeability Coefficients for Water and Cryoprotectants, Their Activation Energies, and the Development of Improved Cryopreservation Methods. Reinhold T. Pfaffa,b, Yuksel Agcaa,b, Jun Liua, Erik J. Woodsa, Augustine T. Peterb and John K. Critser2,,a,b a Cryobiology Research Institute, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, b School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 New rat models are being developed at an exponential rate, making improved methods to cryopreserve rat embryos extremely important. However, cryopreservation of rat embryos has proven to be difficult and expensive. In this study, a series of experiments was performed to characterize the fundamental cryobiology of rat fertilized 1-cell embryos (zygotes)...
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...Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer HS310: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common type of cancer among women, and ranks first among the different types of gynecological cancer mortality in Canada (Canadian Cancer Statistics, 2004). Ovarian cancer mostly affects elderly and middle aged women, with the highest incidence rates reported in North America and Northern Europe, and the lowest in Japan and in developing countries (Greenlee et al., 2000). Over the past 40 years, the rate of ovarian cancer mortality has increased among women 65 years of age and older. The incidence of ovarian cancer increases with age, from 1.5/100,000 annually among women 20 -30 years of age to 49/100,000 in women 60- 69 year of age (Mant and Vessey, 1995). In Canada, 2,500 new cases are reported annually, and 1,550 women die from this disease each year. The lack of screening tests for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is an important determinant of the mortality rate from this disease. Because of the absence or subtlety of early symptoms, more than 70 % of patients are diagnosed with advanced stages of ovarian cancer (Goff et al., 2000) The increase in the incidence of ovarian cancer near the age of menopause can be related to the diminution of oocytes or germ cells, the reduction in circulating estrogen levels, or a significant increase in the pituitary gland’s production of the...
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...Environmental Effects Research Laboratory compared rodent strain differences in atrazine-induced pregnancy loss. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Long Evans (LE) rats were given different amounts of ATR throughout gestation days to examine the herbicide’s ability to intervene with the surge of LH (Narotsky et al., 2000). The study revealed that exposure to atrazine caused abortions in some pregnant rats, but the amount of atrazine causing the rodents to abort varied amongst the strains (Narotsky et al., 2000). In SD rats, ATR consistently caused abortions when 50mg/ kg of the herbicide was injected during gestation day six through gestation day ten (Narotsky et al., 2000). But, when 200mg/ kg of atrazine was injected during gestation day eleven through gestation day fifteen, there was no detrimental effect on the pregnancy (Narotsky et al., 2000). Recalling that pregnancy maintenance is dependent upon progesterone produced from the corpus luteum (CL), and because the CL requires a different cascade of hormones for each stage of gestation, the aforementioned findings are logical (Narotsky et al., 2000). A lower amount of atrazine caused fetal death when the herbicide was administered on days that corresponded with the LH-dependent gestational stage—highlighting the vitality of neuroendocrine regulation of luteinizing hormone secretions. LE rats proved to be much less sensitive than SD rats to the effects of atrazine, even when administered in accordance with the LH dependent gestational stage...
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...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...ABSTRACT The surface properties of materials contribute to host cellular response and play a significant role in determining the overall success or failure of an implanted biomaterial. Rough titanium (Ti) surface microtopography and high surface free energy have been shown to enhance osteoblast maturation in vitro and increase bone formation in vivo. Whereas the surface properties of Ti are known to affect osteoblast response, host bone quality also plays a significant role in determining successful osseointegration. One factor affecting host bone quality is patient age. We examined both in vitro and in vivo whether response to Ti surface features was affected by animal age. Calvarial osteoblasts isolated from 1-, 3-, and 11-month-old rats all displayed a reduction in cell number and increases in alkaline phosphatase–specific activity and osteocalcin in response to increasing Ti surface microtopography and surface energy. Further, osteoblasts from the three ages examined displayed increased production of osteocalcin and local factors osteoprotegerin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and active transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1 in response to increasing Ti surface roughness and surface energy. Latent TGF-b1 only increased in cultures of osteoblasts from 1- and 3-month-old...
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...European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use Doc.Ref:EMEA/501324/2008 ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR FILGRASTIM RATIOPHARM International Nonproprietary Name: filgrastim Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/824 Assessment Report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 74 18 84 00 Fax (44-20) 74 18 84 16 E-mail: mail@emea.europa.eu http://www.emea.europa.eu © European Medicines Agency, 2008. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE PROCEDURE................................................... 3 1.1 Submission of the dossier ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Steps taken for the assessment of the product........................................................................ 3 2 SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Quality aspects ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Non-clinical aspects ..................................................................................................
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...object recognition memory in rats Jessica E. Beilharz a, Jayanthi Maniam b, Margaret J. Morris b,⇑ a b School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 10 October 2013 Received in revised form 11 November 2013 Accepted 25 November 2013 Available online 3 December 2013 Keywords: Diet Fat Sugar Obesity Memory Learning Hippocampus Inflammation Oxidative stress a b s t r a c t High energy diets have been shown to impair cognition however, the rapidity of these effects, and the dietary component/s responsible are currently unclear. We conducted two experiments in rats to examine the effects of short-term exposure to a diet rich in sugar and fat or rich in sugar on object (perirhinaldependent) and place (hippocampal-dependent) recognition memory, and the role of inflammatory mediators in these responses. In Experiment 1, rats fed a cafeteria style diet containing chow supplemented with lard, cakes, biscuits, and a 10% sucrose solution performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task, than chow fed control rats when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. In Experiment 2, rats fed the cafeteria style diet either with or without sucrose and rats fed chow supplemented with sucrose also performed worse on the place, but not the object recognition task when tested after 5, 11, and 20 days. Rats fed the cafeteria diets...
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...Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011, 3(2): 141-164 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera plant: An overview Garima Mishra1*, Pradeep Singh1, Ramesh Verma1, Sunil Kumar1, Saurabh Srivastav1, K. K. Jha1 and R. L. Khosa2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2 Deptt. of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Delhi Road, Meerut ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera, an important medicinal plant is one of the most widely cultivated species of the family Moringaceae. It is highly valued from time immemorial because of its vast medicinal properties. The present article provides all necessary information regarding its phytochemical investigations, pharmacological actions and medicinal properties like anemia, anxiety, asthma, blackheads, blood impurities, bronchitis, catarrh, chest congestion, cholera, conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhoea, eye and ear infections, fever, abnormal blood pressure, pain in joints, scurvy, semen deficiency, headaches and tuberculosis. It gives an account of all the data and reports which have been appeared to prove its medicinal and nutritional importance. Its utility as a nonfood...
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