...compare the appropriate theories and examples of arousal and anxiety in sports and discuss their effects on an athlete’s sporting performance. Arousal is the readiness, physically and mentally of an athlete to perform. In which the athlete reaches optimal arousal, there are a few ways in which certain teams or athletes reach this optimal level of arousal before a match or competition. An example would be the rugby team f New Zealand which use the famous Hakka dance in which they perform before every game, this dance helps them to get hyped up and energised for the game ahead and it also helps to sometimes take away the last minutes nerves that a member may have before starting the match. Listening...
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...Anxiety and components. According to Onions (1996), the term anxiety is derived from the Latin word angere, meaning to choke. In sports psychology, anxiety is defined as an unpleasant emotion which is characterised by vague but persistent feelings of apprehension and dread (Cashmore, 2008). Most psychologists regard anxiety as a multidimensional constract with at least 3 components: cognitive, somatic (i.e. physical) and behavioural (Gould et al., 2002). First, cognitive anxiety involves worrying or having negative expectations about some impending situation or performance and engaging in task-irrelevant thinking as a consequence.Dunn (1999), discovered four main themes in their analysis of cognitive anxiety in ice-hockey players. These themes were a fear of performance, failure, apprehension about negative evaluation by others, concerns about physical injury or danger, and unspecified fear of the unknown. The second component of the construct of anxiety involves somatic or bodily processes. Somatic anxiety refers to the physical manifestation of anxiety and may be defined as “one’s perception of the physiological-affective elements of the anxiety experience, that is, indications of autonomic arousal and unpleasant feeling states such as nervousness and tension” (Morris et al., 1981). In sport , this component of anxiety is apparent when an athlete is afflicted by such physical markers as neuroendocrine responses (e.g., secretion of cortisol- the “stress” hormone), increases...
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...cultural roots. Psychology has established social perception results from the individual’s cultural milieu. Social perception is a process that aids us to understanding others as well as ourselves. This paper will discuss anxiety disorder; examine the connection between human development and how this connection affects anxiety disorders. There are several types of anxiety disorders, some of the most common are; Specific Phobia, Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. A person who has anxiety disorder may experience feelings of excessive fear, worrying or discomfort in situations where majority of others do not share those emotions. Left untreated, anxiety disorders may become severely damaging and may affect his or her relationships, work performance, and or study ability. As more research and studies are performed it has been concluded from severe cases that even simple tasks such as cleaning, shopping or leaving the house is a major challenge. In addition to inability to perform daily activities, anxiety may also cause decrease in self-esteem, drug abuse, and separation from loved ones ( Shiraev & Levy 2010) In the United States of America, the most common mental ailments are anxiety disorders. Statistics show nearly 20 percent of the American population is affected at any particular moment. The good news is there are great treatments available for those who suffer and willing to seek help and better...
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...Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/psyc-460-week-1-to-8-quizzes/ Week One Quiz - Psychological make-up Part 1 of 1 - 15.0/ 15.0 Points Question 1 of 15 1.0/ 1.0 Points Trait anxiety refers to _________ anxiety, whereas state anxiety refers to __________ anxiety. A.general; momentary B.momentary; general C.competitive; noncompetitive D.noncompetitive; competitive Question 2 of 15 1.0/ 1.0 Points The phenomenological approach to personality is consistent with the interactional approach except that it focuses on A.the individual's interpretation of the situation and himself or herself B.the traits of an individual C.the situation a person is dealing with at the time D.the behavior of the individual E.the outcome of the behavior Question 3 of 15 1.0/ 1.0 Points Which of the following is not a subscale from the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory? A.concentration B.coachability C.goal setting D.imagery E.freedom from worry Question 4 of 15 1.0/ 1.0 Points Test anxiety is an example of a A.trait measure B.state measure C.situation-specific trait measure D.situation-specific state measure Question 5 of 15 1.0/ 1.0 Points The situational approach to personality assumes that A.individuals behave differently across situations B.individuals behave similarly across...
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...Schizophrenia During the early twentieth century schizophrenia was described as a breakdown of integration among emotion, thought, and action. Schizophrenia only attacks one percent of individuals, and your race, culture, ethnicity, or background has no effect on whether you will develop this disease. Schizophrenia usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood, there are rare cases that it starts after this point. “The symptoms and treatment for schizophrenia are difficult to define.” (Heinrichs,2005; Krueger and Markon, 2006) Some of the following are common symptoms, not all of them appear in each person who is diagnosed. The symptoms are so random and rare that if a symptom appears more than once in a month, then you have grounds to determine that the subject has schizophrenia. (Tamminga and Holcomb, 2005; Walker et al, 2004): Delusions- Feeling as if there is someone or some other force controlling you, you feel as if someone is trying to persecute you, and a positive of the delusional group is feeling grandeaur. Inappropriate Effect- Not being able to give off the correct or thought to be correct amount of emotion to a positive or a negative situation. Hallucinations- Hearing voices that are not actually there, the voices telling you what to do or how awful of a person you are. Incoherent thought- Not thinking logically, belief in supernatural forces. Odd behavior- Being catatonic, lack of personal hygiene, constant talking in rhymes, echolalia...
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...her contribution to feminine psychology. Horney stated mild anxiety disorders are created through factors that involve culture and how an individual was raised as a child (nurture). Those thoughts created a paradigm shift from the teaching and views of Sigmund Freud, who states that neuroses is created through universal instictstual factors and the lack of sex (nature). Freud stated that women possess insecurities of being female and would rather be a male because of the difference of the anatomy. Horney believed the opposite to Freud. She believed men possessed jealous of the female anatomy and intrinsically women are smarter than men. Horney did agree with Freud regarding females envy of males, although, it was not because of the male anatomy but through the hieararical status men had within society. Horney believed neuroses were created through functional and dis-functional interpersonal relationships, something she had experienced in her personal life. Horney believed the defense mechanism use to counter the neuroses were continually use thus creating a habit or a need to use the defense mechanism without the need to employ them. Individual would use the defense mechanism prematurally in order not to experience the neuroses that occur in certain situations. Freud believed inate behavior and the lack of sex created anxiety; therefore, indiviual’s would utilize defense mechanism to compensate. However, according to Horney basic anxiety could result from a variety of things including...
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...Psychoanalytic theory vs behaviourism: motivation Freud's psychoanalytic theory with its model of the mind and its central concepts provides a better interpretation of one's behavior and accounts for behavior on a wider scope of issues than does the radical behaviorist theory of B. F. Skinner. Skinner successfully explains human behavior in terms of operant conditioning and reinforcing agents. He changes the focus from Freud's internalized (mental) processes to the importance of the external environment. Skinner emphasizes the importance of the directly observable behavior. However, he fails to completely account for behavior, excluding the original motivational drive. In contrast, Freud succeeds in construing the origins of behavior and motivation, which makes the psychoanalytic theory of Freud more adequate as a theory of personality. Throughout history humans have been puzzled by human behavior, the reasons behind it, and have been faced with the consequences of their own as well as others' behavior. Many studies have been done and theories developed in an attempt to explain this fascinating area of human existence. Among many theories and theorists, Freud's psychoanalytic and Skinner's radical behaviorist theories have been selected and looked at throughout the following paper. Theory of personality that Freud introduced together with its concepts, many deemed romantic, unprovable and sometimes obscene, has shaped the way humans view themselves in many cases...
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...comparative study of uncertainty, optimism and anxiety in patients receiving their first implantable defibrillator for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Is a research project where the problem being addressed is, "To determine if patients receiving their first Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention (pp) versus secondary prevention (sp) differed in uncertainty, anxiety, and optimism before, one week, and one month after implant”(Carroll & Arthur,2009). The research purpose of this study is "to determine if patients receiving their first ICD for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmias differed in their level of uncertainty, anxiety, and optimism before ICD implant and further explore uncertainty and anxiety both one week and one month past ICD implant”(Carroll & Arthur, 2009). This is done using three different types of surveys to collect data from a two groups of 15 participants, before, at one week and at one month regarding their uncertainty, anxiety and optimism. The research does discover a higher incidence uncertainty score in SP patients versus PP patients after one month. This knowledge about a patient’s uncertainty, anxiety and optimism can direct nurses when implementing nursing interventions. Teaching plans can be developed around this information according to whether a patient is a PP, or a SP, and the difference in anxiety and uncertainty. Knowing how a Research...
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...Psychiatric Disorders Psychiatric disorders are disorders that affect psychological functioning. These disorders range from mild to severe and can, at times, be very difficult to diagnose. Depending on the disorder and its severity the treatment for each may vary. A few commonly known psychiatric disorders include Schizophrenia, Depression and Mania, Anxiety disorder and Tourette syndrome. Schizophrenia is an extremely complex disorder with several different types including; catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated and residual. Schizophrenia is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. The symptoms are considered positive or negative because they are behaviors that are either “bizarre” excesses or lacking in a persons character. (Comer, 2011). Symptoms may include things like hallucinations, delusions, illogical speech or thought, bag hygiene, reduction in emotional expression, reduced speech and no motivation. There are different theories behind the causes of schizophrenia but the main biological theories include brain abnormalities or chemical imbalance with the dopamine neurotransmitter, genetics or even the possibility that exposure to a virus during fetal development is the cause. (Comer, 2011). Antipsychotic drugs are typically used to treat this disorder and can greatly reduce symptoms. There are the conventional antipsychotic and the newer atypical antipsychotic drugs. While each has their ups and down the conventional drugs tend to cause...
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...With reference to Attachment Theory discuss the importance of early childhood to emotional development. With reference to Attachment Theory this topic will discuss the importance of early childhood to emotional development. This work will be more focused in the development of the emotion of fear, anxiety and security or insecurity. For that reason, Bowlby’s theory is going to be considered due to the fact what he is the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’ (Bowlby, 1964,p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a great impact than will go on later on. Moreover, Bowlby will deal in “Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear” where we can find also Freud’s point of view and other theorists where they try to explain the concepts of “anxiety” and “fear”. Later, we find Schaffer and Emerson whom did a studio with sixty babies to see the measure of anxiety they could experiment. No less important is when a child start to go to school. There is going to be a separation of the child from their family so as a result fears and anxiety can also be found in early ages. The main point of attachment theory is that mothers who take care and are responsible with their infants’ needs creates at the same time a base of security for the child. All these points will be discussed through the topic. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist...
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...would like to start off by thanking you for your time and consideration and giving me the opportunity to meet with you. I would love the opportunity to work with you in your clinic and continue to gain knowledge and learn. Again, I appreciate the opportunity to present to you my knowledge on this particular disorder, schizophrenia as well as the chance to review the two case studies that you have allowed me to review. I am sure I can provide the information you are looking for in a professional manner. To begin, there are many different types of psychological disorders and they are all somewhat the same but also very different. A mental disorder can range from something that slightly disrupts a person’s life, for instance a mild case of anxiety all the way to something as grim as schizophrenia. These disorders affect each aspect of our lives to include cognitive, emotional, and behavioral roles. (Pinel, 2006). Schizophrenia and mental disorders in general are characterized by disturbances of mental functioning, analogous to disturbances of bodily functioning. (Press, 2010) The symptoms vary for those who have been diagnosed as being schizophrenic, as with anything each case will be different in severity. There are two different types of symptoms which are positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms do include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech and inappropriate affect. Negative symptoms include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition...
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...INTELLECTUAL ABILITY IN CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY: A REPLICATION AND EXPLORATION OF THE DIFFERENCES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of Psychology by Melissa Munson B.S., University of Florida, 2004 May 2009 i Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………... iv Introduction………………………………………………………………… Anxiety……………………………………………………………... Etiology…………………………………………………………….. Consequences of Anxiety…………………………………………... Theories…………………………………………………………….. Anxiety and Intelligence……………………………………………. Working Memory………………………………………………....... Memory Deficits and Psychopathology…………………………….. Integration and Purpose for the Study……………….……………… Hypotheses…………………………………………………………... Method……………………………………………………………………… Participants………………………………………………………….. Measures…………………………………………………………….. Procedure……………………………………………………………. Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 1 1 3 3 5 6 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 18 20 Results.…………………………………………………………………….... 22 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 26 References…………………………………………………………………… 30 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire…………………………………...41 Appendix B: Recruitment Flyer………………………………………………43 Appendix C: Tear-off Recruitment Flyer…………………………………….44 Appendix D: Phone Screen………………………………………………......45 Vita…………………………………………………………………………… 46 ii ...
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...Introduction The most popular psychodynamic personality theories that have been developed that have strengths and limitations in explaining personality. The research and supporting evidence in these theories are more reliable than others. Each theory is unique and differs from each other that can explain the casualties of personality and the distinct characteristics that are elusive to them. Many psychodynamic theorists have theorized the origins and contributions that cultivate personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). In the contents of this paper will analyze and compare the assumptions and theories of Adler, Individual Psychology and Karen Horney, Psychoanalytic Social Theory and the debate on deterministic versus free will. Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology Assumptions At one time Alfred Adler was in Sigmund Freud’s inner circle but eventually broke away and developed his own school of thought which he labeled “Individual Psychology”. Adler was in disagreement with Freud over the importance of sexuality in personality development (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2006). Adler’s development of the theory that as young, helpless children, people all develop feelings of inferiority when comparing themselves to the more powerful, superior adults in the world (Ciccarelli & Meyer, 2006). However, Adler also states that a person’s personality and behavior represents how he or she perceives the physical world. Adler had the belief that a person’s personality is a whole unit and behavior...
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...Chapter 13- Kelly * How is Kelly’s theory categorized? Phenomenology, cognitive, existential, and humanistic theories. * What is constructive alternativism? People are free to construe reality any way they want: no one is bound by one’s biography. * How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? Propositional thinking * What is the fundamental postulate? A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he/she anticipates events. People as scientists. * What are the 11 corollaries? * Construction – a person anticipates events by construing their replications * Individuality – persons differ from each other in their construction of events * Organization – each person characteristically creates, for his or her convenience in anticipation of events, a construction system with a defined ordinal relationship. * Dichotomy – a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. * Choice – a person chooses for oneself that alternative in a dichotomized construct that promises the most growth for him or her. * Range – a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite number of events * Experience – a person’s construction system caries as he or she successfully construes the replication of events. * Modulation – the variation of a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within that range of convenience...
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...represent an excess or distortion of normal function include, delusions: delusions of being controlled, delusions of persecution, or delusions of grandeur. Hallucinations are imaginary voices telling them to do something. Failure to react with the appropriate emotion to positive or negative events is a sign of inappropriate affect. Odd behavior is when a person has a hard time performing daily tasks such as, personal hygiene, catatonia, and talking in rhymes. Some of the negative effects include, alogia, which is a reduction or absence of speech. Avolition is reduced or absence of motivation, and there is the inability to experience pleasure, referred to as anhedonia. One of the theories of schizophrenia is the dopamine theory. The theory believes that there is too much dopamine in the body. Once that theory was thought to be the reason for schizophrenia there were drugs prescribed to...
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