...ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Engineering Technologies and Computer Sciences Division ELC 230 – Circuits and Systems for Engineering Course Outline Course Number & Name: ELC 230 Circuits and Systems for Engineering Credit Hours: 3.0 Contact Hours: 3.0 Lecture: 3.0 Lab: N/A Other: N/A Prerequisites: Grades of “C” or better in MTH 122, PHY 104, and CSC 112 or CSC 121 Co-requisites: None Concurrent Courses: None Course Outline Revision Date: Fall 2010 Course Description: This is a calculus-based course in electric circuit theory and analysis for Engineering AS degree program students interested in pursuing computer or electrical engineering. It includes DC and AC principles with an emphasis on Kirchhoff's Laws, network theorems for resistive, capacitive, and inductive networks, mesh and nodal analysis, and sinusoidal steady-state analysis. Also, power, resonance, and ideal transformers are studied. The theory is reinforced with instructor-run demos. Assignments include the use of circuit analysis computer software. Course Goals: Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to do the following: 1. analyze passive electric circuits to predict their behavior; 2. identify, analyze, and solve technical problems in linear systems; and 3. use state-of-the-art technology to solve problems in linear systems. Measurable Course Performance Objectives (MPOs): Upon successful completion of this course, students should...
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...represented by either a one or a zero. A quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubits. What is qubits A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or any quantum superposition of those two qubit states; a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states, and three qubits in any superposition of 8 states. In general, a quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2^n different states simultaneously (this compares to a normal computer that can only be in one of these 2^n states at any one time). A quantum computer operates by setting the qubits in a controlled initial state that represents the problem at hand and by manipulating those qubits with a fixed sequence of quantum logic gates. The sequence of gates to be applied is called a quantum algorithm. The calculation ends with a measurement, collapsing the system of qubits into one of the 2^n pure states, where each qubit is zero or one, decomposing into a classical state. The outcome can therefore be at most n classical bits of information. Quantum algorithms are often non-deterministic, in that they provide the correct solution only with a certain known probability. Quantum computing studies theoretical computation systems (quantum computers) that make direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital electronic computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require...
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...Quantum computing - The potential and complications of the Qubit Introduction A Quantum computer (QC) is a computer that utilises quantum phenomena to perform operations on data and increase the computational power beyond that which is attainable by traditional computers. QCs differ from traditional computers, which use transistors and diodes to store information in binary form (1 or 0), by using quantum properties to represent data and perform operations (Rice University, 2000). While no QCs currently exist they have the potential to overtake current computers in terms of size and computing capabilities. The creation of a fully functional QC would change the way people communicate and the encryption methods used to secure valuable data. This report will discuss the basic unit of the QC, the qubit, and the potential a working QC has while also touching on the complications inherent in trying to manipulate objects at a quantum level and whether the quantum phenomena used are necessary to improve computational power or if merely making The Qubit and the Bit The basic unit of computing is called the bit and is usually represented by a transistor or diode; the transistor could represent a 0 while off and a 1 while charged. By using 8 bits (8 bits make up a byte) together it is possible to create 256 different combinations that can be used to represent text and instructions for a computer to run. When using 8-bit binary code the most commonly used format is the American Standard...
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...have one of the two values at the time: either 1 or 0. However, quantum computers operate in quantum bits or qubits, which are usually represented by such particles like atoms, ions, electrons, and photons. All of these particles have a property called superposition, which means that they can be of two states at the same time, that is a qubit can represent both 1 and 0 at the same time. To put it simply we can illustrate superposition with a famous physicist’s Erwin Schrodinger’s thought experiment: if we put a living cat in a closed box rigged with a device that can randomly release poison (there is equal probability that it will release and won’t) we can say that until we open the box to check the state of the cat, it’s both dead and alive at the same time. And that’s the whole reason why quantum computers are superior to classical ones. For example, a 3 bit register can save only one of the 8 (23) possible bit combinations at the time, but a quantum register of the same size could save all of the combinations at the same time. To take another example, only 500 qubit quantum register could save a number of possible combinations equal to the amount of all of the atoms in our universe. However, one of the drawbacks of the superposition is a property called decoherence, that is if we tried...
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...described the universe as being comprised of "occasions of experience." To examine this possibility scientifically, the very nature of physical reality must be re-examined. We must come to terms with the physics of space-time--as is described by Einstein's general theory of relativity--and its relation to the fundamental theory of matter--as described by quantum theory. This leads us to employ a new physics of objective reduction: " OR" which appeals to a form of quantum gravity to provide a useful description of fundamental processes at the quantum/classical borderline (Penrose, 1994; 1996). Within the OR scheme, we consider that consciousness occurs if an appropriately organized system is able to develop and maintain quantum coherent superposition until a specific "objective" criterion (a threshold related to quantum gravity) is reached; the coherent system then self-reduces (objective reduction: OR). We contend that this type of objective self-collapse introduces non-computability, an essential feature of consciousness. OR is taken as an instantaneous event--the climax of a self-organizing process in fundamental space-time--and a candidate for a conscious Whitehead "occasion" of experience. How could an OR process occur in the brain, be coupled to neural activities, and account for other features of consciousness? We nominate an OR process with the requisite characteristics to be occurring in cytoskeletal microtubules within the brain's neurons (Penrose and Hameroff, 1995; Hameroff...
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...built. This potential has made quantum computing a national security concern. Yet at the same time, quantum computers will also revolutionize large parts of science in a more benevolent way. Simulating large quantum systems, something a quantum computer can easily do, is not practically possible on a traditional computer. A technology of quantum computers is also very different. For operation, quantum computer uses quantum bits (qubits). Qubit has a quaternary nature. Quantum mechanic’s laws are completely different from the laws of a classical physics. A qubit can exist not only in the states corresponding to the logical values 0 or 1 as in the case of a classical bit, but also in a superposition state. A qubit is a bit of information that can be both zero and one simultaneously (Superposition state). Thus, a computer working on a qubit rather than a standard bit can make calculations using both values...
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...through the time period. I find this part of the chapter really interesting because first the archaeologists have to find a site, which should be discovered by mapping, you need to know everything about your site. Through digging the archaeologists understands the past and culture. They also study the layers they found during the excavation and this is called stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is one of the most important concepts to understand in archaeology. I think without stratigraphy, the archaeology would have a lot of trouble making the conclusion it does. Stratigraphy is the layering of soil and other materials in the earth surface. Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition. Which shows that bottom layer is older than the top layer. When we were discussing about the law of superposition in the class I thought that top layer is older than the bottom layer. It can give us clues as to the age of the finds within a given soil layer and the relations between those and finds from another layer. While they are doing the excavation they used two strategies. One is called the wheeler box-grid and the other is called open-area excavation. A combination of both strategies is often used. The box-grid method is still widely used in parts of South Asia where the Wheeler introduced it in the 1940s. It remains very popular as it allows large number of untrained workers. They even had underwater archeology. When conducting an excavation it is important for you to catalog...
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...only computer "nerds" seem to care and understand this wonder. What if all of the theories, concepts, and everything else that makes up what quantum computers are and will be, is presented in a way that everyone can understand. The way that quantum computers can be divided is into three main areas: quantum physics, quantum bits or (qubits), and their future goals. To better understand how quantum computers work, you need to start with what clearly defines a quantum computer: A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer. Quantum computers use two fundamental principles of quantum physics: superposition and entanglement. Quantum superposition is where the state of a physical system exists in all possible states at the same time. Then the physical system is only giving one state to the collection device. A good example of this is the famous Schrödinger's Cat, a thought experiment purposed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, where Schrödinger talks about having a cat in a closed box with a vial of poisonous acid with a hammer that will break the vial if any radioactivity is detected (Schrödinger, E., 1935). After a period and if the box stays completely sealed, you cannot one hundred percent know the current state of the cat; it is both alive and dead at the same time, until the box is opened and inspected. Only then would you know the current state of the cat...
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..."nerds" seem to care and understand this wonder. What if all of the theories, concepts, and everything else that makes up what quantum computers are and will be, a way to have it so that everyone can understand. The way that quantum computers can be divided is into three main areas: quantum physics, quantum bits (qubits), and their future goals. To better understand how quantum computers work, you need to start with what clearly defines a quantum computer: "A quantum computer is a computer design which uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power beyond what is attainable by a traditional computer" (Jones, 2014, p. 1). Quantum computers use two fundamental principles of quantum physics: superposition and entanglement. Quantum superposition is where the state of a physical system exists in all possible states at the same time. Then when the physical system is only one state is give to the collection device. A good example of this is the famous Schrödinger's Cat, a thought experiment purposed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, where Schrödinger talks about having a cat in a closed box with a vial of poisonous acid with a hammer that will break the vial if any radioactivity is detected (Schrödinger, E., 1935). After a period and if the box stays completely sealed, you cannot one hundred percent know the current state of the cat; it is both alive and dead at the same time, until the box is opened and inspected. Only then would you know the current state of the...
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...Fourier Transform and its applications Jatin Kumar Murray State University Abstract It has been widely recognized that waveforms are an integral part of the various universe phenomenon. Waveforms can be used to represent almost everything in the world. Therefore it is understandable that concepts related to waveforms or signals are extremely important as their applications exist in a broad variety of fields. The processes and ideas related to waveforms play a vital role in different areas of science and technology such as communications, optics, quantum mechanics, aeronautics, image processing to name a few. Even though the physical nature of signals might be completely different in various disciplines, all waveforms follow one fundamental principle; they can be represented by functions of one or more independent variables. This paper would focus on the concept of Fourier Transform, the technique through which signals can be deconstructed and represented as sum of various elementary signals. It briefly describes Linear Time Invariant systems and their response to superimposed signals. Fourier transform has many applications in physics and Engineering. This paper would also cover some of Fourier Transform applications in telecommunication and its impact on society. Introduction Some of the basic signals that exist in the world and are useful in various technology fields are continuous and discrete time...
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...Part 4.5 An integrator amplifier is a circuit which output voltage proportional to the time integrator of the input voltage. As the name implies, the function of integrator amplifier is configure to perform the mathematical calculus, integration. Integration is the process to find the area under the graph. Hence integrator amplifier, the output voltage it designed to work responds to the input voltage respect to the time. By applying KCL VinRin=-C(dVoutdt) Vout=-1RC×0tVin(t)dt The integrator also always has a phase shift of +90⁰ to the output voltage. In which, the input voltage of a sine wave will be outputted with a cosine wave and vice versa. The interchanging of capacitor, Cf and resistance, R1 will become a differentiator circuit. ∅= +90°-tan-1(2πRC) As an ideal cases, there are no current can flow into the op-amp. This is due to the grounding at the non-inverting terminal and result in the 0V in the inverting terminal. During the experiment, one of the procedures is to use the dc offset to make sure no dc voltage is in Vin. This is because the input offset voltage is not zero or another word, the supplied voltage work together with AC and DC. Hence, the dc input voltage will be integrated and the output voltage starts to drift. Part 4.6 An op-amp without a feedback resistance is original a difference amplifier. The difference op-amp produces the algebraic difference between the two input signals. Few cases can be done in the difference op-amp. Example like the...
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...Wegener extended his research by using the law of superposition to explain his theory. Alfred Wegener also managed to trace back to the continents movements from over 320 million years ago, this supported his theory also. Wegener also proved that there was also one major landmass called Pangea. Although he could not explain how the contents moved he did in-fact discover the seafloor spreading, this is a geologic process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other (National Geographic, 2018). Wegeners theory is also known as Continental drift. English geologist Arthur Holmes made not one but two major contributions to our understanding of how the Earth works. He was the first earth scientist to grasp the mechanical and thermal implications of mantle convection, and he widely applied the newly-developed...
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...Final examination Theory 1. Explain the dispersion of light by a transparent dielectric material. The phenomen of dispersion is connected to the fact that the refractive index is dependent on the wavelength. Due to dispersion, the light waves from a complex radiation are bent by different angles as they enter a dispersive medium and they may be visualized separately. The index of refraction of a transparent dielectric medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave in empty space to its speed in the medium. . It is a measure of the slowing factor for light traveling in that medium The refractive index can be expressed as a function of the electric and magnetic properties of the medium . For most of the materials that are transparent to visible light and . Hence the magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the dispersion of light. Equation is the dispersion relation. For most of the materials, decreases with the wavelength (see figure1). This phenomenon is known as normal dispersion...
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...ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the following persons who extended their heartfelt support in making this thesis successful: First and for most, to Almighty God for giving them the wisdom and strength to complete and finish this particular study, for without Him, their design project would never reach its final form. Their beloved parents, brothers and sisters for their invaluable support that serves as our constant inspiration guiding them during difficult times of financial and moral crisis; Mrs. Karen Plaza, MSIT their research instructor for her remarkable assistance, patience and understanding in imparting her knowledge and expertise regarding research; Engr. Robert Bacarro, their research and technical adviser, for his inspiration and selfless sharing realistic ideas to acquire fulfillment of this scholastic task; Lastly, their friends for sharing their knowledge and ideas regarding theoretical aspect of the said design project. Abucejo, Jervic B. Antinopo, James Arbil E. Digamon, Rosie Gay S. ABSTRACT This study aimed to design a low cost “Laboratory...
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...BUS-5013: Robert Servais ID: 0323483 Overview, Historical Context and Development of Technology Since the dawn of the Information Age in the 20th century, academics, governments, big business and tech savvy consumers have all been granted access to endless amounts of data through an online repository with the simplicity of a mouse click. The amount of information available to the world is a triumph mainly attributable to breakthroughs such as those given by Tim Berners-Lee with his introduction of the World Wide Web in the early 1990’s, and constant developments in computer science and computational power made possible through advances in microprocessing capabilities which seem to be paralleling closely with forecasts given by Moore’s Law (Greenemeir, 2009). Moore’s Law, which is not exactly a law, is an estimation regarding the progression deemed possible in an integrated circuit. It was postulated by one of the founders of Intel, Dr. Gordon Moore, who stated that the number of transistors placed on a circuit will double roughly every 18 months (Colwell, 2013), and the capacity to follow this trend will end at a critical point when transistors become so close together that the manifestations of quantum mechanics will begin to transpire (Tally, 2012). Classical computers have undoubtedly reshaped our world and have provided incalculable progress unforeseen through the eyes of some of history’s greatest academics. Early computers were mammoth-sized mechanical devices utilized...
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