...allows for them adjust their operations in a timely manner as needed in order to meet profitability goals. The general nature of the opera fosters the creativity that is required for the adhocracy culture, since they are an arts program. The opera focuses less on their budget and more on their fixed assets than the symphony. The opera is also externally focused out of need. A majority of their income comes from ticket sales, so they must deliver enough high-quality performances to please the customers. Additionally, the opera is structured in such a way that decisions lie with a variety of directors who have the skills and knowledge to make decisions about their departments (DeLong, 2005). The Utah Symphony is a hierarchy culture. A hierarchy culture is one that is internally focused and emphasizes stability and control. They value standardization, control, and a well-defined structure for authority and decision making. This is supported by having Chairman of the board and a music director. The hierarchy culture also puts more emphasis on monitoring people and processes. The symphony shows these qualities in their culture. The symphony is presently classified as a Group II, but the director is attempting to turn it into a Group I symphony. The symphony is made more stable by the fact that the musicians are unionized, and the organization is slow to change. The symphony is also more budget...
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...to contribute to the GE Co. business growth. This report on the GE Co. and CS Corporation is subdivided by the four Tasks (Task 1 to Task 4). Task 1 This task cover the assessment of information and knowledge needs internally and externally to improve decision making and taking process within the General Electric and Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. 1.1 Range of decisions to be taken Decision is a choice made between one or more alternatives (Robbins et al., 2004). According to George and Jones, decision making may be defined as "the process by which members of an organisation usually choose a specific course of action to respond to both problems and opportunities" [2]. Various types of decision such as structured, semi-structured and unstructured are in details below. [2] Structured decisions Structured decisions are repetitive and routine problems for which standard solution exist. Structured problems are routinely encounter by manager and are to some extent straight forward. Example - finding an appropriate investment level, finding an optimal investment strategy. [2] Semi structured decisions Semi structured decisions requires a combination of standard procedure and individual judgement. This types of decisions are fall between structured and unstructured...
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...HRM 4495 CH 7 Team decision making- pitfalls and solutions 1. Decision making is an integrated sequence of activities -gathering, interpreting and exchanging information -creating and identifying alternative courses of action -choosing among alternatives by integrating differing perspectives -opinion of team members -implementing a choice and monitoring the consequence 2. Individual decision making biases -Framing bias E.G. A spread disease in US, two plans were suggested Plan A: if adopted, 200 people will be saved Plan B: if adopted, 1/3 probability that all people will be saved, but 2/3 probability that no one will be saved. Many people chose plan A, then another 2 plan is suggested Plan C: if adopted, 400 people will die Plan D: if adopted, 1/3 probability that no one will die, and 2/3 probability all people will die. When the identical problem with the same differently, more people will chose the risky plan D. options worded *This inconsistency is a preference reversal and reveals the framing effect. Almost any decision can be reframed as a gain or a loss relative to sth. Decision makers’ reference points for defining gain and loss are often arbitrary. -Overconfidence In the team, overconfidence leads people less to focus on their teammates’ strength, as opposed to their weaknesses and neglect the strength and weakness of members of competitor teams. -Confirmation bias It is a tendency for people to...
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...ISSN 1648-2603 ● VIEŠOJI POLITIKA IR ADMINISTRAVIMAS ● 2004. Nr. 13 Accountability and Responsibility in Organizations: the Ethics of Discretion Raymond W. Cox III University of Akron Akron, Ohio, USA The article presents a comprehensive approach to the administrative discretion. The objective of the paper has been to outline a perspective and patterns of behaviour, which are helpful defining "discretion in action". Theoretical discussion on the issue has been extended towards practical implications. Author stresses, that establishing a decision-making architecture, leaders of the organization can create learning and supportive environment, which encourages appropriate and limited use of discretion. Raktažodžiai: atskaitomybė, atsakomybė, diskretiškumas, etika, korupcija, sprendimų priėmimas. Keywords: accountability, responsibility, discretion, ethics, corruption, decision making. Introduction Few aspects of Public Administration engender more controversy than the idea of discretion. For most, the attitude toward the exercise of discretion must be described as ambiguous and even ambivalent. While the necessity of the exercise of discretion is not disputed, there is little agreement on the normative foundation (Bryner, 1987) for that activity. Yet without a normative foundation, there is little basis upon which to judge the exercise of discretion. Recent literature on ethical practices in the governments of Africa has boldly asserted that discretion leads to the breakdown...
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...Desert Survival Decision-making The Desert Survival Simulation is a decision-making task that challenges individuals and groups to determine the best solution for survival. The general idea is that the plane crashed in the Sonoran Desert, and only the passengers survived. Fifteen items were salvaged from the wreck, and after each person ranks the items in order of necessity, a group of people is then formed to list the items in order of necessity together. Surviving in a desert is not a situation that many people are familiar with; therefore, it forces the group to use a synergistic decision-making process in order to come to an agreement. Synergistic decision-making is a process that includes problem-solving and interpersonal relations. According to Human Synergistics International (n.d.), “Problem-solving is the rational sequence of questions the team considers in reaching decisions, and interpersonal relations is the way people treat one another in solving the problem” (pg. 20). My team made up of myself, TQ, John, and Mike, used a synergistic approach with a focus on rational problem-solving. My team had no cohesiveness when we first got together. We started off by having each member say what their number one item choice for survival would be. None of us had the same top choice, so we began to chat about what we selected as our top choice, and why. There were some items that were commonly towards the top of the list; however, the conversation was not organized...
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...course, I learned about decision making. I enjoyed this reading because it was a new topic and it was applicable to my work as well at home. According to the reading, decision making is to choose the best alternative course of action (page 242). There are different types of decision making: Programmed decisions and non-programmed decisions (page 242). Making a decision is difficult, especially if there is tremendous pressure and it has positive or negative consequences on others. There are some decisions that have no consequences such as when I eat lunch; I do not spend time making a decision of why I eat or how I eat. The decision is programmed and it happens automatically. However, I might put a little conscious thinking of what to eat. On the other hand, non-programmed decisions need information and planning and follow the steps of rational decision-making model (page 245). Moreover, the non-programmed decisions are classified into strategic decisions, tactical decisions, and operational decisions...
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...leader’s influence either unnecessary or redundant in that they replace a leader’s influence. • Question 3 According to the path-goal leadership theory, a manager is showing a participative leadership style when he/she __________. • Question 4 According to __________ approaches, individual behavior is constructed in context, as people act and interact in situations. • Question 5 Meindl referred to the phenomenon whereby people attribute almost magical qualities to leadership as _____________. • Question 6 The __________ that are driving organizations of all types and sizes can be found in organization-environment relationships, the organizational life cycle, and the political nature of organizations. • Question 7 The decision to construct a new overseas plant can be considered to be a(n) __________. • Question 8 Which of the following, refers to altruistic love? • Question 9 __________ is intentional and occurs as a result of specific efforts by a change agent. • Question 10 Another name for incremental change is __________. • Question 11 To begin understanding an organization’s culture, it is often easiest to start with __________. • Question 12 To many researchers and managers, shared common values lie at the heart of organizational __________. • Question 13 The issues concerned with __________ are tasks to be accomplished, methods used to achieve the goals, and methods of coping with success and failure....
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...COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (CBIS) IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR: A STUDY OF PROCUREMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, USE AND EVALUATION A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY KHUSHDEEP KUMAR DHARNI (Regn No. 9040751) SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES THAPAR UNIVERSITY (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) PATIALA – 147002 PUNJAB – INDIA February 2010 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to Almighty for enabling me to come through this task and bow to my Gurudev Shri Swami Vidyanand Ji for being the source of enlightenment in my life. I am indebted to my revered supervisors, Dr. R.K. Sharma, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor, School of Mathematics and Computer Applications, Thapar University, Patiala, and Dr. Ravi Kiran, Associate Professor School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for their pertinent guidance, prudent advice and encouragement in the accomplishment of this research work. Both supervisors have made the writing of this thesis the most rewarding experience of my life. I am thankful to Dr. D.S. Bawa for guiding me at the start of this research work. I express my regards to Dr. Santha Kumari, Associate Professor and Head, School of Management and Social Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala for providing inspiration and ingenuous suggestions. It‟s a pleasure to express my regards to Dr. Abhijit Mukherjee, Director, Thapar University, Patiala and Dr. Susheel Mittal...
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...simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire (Changing Minds, 2011). This paper will focus on these behavioral theories of leadership, primarily concentrating on participative leadership. An autocratic leader tells employees what to do and how to do it. On the opposite extreme, a laissez-faire leader allows employees to make their own decisions with little leader involvement. In the middle lies participative leadership where the leader includes employees in the decision-making process and lets them take part in determining what to do and how to do it (Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition, 2010) . My preferred leadership style is participative leadership, confirmed by a 30-item leadership style self-assessment focused on leadership style beliefs (Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition, 2010). I identify least with a laissez-faire leadership style as my organization expects leaders to be more intimately involved in most matters. In addition, I feel the need to be involved and am not comfortable completely relinquishing control, at least for important matters. I strongly believe in involving others in decision making but also understand...
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...and Archeology King Saud University ABSTRACT The theories of consumer decision-making process assume that the consumer’s purchase decision process consists of steps through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. However, this might not be the case. Not every consumer passed through all these stages when making a decision to purchase and in fact, some of the stages can be skipped depending on the type of purchases. The reasons for the study of consumer’s helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as: • The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); • The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); • The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; • Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; • How consumers’ motivation and decision strategies differ between products, that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and • How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. 2. Consumer Behavior The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related...
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...Business Scenario Pt. 3 - Kaiser in Kava Mgt/350 1-12-12 Yvonne Richardson Implementation of a decision is necessary for any organization to move in the direction of accomplishing its planned objective. Monitoring and evaluation of the decision is also needed to have an effective implementation. What improves the performance of an organization is evaluating decisions. Evaluating decisions will inform the organization if the solution that was implemented met the objectives of the organization. This paper will discuss the logic and strategy for implementing a solution to Kaiser Permanente establishing a presence on the Island of Kava. The paper will also discussed is the influence of implementing and evaluating the resources and procedures vital for decision-making, and evaluates the ethical implications of a solution from the perspective of stakeholders. The mission of Kaiser Permanente is to provide high quality, affordable healthcare services and to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve (Crane, 2002). Kaiser feels the essential components for an organization to be successful on the Island of Kava is the commitment to satisfying their customers, increase the value of their shareholder, and boosting initiatives of the community are. Kaiser’s top and mid level management team have approved the proposal to build a first-rate medical facility on Kava. Creating a greater presence on Kava is one of the main goals to the resolution that Kaiser will put...
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...Assessment 2: Management and Organizational Structure issues Strayer University Situation To gain perspective of operating efficiencies within the Spectrum Brands organization, an examination of differing structures will be written. This paper will offer perspectives of the matrix and multidivisional structures, possible communication problems and ways to overcome them. A recommendation of effective centralization of organizations will be offered. Action 1. When David Jones joined Rayovac batteries were the main product line. For the company to utilize a matrix structure would prove effective in times of growth by branching out into other product lines. This requires existing management and employees having different backgrounds and focusing on different aspects of a project. Assuming Spectrum Brands intends to create a new vacuum cleaner, a team would be formed with each person being from different departments, and possibly specializations. This would exist as a person from design and engineering and another from marketing working to create the vacuum. The organization would exist as a team with the individuals still having to report to their functional management, but also reporting to project managers working on associated aspects of the vacuum cleaner product development. As the vacuum cleaner product develops, certain individuals would become more involved while others might drop out of the team completely. Action 2. The use of multidivisional structure...
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...organised group that does not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy or legislation. The aim of all PGs is to influence the people who actually have the power to make decisions. There are many different types of PGs such as, Sectional which usually represent limited, specific interests. They usually aim to improve conditions for their members. Another type of PG is an Outsider group, these groups tend to be outside of policy making and government tends to regard these groups as less important. Pluralist democracy is a particular type of democracy, which operates with numerous organised groups who all have some political leverage in the decision making forum. Pressure groups improve the quality of government. Discussion with affected groups is the sensible way to make decisions in a free society. It makes government more efficient by enhancing the quality of the decision making process. The information and advice provided by groups helps to improve the quality of government policy and legislation. Pressure groups assist the scrutiny of the government by exposing information it would rather keep secret, thereby strengthening and complementing work of opposition through political parties. Pressure groups thereby improve the accountability of decision makers to voters. Although few people would deny that pressure groups play an important role in British politics. Pressure groups improve participation, but in an unequal way, benefiting the well...
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... Some of the changes he made were change the flex schedule currently in place; reduce attorney’s travel, meals and entertainment budget. He also sent strongly worded letters to clients whose outstanding invoices exceeded 30 days. All these changes made the staff as well as clients unhappy. He also conducted weekly staff meeting in which only he spoke about management techniques that were successful in the insurance industry and never let the staff to voice their opinion. He was generous in his donations to the society but he did not pay attention to the concerns of the staff. The attorney’s instead of seeing an increase in the clients saw the number of clients declining because of the hard worded letters that they had received for not making payments on time. 1. Opinion on Brad’s suggestion to “sit tight and ride out the storm” No. I do not agree with Brad’s opinion to “sit tight and ride out the storm” instead the partners should take immediate action as neither the staff nor the clients were happy with the different operational changes made by Brad. It not only made the...
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...workers out of work and unable to support themselves or their families. Secondly, Charles can lower wages in order to compete with the larger lumberyards. This would leave his workers and their families struggling to support themselves. Thirdly, Charles can keep his wages as they are and take the financial burden upon himself. Inevitably, this would push the lumberyard out of business, and leave Charles and his workers out of work. There are several ethical decision making processes that can help Charles to make his decision. The first among these is teleology. Teleology is defined as what a “virtuous” person would do in this situation. As such, the decision making process here would involve Charles considering the most virtuous solution to his dilemma. To this end, he would need to decide what solution would do best in pursuing his own well-being and flourishing life. Unfortunately, these concerns are placed before those of others, such as his workers. Thus, if Charles decides to follow teleology to make his decision,...
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